) (, Where: Chapter 14, Solution 1

Chapter 14, Solution 1.
Vo R jRC
H ()   
Vi R  1 jC 1  jRC
j  0 1
H ()  , where  0 
1  j  0 RC
 0  
H  H ()    H ()   tan -1  
1  ( 0 ) 2 2  0 
This is a highpass filter. The frequency response is the same as that for P.P.14.1 except that
0  1 RC . Thus, the sketches of H and  are shown below.
H
1
0.7071
0 0 = 
90
45
0 0 = 
Using Fig. 14.69, design a problem to help other students to better understand how to
determine transfer functions.
Although there are many ways to solve this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
Obtain the transfer function V o /V i of the circuit in Fig. 14.66.
10 
+
2
+ Vo
Vo _ 1 _
F
8
Figure 14.66 For Prob. 14.2.
Solution
1
2
V s/8 2  8/ s 1 s4
H ( s)  o   
Vi 1 12  8 / s 6 s  0.6667
10  20 
s/8
1 1 5
0.2 F 
  
jC s (0.2) s
1 10
0.1F 
 
s (0.1) s
The circuit becomes that shown below.

5
2 V1 s
+
+
Vi _ 10 5 Vo
s _
10 5 10 1  s
(5  ) 5( )
10 5
Let Z  //(5  )  s s  s s  10( s  1)
s s 5
15 5
(3  s ) s ( s  3)
s s
Z
V1  Vi
Z 2
5 s s Z
Vo  V1  V1   Vi
55/ s s 1 s 1 Z  2
10( s  1)
V s s ( s  3) 10s 5s
H (s)  o     2
Vi s  1 10( s  1) 2 s ( s  3)  10( s  1) s  8s  5
2
s( s  3)
H(s) = 5s/(s2+8s+5)
1 R
(a) R || 
jC 1  jRC
R
Vo 1  jRC R
H ()   
Vi R R  jL (1  jRC)
jL 
1  jRC
R
H () 
-  RLC  R  jL
2
R  jL jC (R  jL)

(b) H ()  
R  jL  1 jC 1  jC (R  jL)
-  2 LC  jRC
H () 
1   2 LC  jRC
sRL
(a) Let Z  R // sL 
R  sL
Z
Vo  Vs
Z  Rs
sRL
 R  sL 
Vo Z sRL
H (s)  
Vs Z  Rs R  sRL RRs  s ( R  Rs ) L
R  sL
s
1
Rx
1 sC  R
(b) Let Z  R // 
sC R  1 1  sRC
sC
Z
Vo  Vs
Z  sL
R
V
H(s)  o 
Z
 1  sRC  R
Vi Z  sL R s 2 LRC  sL  R
sL 
1  sRC
The 2 H inductors become jω2 or 2s.
Let Z = 2s||2 = [(2s)(2)/(2s+2)] = 2s/(s+1)
We convert the current source to a voltage source as shown below.
2 2S
+
+
Is  2 _ Vo Z
_
V o = [(Z)/(Z+2s+2)](2I s ) = or
H(s) = I o /I s = [2s/(s2+3s+1)].
(a) 0.05  20 log10 H

2.5  10 -3  log10 H
H  10 2.510  1.005773
-3
(b) - 6.2  20 log10 H

- 0.31  log10 H
H  10 -0.31  0.4898
(c) 104.7  20 log10 H

5.235  log10 H
H  10 5.235  1.718  105
Design a problem to help other students to better calculate the magnitude in dB and phase in
degrees of a variety of transfer functions at a single value of ω.
Although there are many ways to solve this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
Determine the magnitude (in dB) and the phase (in degrees) of H() at  = 1 if H()
equals
(a) 0.05
(b) 125
10 j
(c)
2  j
3 6
(d) 
1  j 2  j
Solution
(a) H  0.05
H dB  20 log10 0.05  - 26.02 , φ = 0
(b) H  125
H dB  20 log10 125  41.94 , φ = 0
j10
(c) H(1)   4.47263.43
2 j
H dB  20 log10 4.472  13.01 , φ = 63.43
3 6
(d) H(1)    3.9  j2.7  4.743 - 34.7
1 j 2  j
H dB  20 log10 4.743  13.521, φ = –34.7˚
10
H ( ) 
10(1  j )(1  j 10)
H dB  20 log 10 1 - 20 log 10 1  j  20 log 10 1  j / 10
  - tan -1 ()  tan -1 ( / 10)
The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

20
H dB
0.1 1 10 100 
1
20 log 10
-20 1  j / 10
1
20 log10
-40 1  j
0.1 1 10 100 
-45 1
arg
1  j / 10
-90
1
arg
1  j
-135
-180
Design a problem to help other students to better understand how to determine the Bode
magnitude and phase plots of a given transfer function in terms of jω.
Problem
Sketch the Bode magnitude and phase plots of:
50
H  j  
j  5  j 
Solution
50 10
H( j)  
j(5  j)  j 
1 j1  
 5 
H dB
40
20 log1
20
10
0.1 1 100 
 
 1   
-20 20 log  1
 20 log 
 j   j 
 1 
-40  5 
 1
0.1 10 100 
-45 1
arg
1  j / 5
-90
1
arg
j
-135
-180
0.2 x10 (1  j 10)

H ( ) 
2[ j (1  j 2)]
H dB  20 log10 1  20 log10 1  j 10  20 log10 j  20 log10 1  j 2
  -90  tan -1  10  tan -1  2
H dB
40
20
0.1 1 10 100 
-20
-40

90
45
0.1 1 10 100 
-45
-90
10(1  j )
T ( ) 
j (1  j / 10)
To sketch this we need 20log 10 |T(ω)| = 20log 10 |10| + 20log 10 |1+jω| – 20log 10 |jω| –
20log 10 |1+jω/10| and the phase is equal to tan–1(ω) – 90° – tan–1(ω/10).
The plots are shown below.
|T| (db)
20
0 
0.1 1 10 100
-20
-40
arg T
90o
0 
0.1 1 10 100
-90o
0.1(1  j ) (1 100)(1  j )
G ( )  
( j ) (10  j ) ( j ) 2 (1  j 10)
2
GdB  40  20 log10 1  j  40 log10 j  20 log10 1  j 10

  -180  tan -1  tan -1  10

G dB
40
20
0.1 1 10 100 
-20
-40
90
0.1 1 10 100 
-90
-180
250 1  j
H ( ) 
25  j10  j  
2

j 1    
 25  5  

H dB  20 log10 10  20 log10 1  j  20 log10 j
 20 log10 1  j2 5  ( j 5) 2
 10 25 
  -90  tan -1   tan -1  
1  2 5 
H dB
40
20
0.1 1 10 100 
-20
-40
90
0.1 1 10 100 
-90
-180
2 (1  j ) 0.1(1  j )
H ( )  
(2  j )(10  j ) (1  j 2)(1  j 10)
H dB  20 log10 0.1  20 log10 1  j  20 log10 1  j 2  20 log10 1  j 10

  tan -1   tan -1  2  tan -1  10
H dB
40
20
0.1 1 10 100 
-20
-40

90
45
0.1 1 10 100 
-45
-90
H(ω) =
H db = 20log 10 |0.1| – 20olg 10 |jω| – 20log 10 |1+jω+(jω/4)2|

H
20 20 log (j)
1 4 10 40 100

0.1
–20
2
–40  j 
20 log 1  j   
 4 
–60

0.4 1 4 10 40 90 100
-90
-tan-1 
2
1
16
-180
(1 4) j
G () 
(1  j)(1  j 2) 2
G dB  -20log10 4  20 log10 j  20 log10 1  j  40 log10 1  j 2
  -90 - tan -1  2 tan -1  2

G dB
20
0.1 1 10 100
-12 
-20
-40

90
0.1 1 10 100 
-90
-180
The MATLAB code is shown below.
>> w=logspace(-1,1,200);
>> s=i*w;
>> h=(7*s.^2+s+4)./(s.^3+8*s.^2+14*s+5);
>> Phase=unwrap(angle(h))*57.23;
>> semilogx(w,Phase)
>> grid on
60
40
20
H (jw ) P h a s e
-2 0
-4 0
-6 0
-1 0 1
10 10 10
w
Now for the magnitude, we need to add the following to the above,
>> H=abs(h);
>> HdB=20*log10(H);
>> semilogx(w,HdB);
>> grid on
0
-5
-1 0
HdB
-1 5
-2 0
-2 5
-1 0 1
10 10 10
w
H(ω) = 80jω/[(10+jω)(20+jω)(40+jω)]
= [80/(10x20x40)](jω)/[(1+jω/10)(1+jω/20)(1+jω/40)]
H db = 20log 10 |0.01| + 20log 10 |jω| – 20log 10 |1+jω/10| – 20log 10 |1+jω/20| –

20log 10 |1+jω/40|

20 log j
20 db
0 db
0.1 1 10 100 ω
–20 log |1+jω/40|
–20 db
j
–20 log 1 
10
20 log |1/80|
–40 db
–20 log |1+jω/20|
jω
90˚
0˚
0.1 1 10 100 ω
(1+jω/40)
–90˚
(1+jω/10) (1+jω/20)
–180˚
Design a more complex problem than given in Prob. 14.10, to help other students to
better understand how to determine the Bode magnitude and phase plots of a given
transfer function in terms of jω. Include at least a second order repeated root.
Problem
Sketch the magnitude phase Bode plot for the transfer function
Solution
20log(1/100) = -40
For the plots, see the next page.

40 20 log j
20 log 1
j
1
10
20

0.1
1 5 10 50 100
1
20 log
-20 1  j
1
20 log
100
-40
1
20 log 2
-60  j 
1  
 5 
180˚ jω
(1+jω/10)
90˚
(1+jω)

0.1
1 5 10 50 100
–90˚
(1+jω/5)2
–180˚
–270˚
H(ω) = 10(jω)(20+jω)/[(1+jω)(400+60jω–ω2)]
= [10x20/400](jω)(1+jω/20)/[(1+jω)(1+(3jω/20)+(jω/20)2)]
2
j j 3  j 
H dB  20 log(0.5)  20 log j  20 log 1   20 log 1  j  20 log 1   
20 20  20 
The magnitude plot is as sketched below. 20log 10 |0.5| = –6 db
db
40
20log|jω|
20 log |1+jω/20|
20
20 log 0.5 1 10 20

0.1 100
–20
–20 log 1  j
–40
–60
–20 log
–80
20  20 log10 k 
 k  10
A zero of slope  20 dB / dec at   2   1  j 2

1
A pole of slope - 20 dB / dec at   20 
1  j 20
1
A pole of slope - 20 dB / dec at   100 
1  j 100
Hence,
10 (1  j 2)
H () 
(1  j 20)(1  j 100)
10 4 ( 2  j)
H () 
( 20  j)(100  j)
A zero of slope  20 dB / dec at the origin 

 j
1
A pole of slope - 20 dB / dec at   1 

1  j 1
1
A pole of slope - 40 dB / dec at   10 

(1  j 10) 2
Hence,
j
H () 
(1  j)(1  j 10) 2
100 j
H () 
(1  j)(10  j) 2
(It should be noted that this function could also have a minus sign out in
front and still be correct. The magnitude plot does not contain this
information. It can only be obtained from the phase plot.)
40  20 log10 K   K  100
There is a pole at =50 giving 1/(1+j/50)
There is a zero at =500 giving (1 + j/500).
There is another pole at =2122 giving 1/(1 + j/2122).
Thus,
H(jω) = 100(1+jω)/[(1+jω/50)(1+jω/2122)]
= [100(50x2122)/500](jω+500)/[(jω+50)(jω+2122)]
or
H(s) = 21220(s+500)/[(s+50)(s+2122)].
1 1
0    5 krad / s
LC (40  10 -3 )(1  10 -6 )
Z(0 )  R  2 k
 0 4 
Z(0 4)  R  j  L  
 4 0 C 
 5  10 3 4 
Z(0 4)  2000  j   40  10 -3  
 4 (5  10 )(1  10 ) 
3 -6
Z(0 4)  2000  j (50  4000 5)
Z(0 4)  2  j0.75 k
 0 2 
Z(0 2)  R  j  L  
 2 0 C 
 (5  10 3 ) 2 
Z(0 2)  2000  j  (40  10 -3 )  
 2 (5  10 )(1  10 ) 
3 -6
Z(ω 0 /2) = 200+j(100-2000/5)
Z(0 2)  2  j0.3 k
 1 
Z(20 )  R  j  20 L  
 20 C 
 1 
Z(20 )  2000  j  (2)(5  10 3 )(40  10 -3 )  
 (2)(5  10 )(1  10 ) 
3 -6
Z(20 )  2  j0.3 k
 1 
Z(40 )  R  j  40 L  
 40 C 
 1 
Z(40 )  2000  j  (4)(5  10 3 )(40  10 -3 )  
 (4)(5  10 )(1  10 ) 
3 -6
Z(40 )  2  j0.75 k
Design a problem to help other students to better understand ω o , Q, and B at resonance in

series RLC circuits.
Problem
A coil with resistance 3  and inductance 100 mH is connected in series with a capacitor
of 50 pF, a resistor of 6 , and a signal generator that gives 110V-rms at all frequencies.
Calculate  o , Q, and B at resonance of the resultant series RLC circuit.
Solution
Consider the circuit as shown below. This is a series RLC resonant circuit.
6 50 pF 3
+
_ 100 mH
R=6+3=9
1 1
o    447.21 krad/s
LC 100 x10 x50 x1012
3
o L 447.21x103 x100 x103

Q   4969
R 9
o447.21x103
B   90 rad/s
Q 4969
1 1
o   40 
 LC 
LC 402
R
B  10   R  10 L
L
If we select R =1 , then L = R/10 = 100 mH and
1 1
C 2
 2  6.25 mF
40 L 40 x0.1
R  10  .
R 10
L   0.5 H
B 20
1 1
C   2 F
0 L (1000) 2 (0.5)
2
0 1000
Q   50
B 20
Therefore, if R  10  then
L  500 mH , C  2 F , Q  50
We convert the voltage source to a current source as shown below.
is
12 k 45 k 1 F 60 mH
20
is  cos t , R = 12//45= 12x45/57 = 9.4737 k
12
1 1
o    4.082 krad/s = 4.082 krad/s
LC 60 x10 x1x106
3
1 1
B   105.55 rad/s = 105.55 rad/s
RC 9.4737 x103 x106
 4082
Q o   38.674 = 38.67
B 105.55
4.082 krads/s, 105.55 rad/s, 38.67

(a) f o = 15,000 Hz leads to ω o = 2πf o = 94.25 krad/s = 1/(LC)0.5 or
LC = 1/8.883x109 or C = 1/(8.883x109x10–2) = 11.257x10–9 F = 11.257 pF.
(b) since the capacitive reactance cancels out the inductive reactance at resonance, the
current through the series circuit is given by
I = 120/20 = 6 A.
(c) Q = ω o L/R = 94.25x103(0.01)/20 = 47.12.

R  10  .
R 10
L   0.05 H  50 mH
0 Q (10)(20)
1 1
C 2   0.2 F
0 L (100)(0.05)
1 1
B   0.5 rad/s
RC (10)(0.2)
Design a problem to help other students to better understand the quality factor, the
resonant frequency, and bandwidth of a parallel RLC circuit.
Problem
A parallel RLC circuit has the following values:

R = 60 , L = 1 mH, and C = 50 F
Find the quality factor, the resonant frequency, and the bandwidth of the RLC circuit.
Solution
1 1
o    4.472 krad/s
LC 10 x50 x106
3
1 1
B   333.33 rad/s
RC 60 x50 x106
 4472
Q o   13.42
B 333.33
B = ω o /Q = 6x106/120 = 50 krad/s.
ω 1 = ω o – B = 5.95x106 rad/s and ω 2 = ω o + B = 6.05x106 rad/s.

Q 80
Q   o RC 
 C   56.84 pF
2f o R 2x5.6x10 6 x40x10 3
R R 40 x10 3
Q 
 L  = 14.21 µH
o L 2f o Q 2x 5.6 x10 6 x80
1 1
(a) o    1.443 krad/s
LC 8x10  3 x60x10  6
1 1
(b) B   3.33 rad/s
RC 5x10 x60x10  6
3
(c) Q   o RC  1.443x10 3 x5x10 3 x60x10 6  432.9

At resonance,
1 1 1
Y 
 R    40 
R Y 25  10 -3
Q 80
Q  0 RC 
 C    10 F
0 R (200  10 3 )(40)
1 1 1
0   L  2   2.5 H
LC 0 C (4  10 )(10  10 -6 )
10
0 200  10 3
B   2.5 krad / s
Q 80
B
1  0   200  1.25  198.75 krad/s
2
B
 2  0   200  1.25  201.25 krad/s
2
1
0   5000 rad / s
LC
1
Y(0 )   Z(0 )  R  2 k

R
1  4 
Y(0 4)   j  0 C    0.5  j18.75 mS
R  4 0 L 
1
Z(0 4)   (1.4212  j53.3) 
0.0005  j0.01875
1  2 
Y(0 2)   j  0 C    0.5  j7.5 mS
R  2 0 L 
1
Z(0 2)   (8.85  j132.74) 
0.0005  j0.0075
1  1 
Y ( 2 0 )   j  20 L    0.5  j7.5 mS
R  20 C 
Z(20 )  (8.85  j132.74) 
1  1 
Y ( 4 0 )   j  40 L    0.5  j18.75 mS
R  4  0 
C
Z(40 )  (1.4212  j53.3) 
1 L  1 
jL(R  )   jLR  R  j(L  )
1 jC  C   C 
Z  jL //( R  ) 
jC 1 1 2
R  jL R 2  (L  )
j C C
L 1 
LR 2   L  
C C 
Im(Z)  0 
  2 ( LC  R 2 C 2 )  1
2 1 2
R  ( L  )
C
Thus,
1

LC  R 2 C 2
1 R  j L
Y  jC  jC 
R  jL R 2   2 L2
At resonance, Im(Y)  0 , i.e.

0 L
0 C  2 0
R  02 L2
L
R 2  02 L2 
C
2
1 R2 1  50 
0      
LC L2 (40  10 -3 )(1  10 -6 )  40  10 -3 
0  4.841 krad/s
(a) B   2  1  2(f 2  f1 )  2(90  86) x10 3  8krad / s
1
o  (1   2 )  2(88) x10 3  176X10 3
2
1 1 1
B  C    19.89nF
RC BR 8x10 3 x 2x10 3
1 1 1
(b) o  
 L  = 164.45 µH
LC 2 o C (176X10 3 ) 2 x19.89 x10  9
(c ) o  176  552.9krad / s
(d) B  8  25.13krad / s
o 176
(e) Q   22
B 8
Using Fig. 14.80, design a problem to help other students to better understand the quality factor,
the resonant frequency, and bandwidth of an RLC circuit.
of problem asked in Example 14.9.
Problem
For the circuits in Fig. 14.80, find the resonant frequency  0 , the quality factor Q, and the
bandwidth B. Let C = 0.1 F, R 1 = 10 Ω, R 2 = 2 Ω, and L = 2 H.
R2
R1 L
C
Figure 14.80
For Prob. 14.41.
Solution
To find ω o , we need to find the input impedance or input admittance and set imaginary
component equal to zero. Finding the input admittance seems to be the easiest approach.
Y = jω0.1 + 0.1 + 1/(2+jω2) = jω0.1 + 0.1 + [2/(4+4ω2)] – [jω2/(4+4ω2)]
At resonance,
0.1ω = 2ω/(4+4ω2) or 4ω2 + 4 = 20 or ω2 = 4 or ω o = 2 rad/s
and,
Y = 0.1 + 2/(4+16) = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2 S
The bandwidth is define as the two values of ω such that |Y| = 1.4142(0.2) = 0.28284 S.
I do not know about you, but I sure would not want to solve this analytically. So how about
using MATLAB or excel to solve for the two values of ω?
Using Excel, we get ω 1 = 1.414 rad/s and ω 2 = 3.741 rad/s or B = 2.327 rad/s
We can now use the relationship between ω o and the bandwidth.
Q = ω o /B = 2/2.327 = 0.8595
(a) This is a series RLC circuit.
R  26  8, L 1H, C  0.4 F
1 1
0    1.5811 rad / s
LC 0.4
 0 L 1.5811
Q   0.1976
R 8
R
B  8 rad / s
L
(b) This is a parallel RLC circuit.
(3)(6)
3 F and 6 F 
  2 F
3 6
C  2 F , R  2 k , L  20 mH
1 1
0    5 krad / s
LC (2  10 -6 )(20  10 -3 )
R 2  10 3
Q   20
0 L (5  10 3 )(20  10 -3 )
1 1
B   250 rad/s
RC (2  10 )(2  10 -6 )
3
(a) Z in  (1 jC) || (R  jL)
R  jL
jC R  jL
Z in  
1 1  2 LC  jRC
R  jL 
jC
(R  jL)(1  2 LC  jRC)
Z in 
(1  2 LC) 2  2 R 2 C 2
At resonance, Im(Z in )  0 , i.e.

0   0 L(1   02 LC)   0 R 2 C
02 L2 C  L  R 2 C
L  R 2C 1 R2
0   
L2 C LC L2
(b) Z in  R || ( jL  1 jC)
R ( jL  1 jC) R (1  2 LC)

Z in  
R  jL  1 jC (1   2 LC)  jRC
R (1  2 LC)[(1  2 LC)  jRC]
Z in 
(1  2 LC) 2  2 R 2 C 2

0  R (1  2 LC) RC
1  2 LC  0
1
0 
LC
Consider the circuit below.
1/jC
Z in
R1 jL R2
(a) Z in  (R 1 || jL) || (R 2  1 jC)
 R 1 jL   1 
Z in    ||  R 2  
 R 1  jL   jC 
jR 1 L  1 
 R 2  
R 1  jL  jC 
Z in 
1 jR 1L
R2  
jC R 1  jL
jR 1 L (1  jR 2 C)
Z in 
(R 1  jL)(1  jR 2 C)  2 LCR 1
- 2 R 1 R 2 LC  jR 1 L
Z in 
R 1  2 LCR 1  2 LCR 2  j (L  R 1 R 2 C)
(-2 R 1 R 2 LC  jR 1 L)[R 1  2 LCR 1  2 LCR 2  j (L  R 1 R 2 C)]
Z in 
(R 1  2 LCR 1  2 LCR 2 ) 2  2 (L  R 1 R 2 C) 2

0  3 R 1 R 2 LC (L  R 1 R 2 C)  R 1 L (R 1  2 LCR 1  2 LCR 2 )
0  3 R 12 R 22 LC 2  R 12 L  3 R 12 L2 C
0  2 R 22 C 2  1  2 LC
2 (LC  R 22 C 2 )  1
1
0 
LC  R 22 C 2
1
0 
(0.02)(9  10 )  (0.1) 2 (9  10 -6 ) 2
-6
0  2.357 krad / s
(b) At   0  2.357 krad / s ,
jL  j(2.357  10 3 )(20  10 -3 )  j47.14
j47.14
R 1 || jL   0.9996  j0.0212
1  j47.14
1 1
R2   0.1   0.1  j47.14
jC j (2.357  10 3 )(9  10 -6 )
Z in (0 )  (R 1 || jL) || (R 2  1 jC)
(0.9996  j0.0212)(0.1  j47.14)

Z in (0 ) 
(0.9996  j0.0212)  (0.1  j47.14)
Z in (0 )  1 
Convert the voltage source to a current source as shown below.
Is 30 k 50 F 10 mH 50 k
R = 30//50 = 30x50/80 = 18.75 k

This is a parallel resonant circuit.
1 1
o    447.21 rad/s
LC 10 x103 x50 x106
1 1
B   1.067 rad/s
RC 18.75 x103 x50 x106
 447.21
Q o   419.13
B 1.067
447.2 rad/s, 1.067 rad/s, 419.1

j 1 1 j 1
(a) 1 || j  , 1 ||  
1  j j  1  1 j 1  j
Transform the current source gives the circuit below.
j 1 +
j + 1
I 1  j Vo
1  j  1  j

1
1  j j
Vo   I
1 j 1  j 
1 
1  j 1  j
Vo j
H ()  
I 2 (1  j) 2
1
(b) H (1) 
2 (1  j) 2
1
H (1)   0.25
2 ( 2)2
Vo R 1
H ()   
Vi R  jL 1  jL R
H(0)  1 and H()  0 showing that this circuit is a lowpass filter.

1
At the corner frequency, H(c )  , i.e.
2
1 1 c L R
 
 1  or  c 
2 c L 
2 R L
1  
 R 
Hence,
R
c   2f c
L
1 R 1 10  10 3
fc      796 kHz
2 L 2 2  10 -3
1
R ||
jC
H () 
1
jL  R ||
jC
R jC
R  1 jC
H () 
R jC
jL 
R  1 jC
R
H () 
R  jL   2 RLC
H(0)  1 and H()  0 showing that this circuit is a lowpass filter.

Design a problem to help other students to better understand lowpass filters described by transfer
functions.
Problem
Determine the cutoff frequency of the lowpass filter described by
4
H( ) 
2  j10
Find the gain in dB and phase of H() at  = 2 rad/s.
Solution
4
At dc, H(0)   2.
2
1 2
Hence, H()  H(0) 
2 2
2 4

2 4  100c2
4  100c2  8 
 c  0.2
4 2
H(2)  
2  j20 1  j10
2
H(2)   0.199
101
In dB, 20 log10 H(2)  - 14.023
arg H(2)  -tan -110  - 84.3 or ω c = 1.4713 rad/sec.

Vo jL
H ()  
Vi R  jL
H(0)  0 and H()  1 showing that this circuit is a highpass filter.
1 1 R
H (c )   
 1 
2  R 
2 c L
1  
 c L 
R
or c   2f c
L
1 R 1 200
fc      318.3 Hz
2 L 2 0.1
The lowpass RL filter is shown below.

L
+ +
vs R vo
-
-
Vo R 1
H  
Vs R  jL 1  jL / R
R
c   2 f c 
 R  2f c L  2x5x10 3 x40x10  3  1.256k
L
Design a problem to help other students to better understand passive highpass filters.
Problem
In a highpass RL filter with a cutoff frequency of 100 kHz, L = 40 mH. Find R.
Solution
R
c   2f c
L
R  2f c L  (2)(10 5 )(40  10 -3 )  25.13 k

1  2f 1  20  10 3
2  2f 2  22  10 3
B  2  1  2  10 3
2  1
0   21  10 3
2
0 21
Q   10.5
B 2
1 1
0  
 L 
LC 02 C
1
L  2.872 H
(21  10 ) (80  10 -12 )
3 2
R
B  R  BL
L
R  (2  10 3 )(2.872)  18.045 k
We start with a series RLC circuit and the use the equations related to the circuit and the
values for a bandstop filter.
Q = ω o L/R = 1/(ω o CR) = 20; B = R/L = ω o /Q = 10/20 = 0.5; ω o = 1/(LC)0.5 = 10
(LC)0.5 = 0.1 or LC = 0.01. Pick L = 10 H then C = 1 mF.
Q = 20 = ω o L/R =10x10/R or R = 100/20 = 5 Ω.

1 1
o    10 krad / s
LC (25  10 )(0.4  10  6 )
3
R 10
B   0.4 krad / s
L 25  10 -3
10
Q  25
0.4
9.8
1  o  B 2  10  0.2  9.8 krad / s or f1   1.56 kHz
2
10.2
2  o  B 2  10  0.2  10.2 krad / s or f2   1.62 kHz
2
Therefore,
1.56 kHz  f  1.62 kHz
(a) From Eq 14.54,

R
s
R sRC L
H (s)   
1 1  sRC  s 2 LC R 1
R  sL  s2  s 
sC L LC
R 1
Since B  and 0  ,
L LC
sB
H (s)  2
s  sB   02
(b) From Eq. 14.56,

1 1
sL  s2 
sC LC
H (s)  
1 R 1
R  sL  s2  s 
sC L LC
s 2   02
H (s)  2
s  sB   02
(a) Consider the circuit below.
I R I1 1/sC
+
+
Vs 1/sC R Vo


1  1
R  
1  1 sC  sC 
Z(s)  R  ||  R    R 
sC  sC  2
R
sC
1  sRC
Z(s)  R 
sC (2  sRC)
1  3sRC  s 2 R 2 C 2
Z(s) 
sC (2  sRC)
Vs
I
Z
1 sC Vs
I1  I
2 sC  R Z (2  sRC)
R Vs sC (2  sRC)
Vo  I 1 R  
2  sRC 1  3sRC  s 2 R 2 C 2
Vo sRC
H (s)  
Vs 1  3sRC  s 2 R 2 C 2
 3 
1 RC
s 
H (s)   
3 2 3 1
s  s 2 2 
 RC R C 
1 1
Thus, 02  or 0   1 rad / s
R C2 2
RC
3
B  3 rad / s
RC
(b) Similarly,
R (R  sL)
Z(s)  sL  R || (R  sL)  sL 
2R  sL
R 2  3sRL  s 2 L2
Z(s) 
2R  sL
Vs R R Vs
I , I1  I
Z 2R  sL Z (2R  sL)
sLR Vs 2R  sL
Vo  I 1  sL   2
2R  sL R  3sRL  s 2 L2
1  3R 
 s
Vo sRL 3 L 
H (s)   
Vs R 2  3sRL  s 2 L2 3R R2
s2  s 2
L L
R
Thus, 0   1 rad / s
L
3R
B  3 rad / s
L
1 1
(a) 0    0.5  10 6 rad / s
LC (0.1)(40  10 )
-12
R 2  10 3
(b) B   2  10 4
L 0.1
0 0.5  10 6
Q   25
B 2  10 4
As a high Q circuit,
B
1  0   10 4 (50  1)  490 krad / s
2
B
2  0   10 4 (50  1)  510 krad / s
2
(c) As seen in part (b), Q  25

Consider the circuit below.

Ro
+
1/sC
+
Vi R Vo

sL

where L = 1 mH, C = 4 µF, R o = 6 Ω, and R = 4 Ω.
 1  R (sL  1 sC)
Z(s)  R || sL   
 sC  R  sL  1 sC
R (1  s 2 LC)
Z(s) 
1  sRC  s 2 LC
Vo Z R (1  s 2 LC)
H  
Vi Z  R o R o  sRR o C  s 2 LCR o  R  s 2 LCR
R (1  s 2 LC)
Z in  R o  Z  R o 
1  sRC  s 2 LC
R o  sRR o C  s 2 LCR o  R  s 2 LCR

Z in 
1  sRC  s 2 LC
s  j
R o  jRR o C  2 LCR o  R  2 LCR
Z in 
1  2 LC  jRC
(R o  R  2 LCR o  2 LCR  jRR o C)(1   2 LC  jRC)

Z in 
(1  2 LC) 2  (RC) 2
Im(Z in )  0 implies that
- RC [R o  R  2 LCR o  2 LCR ]  RR o C (1  2 LC)  0

R o  R  2 LCR o  2 LCR  R o  2 LCR o  0
2 LCR  R
1 1
0    15.811 krad / s
LC (1  10 )(4  10 -6 )
-3
R (1  2 LC)
H
R o  jRR o C  R  2 LCR o  2 LCR
R
H max  H(0) 
Ro  R
 1 
R  2  LC 
or H max  H()  lim   
R
  R o  R RR o C
j  LC (R  R o ) R  R o
 2

1
At 1 and 2 , H  H mzx
2
R R (1  2 LC)

2 (R o  R ) R o  R   2 LC (R o  R )  jRR o C
1 (R o  R )(1  2 LC)

2 (RR o C) 2  (R o  R  2 LC(R o  R )) 2
1 10 (1  2  4  10 -9 )

2 (96  10 -6 ) 2  (10  2  4  10 -8 ) 2
10 (1  2  4  10 -9 ) 1
0 
(96  10 )  (10    4  10 )
-6 2 2 -8 2
2
(10  2  4  10 -8 )( 2 )  (96  10 -6 ) 2  (10  2  4  10 -8 ) 2  0
(2)(10  2  4  10 -8 ) 2  (96  10 -6 ) 2  (10  2  4  10 -8 ) 2
(96  10 -6 ) 2  (10  2  4  10 -8 ) 2  0
1.6  10 -15 4  8.092  10 -7 2  100  0

4  5.058  10 8  6.25  1016  0
 2.9109  10 8
2  
 2.1471  10 8
Hence,
1  14.653 krad / s
2  17.061 krad / s
B  2  1  17.061  14.653  2.408 krad / s

jRC j
H ()   (from Eq. 14.52)
1  jRC j  1 RC
This has a unity passband gain, i.e. H()  1 .

1
 c  50
RC
j10
H ^ ()  10 H () 
50  j
j10
H () 
50  j
1 jC
(a) V  V, V  Vo
R  1 jC i
Since V  V ,
1
V  Vo
1  jRC i
Vo 1
H ()  
Vi 1  jRC
R
(b) V  V, V  Vo
R  1 jC i
jRC
V  Vo
1  jRC i
Vo jRC
H ()  
Vi 1  jRC
This is a highpass filter.
jRC 1
H ()  
1  jRC 1  j RC
1 1
H ()  , c   2 (1000)
1  j c  RC
1 1
H ()  
1  j f c f 1  j1000 f
1 Vo
(a) H (f  200 Hz)  
1  j5 Vi
120 mV
Vo   23.53 mV
1  j5
1 Vo
(b) H (f  2 kHz)  
1  j0.5 Vi
120 mV
Vo   107.3 mV
1  j0.5
1 Vo
(c) H (f  10 kHz)  
1  j0.1 Vi
120 mV
Vo   119.4 mV
1  j0.1
For an active highpass filter,
sC i R f
H(s)   (1)
1  sC i R i
But
10s
H(s)   (2)
1  s / 10
Comparing (1) and (2) leads to:
10
C i R f  10 
 Rf   10M
Ci
0.1
C i R i  0.1 
 Ri   100k
Ci
1 Rf
Z f  R f || 
jC f 1  jR f C f
1 1  jR i C i
Zi  R i  
jC i jC i
Hence,
Vo - Z f - jR f C i
H ()   
Vi Zi (1  jR f C f )(1  jR i C i )
This is a bandpass filter. H () is similar to the product of the transfer function of a
lowpass filter and a highpass filter.
R jRC
V  Vi  V
R  1 jC 1  jRC i
Ri
V  V
Ri  Rf o
Ri jRC
Vo  V
Ri  Rf 1  jRC i
Vo  R f   jRC 
H ()   1   
Vi  R i   1  jRC 
Rf 1
It is evident that as    , the gain is 1  and that the corner frequency is .
Ri RC
(a) Proof
(b) When R 1 R 4  R 2 R 3 ,
R4 s
H (s)  
R 3  R 4 s  1 R 2C
(c) When R 3   ,
- 1 R 1C
H (s) 
s  1 R 2C
Rf 1
DC gain   
 R i  4R f
Ri 4
1
Corner frequency  c   2 (500) rad / s
R f Cf
If we select R f  20 k , then R i  80 k and

1
C  15.915 nF
(2)(500)(20  10 3 )
Therefore, if R f  20 k , then R i  80 k and C  15.915 nF

Design a problem to help other students to better understand the design of active highpass filters
when specifying a high-frequency gain and a corner frequency.
Problem
Design an active highpass filter with a high-frequency gain of 5 and a corner frequency
of 200 Hz.
Solution
Rf
High frequency gain  5   R f  5R i
Ri
1
Corner frequency  c   2 (200) rad / s
R i Ci
If we select R i  20 k , then R f  100 k and

1
C  39.8 nF
(2)(200)(20  10 3 )
Therefore, if R i  20 k , then R f  100 k and C  39.8 nF

This is a highpass filter with f c  2 kHz.

1
c  2f c 
RC
1 1
RC  
2f c 4  103
10 8 Hz may be regarded as high frequency. Hence the high-frequency gain is

 R f  10
 or R f  2 .5 R
R 4
1
If we let R  10 k , then R f  25 k , and C   7.96 nF .
4000  10 4
Vo (s) Y1 Y2
(a) H (s)  
Vi (s) Y1 Y2  Y4 (Y1  Y2  Y3 )
1 1
where Y1   G 1 , Y2   G 2 , Y3  sC1 , Y4  sC 2 .
R1 R2
G 1G 2
H (s) 
G 1 G 2  sC 2 (G 1  G 2  sC1 )
G 1G 2
(b) H ( 0)   1, H()  0
G 1G 2
showing that this circuit is a lowpass filter.
R  50  , L  40 mH , C  1 F
Km K
L  L 
 1  m  (40  10 -3 )
Kf Kf
25K f  K m (1)
C 10 -6
C  
 1 
KmKf KmKf
1
10 6 K f  (2)
Km
Substituting (1) into (2),

1
10 6 K f 
25K f
K f  2x10–4
K m  25K f  5  10 -3
Design a problem to help other students to better understand magnitude and frequency scaling.
Problem
What values of K m and K f will scale a 4-mH inductor and a 20-F capacitor to 1 H and 2 F
respectively?
Solution
LC LC
LC  
 K f2 
K f2 L C
(4  10 -3 )(20  10 -6 )
K f2   4  10 -8
(1)(2)
K f  2  10 -4
L L 2 L C
 K 
 K 2m  
C C m C L
(1)(20  10 -6 )
K 2m   2.5  10 -3
(2)(4  10 -3 )
K m  5  10 -2
R   K m R  (12)(800  10 3 )  9.6 M
Km 800
L  L (40  10 -6 )  32 F
Kf 1000
C 300  10 -9
C    0.375 pF
K m K f (800)(1000)
R'1  K m R 1  3x100  300
R' 2  K m R 2  10x100  1 k
Km 10 2
L'  L  6 ( 2)  200 H
Kf 10
1
C
C'   108  1 nF
K m K f 10
R'  K m R  20x10  200 
Km 10
L'  L  5 (4)  400 H
Kf 10
C 1
C'    1 F
K m K f 10x10 5
1
R '  K m R  500 x5 x103  25 M

K 500
L '  m L  5 (10mH )  50  H
Kf 10
C 20 x106
C'   0.4 pF
K m K f 500 x105
L and C are needed before scaling.
R R 10
B 
 L   2H
L B 5
1 1 1
0  
 C    312.5 F
LC 0 L (1600)(2)
2
(a) L   K m L  (600)(2)  1.200 kH

C 3.125  10 -4
C    0.5208 F
Km 600
L 2
(b) L   3  2 mH
K f 10
C 3.125  10 -4
C    312.5 nF
Kf 10 3
Km (400)(2)
(c) L  L  8 mH
Kf 10 5
C 3.125  10 -4
C    7.81 pF
KmKf (400)(10 5 )
R   K m R  (1000)(1)  1 k
Km 10 3
L  L  4 (1)  0.1 H
Kf 10
C 1
C    0.1 F
K m K f (10 )(10 4 )
3
The new circuit is shown below.
1 k
+
I 1 k 0.1 H 0.1 F 1 k Vx

(a) Insert a 1-V source at the input terminals.
Ro
Io R 1/sC
V1 V2
+  +
+
1V
 3V o sL Vo

There is a supernode.
1  V1 V2
 (1)
R sL  1 sC
But V1  V2  3Vo 
 V2  V1  3Vo (2)
sL Vo V2
Also, Vo  V 
  (3)
sL  1 sC 2 sL sL  1 sC
Combining (2) and (3)

sL  1 sC
V2  V1  3Vo  Vo
sL
s 2 LC
Vo  V (4)
1  4s 2 LC 1
Substituting (3) and (4) into (1) gives

1  V1 Vo sC
  V
R sL 1  4s 2 LC 1
sRC 1  4s 2 LC  sRC
1  V1  V  V1
1  4s 2 LC 1 1  4s 2 LC
1  4s 2 LC
V1 
1  4s 2 LC  sRC
1  V1 sRC
Io  
R R (1  4s 2 LC  sRC)
1 1  sRC  4s 2 LC
Z in  
Io sC
1
Z in  4sL  R  (5)
sC
When R  5 , L  2 , C  0.1 ,
10
Z in (s)  8s  5 
s
At resonance,
1
Im(Z in )  0  4L 
C
1 1
or 0    1.118 rad / s
2 LC 2 (0.1)(2)
(b) After scaling,

R   K m R
4 
 40 
5 
 50 
Km 10
L  L ( 2 )  0 .2 H
Kf 100
C 0.1
C    10 -4
K m K f (10)(100)
From (5),
10 4
Z in (s)  0.8s  50 
s
1 1
0    111.8 rad / s
2 LC 2 (0.2)(10 -4 )
(a) R   K m R  (200)(2)  400 
K m L (200)(1)
L    20 mH
Kf 10 4
C 0.5
C    0.25 F
K m K f (200)(10 4 )
The new circuit is shown below.
20 mH
a
Ix
0.25 F 400  0.5 I x
(b) Insert a 1-A source at the terminals a-b.
a V1 sL V2
Ix
1A 1/(sC) R 0.5 I x
At node 1,
V1  V2
1  sCV1  (1)
sL
At node 2,
V1  V2 V
 0.5 I x  2
sL R
But, I x  sC V1 .
V1  V2 V2
 0.5sC V1  (2)
sL R
Solving (1) and (2),
sL  R
V1  2
s LC  0.5sCR  1
V1 sL  R
Z Th   2
1 s LC  0.5sCR  1
At   10 4 ,
( j10 4 )(20  10 -3 )  400
Z Th 
( j10 4 ) 2 (20  10 -3 )(0.25  10 -6 )  0.5( j10 4 )(0.25  10 -6 )(400)  1
400  j200
Z Th   600  j200
0.5  j0.5
Z Th  632.5 - 18.435 ohms

(a)
1 1 (G  jC)(R  jL)  1
 G  jC  
Z R  j L R  j L
jL  R
which leads to Z
2
  LC  j(RC  LG)  GR  1
 R
j
Z()  C LC (1)
 R G  GR  1
 2  j   
L C LC
We compare this with the given impedance:
1000( j  1)
Z()  (2)
  2  2 j  1  2500
Comparing (1) and (2) shows that
1
 1000 
 C  1 mF, R/L  1 
 RL
C
R G
 2 
 G  C  1 mS
L C
GR  1 10 3 R  1
2501    R  0.4  L
LC 10 3 R
Thus,
R = 0.4Ω, L = 0.4 H, C = 1 mF, G = 1 mS
(b) By frequency-scaling, K f =1000.
R’ = 0.4 Ω, G’ = 1 mS
L 0.4 C 10 3
L'   3  0.4mH , C'    3  1F
K f 10 K f 10
C
C 
KmKf
c 200
Kf    200
 1
C 1 1 1
Km    -6   5000
C K f 10 200
R   K m R  5 k, thus, R f  2R i  10 k
1 10 6
1F 
 C'  C  0.1 pF
K mK f 100x10 5
5F 
 C'  0.5 pF
10 k 
 R'  K m R  100x10 k  1 M
20 k 
 R '  2 M
The schematic is shown below. A voltage marker is inserted to measure v o . In the AC

sweep box, we select Total Points = 50, Start Frequency = 1, and End Frequency = 1000.
After saving and simulation, we obtain the magnitude and phase plots in the probe menu
as shown below.
We let I s  10 o A so that Vo / I s  Vo . The schematic is shown below. The circuit is

simulated for 100 < f < 10 kHz.
Using Fig. 14.103, design a problem to help other students to better understand how to use
PSpice to obtain the frequency response (magnitude and phase of I) in electrical circuits.
Problem
Use PSpice to provide the frequency response (magnitude and phase of i) of the circuit in
Fig. 14.103. Use linear frequency sweep from 1 to 10,000 Hz.
Figure 14.103
Solution
The schematic is shown below. A current marker is inserted to measure I. We set Total
Points = 101, start Frequency = 1, and End Frequency = 10 kHz in the AC sweep
box. After simulation, the magnitude and phase plots are obtained in the Probe menu as
shown below.
The schematic is shown below. I n the AC Sweep box, we set Total Points = 50, Start
Frequency = 1, and End Frequency = 100. After simulation, we obtain the magnitude
response as shown below. It is evident from the response that the circuit represents a
high-pass filter.
The schematic is shown below. We insert a voltage marker to measure V o . In the AC

Sweep box, we set Total Points = 101, Start Frequency = 1, and End Frequency =
100. After simulation, we obtain the magnitude and phase plots of V o as shown below.
The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we type Total Points = 101, Start
Frequency = 100, and End Frequency = 1 k. After simulation, the magnitude plot of
the response V o is obtained as shown below.
The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we set

Total Points = 1001, Start Frequency = 1, and End Frequency = 100k. After
simulation, we obtain the magnitude plot of the response as shown below. The response
shows that the circuit is a high-pass filter.
The schematic is shown below. In the AC Sweep box, we select Total Points = 101, Start
Frequency = 10, and End Frequency = 10 k. After simulation, the magnitude plot of the
frequency response is obtained. From the plot, we obtain the resonant frequency f o is
approximately equal to 800 Hz so that  o = 2f o = 5026 rad/s.
The schematic is shown below. We type Total Points = 101, Start Frequency = 1, and
End Frequency = 100 in the AC Sweep box. After simulating the circuit, the magnitude
plot of the frequency response is shown below.
Consider the circuit as shown below.
R
C
+ Vo _
+
Vs _ V1   V2
C
R
1
sC V
V1  Vs 
R
1 1  sRC
sC
R sRC
V2  Vs  Vs
R  sC 1  sRC
1  sRC
Vo  V1  V2  Vs
1  sRC
Hence,
Vo 1  sRC
H (s)  
V s 1  sRC
1
c 
RC
We make R and C as small as possible. To achieve this, we connect 1.8 k  and 3.3 k  in
parallel so that
1.8x 3.3
R  1.164 k
1.8  3.3
We place the 10-pF and 30-pF capacitors in series so that
C = (10x30)/40 = 7.5 pF
Hence,
1 1
c    114.55x10 6 rad/s
RC 1.164x10 x7.5x10 12
3
1
(a) f0 
2 LC
When C  360 pF ,
1
f0   0.541 MHz
2 (240  10 -6 )(360  10 -12 )
When C  40 pF ,
1
f0   1.624 MHz
2 (240  10 -6 )(40  10 -12 )
Therefore, the frequency range is

0.541 MHz  f 0  1.624 MHz
2fL
(b) Q
R
At f 0  0.541 MHz ,
(2 )(0.541  10 6 )(240  10 -6 )
Q  67.98
12
At f 0  1.624 MHz ,
(2 )(1.624  10 6 )(240  10 -6 )
Q  204.1
12
Ri L
V1 Vo
+
+
Vi C1 C2 RL Vo


Z2 Z1
1 RL
Z1  R L || 
sC 2 1  sR 2 C 2
1 1  sL  R L  s 2 R L C 2 L 
Z2  || (sL  Z1 )  ||  
sC1 sC1  1  sR L C 2 
1 sL  R L  s 2 R L C 2 L

sC1 1  sR L C 2
Z2 
1 sL  R L  s 2 R L C 2 L

sC1 1  sR L C 2
sL  R L  s 2 R L LC 2
Z2 
1  sR L C 2  s 2 LC1  sR L C1  s 3 R L LC1C 2
Z2
V1  V
Z2  R i i
Z1 Z2 Z1
Vo  V1   V
Z1  sL Z 2  R 2 Z1  sL i
Vo Z2 Z1
 
Vi Z 2  R 2 Z1  sL
where
Z2

Z2  R 2
sL  R L  s 2 R L LC 2
sL  R L  s 2 R L LC 2  R i  sR i R L C 2  s 2 R i LC1  sR i R L C1  s 3 R i R L LC1C 2
Z1 RL
and 
Z1  sL R L  sL  s 2 R L LC 2
Therefore,
Vo

Vi
R L (sL  R L  s 2 R L LC 2 )
(sL  R L  s 2 R L LC 2  R i  sR i R L C 2  s 2 R i LC 1  sR i R L C 1
 s 3 R i R L LC 1 C 2 )( R L  sL  s 2 R L LC 2 )
where s  j .
Ri L
V1 Vo
+
+
Vi C1 C2 RL Vo


Z2 Z1
 1  sL (R L  1 sC 2 )
Z  sL ||  R L   , s  j
 sC 2  R L  sL  1 sC 2
Z
V1  V
Z  R i  1 sC1 i
RL RL Z
Vo  V1   V
R L  1 sC 2 R L  1 sC 2 Z  R i  1 sC1 i
Vo RL sL (R L  1 sC 2 )
H ()   
Vi R L  1 sC 2 sL (R L  1 sC 2 )  (R i  1 sC1 )(R L  sL  1 sC 2 )
s 3 LR L C 1C 2
H () 
(sR i C 1  1)(s 2 LC 2  sR L C 2  1)  s 2 LC 1 (sR L C 2  1)
where s  j .
B  2  1  2 (f 2  f 1 )  2 (454  432)  44
0  2f 0  QB  (20)(44 )
(20)(44)
f0   (20)(22)  440 Hz
2
1 1
Xc  
C 2f C
1 1 10 -9
C  
2f X c (2 )(2  10 6 )(5  10 3 ) 20
X L  L  2f L
XL 300 3  10 -4
L  
2f (2 )(2  10 6 ) 4
1 1
f0    8.165 MHz
2 LC 3  10 -4 10 -9
2 
4 20
R  4 
B  (100)    4.188  10 6 rad / s
L  3  10 -4 
1
c  2f c 
RC
1 1
R   15.91 
2f c C (2)(20  10 3 )(0.5  10 -6 )
1
c  2f c 
RC
1 1
R   1.061 k
2f c C (2)(15)(10  10 -6 )
(a) When R s  0 and R L   , we have a low-pass filter.
1
c  2f c 
RC
1 1
fc    994.7 Hz
2RC (2)(4  10 3 )(40  10 -9 )
(b) We obtain R Th across the capacitor.

R Th  R L || (R  R s )
R Th  5 || (4  1)  2.5 k
1 1
fc  
2R Th C (2 )(2.5  10 3 )(40  10 -9 )
f c  1.59 kHz
Vo R2
H ()   , s  j
Vi R 2  R 1 || 1 jC
R2 R 2 (R 1  1 sC)
H (s)  
R (1 sC) R 1R 2  (R 1  R 2 )(1 sC)
R2  1
R 1  1 sC
R 2 (1  sCR 1 )
H(s) 
R 1  R 2  sCR 1 R 2
The schematic is shown below. We click Analysis/Setup/AC Sweep and enter Total
Points = 1001, Start Frequency = 100, and End Frequency = 100 k. After simulation,
we obtain the magnitude plot of the response as shown.

) (, Where: Chapter 14, Solution 1

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Chapter 14, Solution 1.

Obtain the transfer function V o /V i of the circuit in Fig. 14.66.

Figure 14.66 For Prob. 14.2.

The circuit becomes that shown below.

R  jL jC (R  jL)

The 2 H inductors become jω2 or 2s.

Let Z = 2s||2 = [(2s)(2)/(2s+2)] = 2s/(s+1)

We convert the current source to a voltage source as shown below.

(a) 0.05  20 log10 H

(b) - 6.2  20 log10 H

(c) 104.7  20 log10 H

H dB  20 log 10 1 - 20 log 10 1  j  20 log 10 1  j / 10

  - tan -1 ()  tan -1 ( / 10)

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

Sketch the Bode magnitude and phase plots of:

0.2 x10 (1  j 10)

H dB  20 log10 1  20 log10 1  j 10  20 log10 j  20 log10 1  j 2

  -90  tan -1  10  tan -1  2

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

The plots are shown below.

GdB  40  20 log10 1  j  40 log10 j  20 log10 1  j 10

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

H dB  20 log10 10  20 log10 1  j  20 log10 j

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

H dB  20 log10 0.1  20 log10 1  j  20 log10 1  j 2  20 log10 1  j 10

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

H db = 20log 10 |0.1| – 20olg 10 |jω| – 20log 10 |1+jω+(jω/4)2|

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

G dB  -20log10 4  20 log10 j  20 log10 1  j  40 log10 1  j 2

  -90 - tan -1  2 tan -1  2

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

The MATLAB code is shown below.

H db = 20log 10 |0.01| + 20log 10 |jω| – 20log 10 |1+jω/10| – 20log 10 |1+jω/20| –

The magnitude and phase plots are shown below.

–20 log |1+jω/20|

For the plots, see the next page.

The magnitude plot is as sketched below. 20log 10 |0.5| = –6 db

A zero of slope  20 dB / dec at   2   1  j 2

A zero of slope  20 dB / dec at the origin 

Z(0 4)  2000  j (50  4000 5)

Z(ω 0 /2) = 200+j(100-2000/5)

Design a problem to help other students to better understand ω o , Q, and B at resonance in

o L 447.21x103 x100 x103

We convert the voltage source to a current source as shown below.

4.082 krads/s, 105.55 rad/s, 38.67

(a) f o = 15,000 Hz leads to ω o = 2πf o = 94.25 krad/s = 1/(LC)0.5 or

LC = 1/8.883x109 or C = 1/(8.883x109x10–2) = 11.257x10–9 F = 11.257 pF.

(c) Q = ω o L/R = 94.25x103(0.01)/20 = 47.12.

A parallel RLC circuit has the following values:

ω 1 = ω o – B = 5.95x106 rad/s and ω 2 = ω o + B = 6.05x106 rad/s.

(c) Q   o RC  1.443x10 3 x5x10 3 x60x10 6  432.9

At resonance, Im(Y)  0 , i.e.

(a) B   2  1  2(f 2  f1 )  2(90  86) x10 3  8krad / s

Y = jω0.1 + 0.1 + 1/(2+jω2) = jω0.1 + 0.1 + [2/(4+4ω2)] – [jω2/(4+4ω2)]

0.1ω = 2ω/(4+4ω2) or 4ω2 + 4 = 20 or ω2 = 4 or ω o = 2 rad/s

Y = 0.1 + 2/(4+16) = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2 S

We can now use the relationship between ω o and the bandwidth.

(a) This is a series RLC circuit.

R  26  8, L 1H, C  0.4 F

(b) This is a parallel RLC circuit.

(a) Z in  (1 jC) || (R  jL)

At resonance, Im(Z in )  0 , i.e.