Alcala, Darryl Joy N.

BSN 1-4

How Urine is Formed?

Have you ever wonder how urine is formed within your body specifically in your urinary
system? If that’s the case, here is the summary of urine formation.

The kidney filter unwanted substances from the blood and produce urine to excrete
them. Urine formation is a result of three processes namely glomerular filtration, tubular
reabsorption, and tubular secretion. These processes ensure that only urine waste and excess
water removed from the body.

To start up, each kidney contains over one million tiny structures called nephron. Each
nephron has a glomerulus, acts as a filter because this is the site of blood filtration.

The Glomerulus Filters Water and Other Substances from the Bloodstream

The glomerulus is a network of capillaries are surrounded by a cuplike structure, the

glomerular capsule or Bowman’s’ capsule. Glomerular filtration is a nonselective, passive
process in which fluid passes from the blood into the glomerular capsule part of the renal tubule.
As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water and solutes from the
capillaries into the capsule through a filtration membrane. Once in the capsule, the fluid is called
filtrate; it is essentially blood plasma without blood proteins. This glomerular filtration begins the
urine formation process.

Reabsorption Moves Nutrients and Water Back into the Bloodstream

Besides wastes and excess ions that must be removed from the blood, the filtrate
contains many useful substances (including water, glucose, amino acids, and ions), which must
be reclaimed from the filtrate and returned to the blood. Tubular reabsorption begins as soon as
the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule. The tubule cells are “transporters,” taking up
needed substances from the filtrate and then passing them out their posterior aspect into the
extracellular space, from which they are absorbed into peritubular capillary blood. Some
reabsorption is passive; most is active (ATP) and most reabsorption occurs in the proximal
convoluted tubule.

The glomerulus filters water and small solutes out of the bloodstream. The resulting
filtrate contains waste, but also other substances the body needs: essential ions, glucose,
amino acids, and smaller proteins. When the filtrate exits the glomerulus, it flows into a duct in
the nephron called the renal tubule. As it moves, the needed substances and some water are
reabsorbed through the tube wall into adjacent capillaries. This reabsorption of vital nutrients
from the filtrate is the second step in urine creation.

Waste Ions and Hydrogen Ions Secreted from the Blood Complete the Formation of Urine
The filtrate absorbed in the glomerulus flows through the renal tubule, where nutrients
and water are reabsorbed into capillaries. Tubular secretion is essentially tubular reabsorption in
reverse At the same time, Some substances, such as hydrogen and potassium ions (H+ and
K+) and creatinine, also move from the blood of the peritubular capillaries through the tubule
cells or from the tubule cells themselves into the filtrate to be eliminated in urine. This process is
called tubular secretion. The secreted ions combine with the remaining filtrate and become
urine. The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct. It passes out of the kidney
through the renal pelvis, into the ureter, and down to the bladder.

That’s how urine is formed, the nephrons of the kidneys process blood and create urine
through a process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is about 95% water and 5%
waste products. Nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine include urea, creatinine, ammonia, and
uric acid. Ions such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and calcium are also excreted.
 Alcala, Darryl Joy N.

BSN 1-4

“The early sperm catches the egg”

As what they are saying, “The early bird catches the worm” because sperm that are in
the best position to be the fertilizing sperm are the ones that come along after hundreds of
sperm have undergone acrosomal reactions to expose the oocyte membrane making
fertilization happens. But how fertilization occurs?

Fertilization occur when a sperm cell successfully meets an egg cell in the fallopian tube.
The sperm must reach the ovulated secondary oocyte. This is viable for 12 to 24 hours after
ovulation, and sperm generally retain their fertilizing power within the female reproductive tract
for 24 to 48 hours after ejaculation. Consequently, for fertilization to occur, sexual intercourse
must occur no more than 2 days before ovulation and no later than 24 hours after. At this point,
the oocyte is approximately one-third of the way down the uterine tube. Remember that sperm
are motile cells that can propel themselves by lashing movements of their tails. If sperm are
deposited in a female’s vagina at the approximate time of ovulation, they are attracted to the
oocyte by chemicals that act as “homing devices,” allowing them to locate the oocyte.

The sperm takes 1 to 2 hours for to complete the journey up the female duct system into
the uterine tubes, even though they are only few centimeters away, 12 cm (5 inches) away.
However, millions of sperm leak out of the vagina, and of those remaining, millions more are
destroyed by the vagina’s acidic environment. Only a few hundred to a few thousand sperm
make it to the egg’s vicinity. When the swarming sperm reach the oocyte, their cell surface
hyaluronidase enzymes break down the “cement” that holds the follicle cells of the corona
radiata together around the oocyte. Once a path has been cleared through the corona,
thousands of sperm undergo the acrosomal reaction, in which the acrosome membranes break
down, releasing enzymes that digest holes in the surrounding oocyte membrane. Then, when
the membrane is adequately weakened and a single sperm makes contact with one of the
oocyte’s membrane receptors for sperm, the head (nucleus) of the sperm fuses with the oocyte
membrane, and the snakelike sperm contents enter the oocyte cytoplasm.

Once a single sperm has penetrated the oocyte, the oocyte nucleus completes the
second meiotic division, forming the ovum and a polar body. Once the sperm has entered, the
ovum sheds its remaining membrane surface receptors for sperm, preventing other sperm from
gaining entry. In humans, of the millions of sperm ejaculated, only one can penetrate an oocyte.
Fertilization occurs at the time the genetic material of a sperm combines with that of an ovum to
form a fertilized egg, or zygote, with a complete set of 46 chromosomes. The zygote represents
the first cell of the new individual.

That’s how fertilization happens, it is a complex set of events to produce a new

individual. So if you are living in this world, you are blessed because there are millions of sperm
but you are “The early sperm that catches the egg”. Also, you were the fastest sperm, you came
into this world as winner because you made fertilization possible.
M

WE MET AT G-MEET

ANAPHY IS YOUR SUBJECT

I KNOW IT IS HARD

BUT YOU HAVE A PLEASING HEART

I CAME INTO YOUR CLASS

WITHOUT IDEA AT ALL

I DON’T KNOW WHAT TO EXPECT

BUT THANK YOU FOR THE RESPECT

TEACHING SYSTEM IS NEVER EASY

EVERY DETAILS FEEL MESSY

BUT YOU EXPLAIN IT THOROUGLY

AND ADVISE US TO TAKE IT MODERATELY

FOR IT IS OUR FUTURE THAT BRIGHTENS

WITH EACH LESSON YOU MAKE US ENLIGHTEN’

WE WOULD BE VIRTUALLY LOST

WITHOUT YOU AS OUR HOST

YOU WE’RE ONCE THE REASON OF MY TEARS

WHEN MY SCORES FLASHIN’ ON MY SCENES

SOMETIMES I CAN’T UNDERSTAND THE LESSON

BUT THANK YOU FOR TRYIN’ DESPITE OF THE SITUATION

I MAY NOT LEARNT ALL THE TOPICS

OR REMEMBER ALL THE MNEMONICS

BUT AT LEAST I GOT SOMETHING

“MAHIRAP PERO KAKAYANIN”

THANK YOU MAAM PAM

FOR ALL YOU HAVE DONE

KNOW THAT IN THE GROUP OF MANY

YOU ARE ONE OF MY

THANK YOU FOR COMMENDING OUR HARD WORKS

GIVING US MOTIVATIONS AND INSPIRATIONS

I WILL NEVER FORGET YOUR LINES

GRADES DI BASEHAN NG PAGKATAO

DEAR LORD, BLESS THIS TEACHER

I KNOW SHE HAS SOMETHING, PRAYER

WRAP HER WITH YOUR LOVING ARMS

THE WAY SHE WRAPS US WITH HER HEART