AT324A WITH AR.

ALVAREZ

PHILIPPINE
ARCHITECTURE
An introduction to the Philippine
Architecture
 If you don't know history,
then you don't know anything.
ALWAYS REMEMBER

Michael Crichton
The Philippines

Las Islas Filipinas” and then “P.I.” (for Philippine Islands) before we
became “RP” and “PH.”

The Philippines is composed of 7,641, it used to be 7,107 islands

according to the National Mapping and Resource Information
Authority.
the Republic of the Philippines
consists of around 7,640 islands
— about 2,000 of which are
inhabited — that form an
archipelago. The country can be
divided into three main areas:
Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao
STORMS
On an average the country experiences 20 storms and typhoons per year

POPULATION
The current population of the Philippines is 111,229,189
Population of Metro Manila 14,158,573

BIGGEST CITIES
1. Quezon City
2. Manila
3. Davao
4. Caloocan
5. Cebu City
Architecture in the Philippines

Philippine architecture mainly reflects the historical and cultural

traditions in the country. Most prominent historic structures in
the archipelago are influenced by Austronesian, Chinese, Spanish,
and American architectures.
Prehispanic Structures

Discovery in 2018 of stone tools and fossils of butchered animal remains in

Rizal, Kalinga has pushed back evidence of early hominins in the country to as
early as 709,000 years.[

Some archeological evidence was found that humans lived in the archipelago
67,000 years ago, with the "Callao Man" of Cagayan and the Angono
Petroglyphs in Rizal suggesting the presence of human settlement before the
arrival of the Negritos and Austronesian speaking people.
Angono- Binangonan Petroglyphs Site
Samples of Angono Petroglyphs
A 2021 genetic study, which examined representatives of 115 indigenous
communities, found evidence of at least five independent waves of early
human migration. Here are some examples of the residential structures built
by our prehispanic ancestors.
NEGRITO GROUP
SAMA BAJAU AND MANOBO
 Occuring perhaps
between 10,000 and
7,000 years ago, either
from Southern China
or Taiwan, this brought
the ancestors of
indigenous groups that
today live around the
Cordillera Central
mountain range.

AUSTRONESIANS
AUSTRONESIANS
 Characterized by
Materials (wood, bamboo,
nipa, grass, other native
materials)
Design (varies by region)

Common Features includes:

a. Steep Roof over a one
or two living area
b. Raised on posts or stilts
c. Some have balconies
d. Floors maybe
composed of split
bamboo
e. Space Beneath

NIPA HUT Develops over time

NIPA HUT
NIPA HUT
NIPA HUT
 Kota is a wall which is
composed of log and
stone bulwarks armed
with native cannons
(Lantakas) and is also
encased by Bamboo
thickets and example of
this in prehispanic times
is the Polity of Cainta
which is surrounded by
a moat.

KOTA
 - was a Philippine
fortified kingdom which
was located in the
Manila Bay area,
specifically north of the
Pasig River, on Luzon
island.

- mentioned by the
Philippines' earliest
historical record, the
Laguna Copperplate
Inscription.
KINGDOM OF TONDO
 - was a Philippine
fortified kingdom which
was located in the
Manila Bay area,
specifically north of the
Pasig River, on Luzon
island.

- mentioned by the
Philippines' earliest
historical record, the
Laguna Copperplate
Inscription.
KINGDOM OF TONDO
Laguna Copperplate Inscription
HISPANIC -The Augustinian friars, along
with other religious orders, built
ARCHITECTURE many grand churches and
cathedrals all over the Philippine
Islands.

-The church's aesthetic was also

shaped by limited access to
certain materials, and the need to
rebuild and adapt to natural
disasters including fires and
earthquakes, creating a style
sometimes referred to as
Earthquake Baroque
TOWNS
BARANGAYS OR DULOHANS

derived from Balangay, which refers to a plank boat widely used by various
cultures of the Philippine archipelago prior to the arrival of European colonizers
original "barangays" were coastal settlements formed as a result of the migration
of these Malayo-Polynesian people (who came to the archipelago) by boat from
other places in Southeast Asia.
 Bahay na bató (Filipino
for "house of stone")
style for the large
houses emerged. These
were large houses built
of stone and wood
combining Filipino,
Spanish and Chinese
style elements.

BAHAY NA BATO
 With the arrival of the
Americans in 1898 came a
new breed of architectural
structures in the
Philippines.

-This led to the erection of

government buildings
from the city all the way to
the municipal level.

-Designed in the most

respectable manner, these
government houses
resembled Greek or
AMERICAN PERIOD Roman architecture.
DANIEL BURNHAM
LUNETA HOTEL
PABLO ANTONIO
JUAN NAKPIL
JUAN ARELLANO
MARCOS ERA STRUCTURES
AT324A WITH AR. ALVAREZ

PHILIPPINE
ARCHITECTURE
An introduction to the Philippine
Architecture
Srivijaya (650-1377)

was a dominant thalassocratic city-state

based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia,
which influenced much of Southeast Asia

Thalassocracy - is a state with primarily

maritime realms--an empire at sea, sea-
borne empire.
In Sanskrit, Śrī means "fortunate", "prosperous, or "happy" and vijaya means
"victorious" or "excellence"
Majapahit
Majapahit (1293-1527)

was one of the last major

empires of the region and is
considered to be one of the
greatest and most powerful
empires in the history of
Indonesia and Southeast Asia,
one that is sometimes seen as
the precedent for Indonesia's
Modern Boundaries.
The name Mahajapit derives from
local Javanese, meaning
"bitter maja"
Later on, the Javanese Majapahit empire took
conrtrol over the Srivijaya and became the
leading Buddhist cultural centre from 1292 to
1478 in South East Asia
Srivijaya ------- visaya
Callao Man "Ubag"

The earliest human remains known in the

Philippines are the fossilized remains
discovered in 2007 by Armand Salvador
Mijares in Callao Cave, Cagayan Philippines

It is a 67,000 years old single 61 millimeter

metatarsal that predates Tabon man.

It was dated using the uranium series ablation

It was said to be remains of the Homo Sapiens

It was the earliest human known in the

Philippines
 Philippine ......it is a residue of the different
overlays of foreign influences left in
Architecture is the Philippines over the centuries

an elusive
......a hybrid, a totally new
thing.... configuration which may include a
remembrance of the past, but
transformed or framed in terms of
its significance today.

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 Nick Joaquin "The identity of the Filipino today is
of a person asking what is his
National Artist for Literature
identity."

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 First Societies "THE PALACE OF THE KING...
WAS BUILT LIKE A HAYLOFT
AND WAS THATCHED WITH
FIG [I.E. BANANA] AND PALM
LEAVES. IT WAS BUILT UP
HIGH FROM THE GROUND ON
HUGE POSTS OF WOOD AND
IT WAS NECESSARY TO
ASCEND TO IT BY MEANS OF
LADDERS."
Antonio Pigafetta's accound of the Palace of
Rajah Colambu in the Island of Butuan &
Calagan in 1521
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 Architectural WHY STUDY THIS?

Character of
Archeological records indicated that Filipino
Villages were established either near bodies

Pre-Spanish of water or in a swidden or slashed and

burned agricultural environment

Period
Structures

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 Architectural WHY STUDY THIS?

Character of
According to Robert Fox, early Filipinos live
along the coasts or ricers due to the following

Pre-Spanish factors:

Period 1) The daily diet of early Filipinos were mostly

food from the sea. Animals like chicken, pig,

Structures or carabaos, were treated more as ritual or

festival foods.

2) Their fishing improvements provided more

yield than those used for hunting, Hunting
was more of a game than a pre-occupation.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 Architectural WHY STUDY THIS?

Character of
3) The water provided a good means of travel
since roads did not exist until the Spanish

Pre-Spanish times.

Period 4) The bodies of water were the major source

for bathing, washing and drinking.

Structures

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 Architectural WHY STUDY THIS?

Character of
In both environments, houses were not built
permanently and were therefore made of

Pre-Spanish light, flexible materials like nipa and bamboo.

Community environment allowed constant

Period communal relocation. The usual community

design had the chieftain's house at the center

Structures and was usually big to allow community

conferences and other ceremonies. Around
the large house were smaller houses of the
members of the community.

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 Historical PRE HISPANIC HOUSE FORM

Background:
Malay House Three Distinct Horizontal
Division:

3.
Large Overhanging Roof
2.
Mid-level living area

1.
Raised Columnar Base

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 STILTS
The following with plans which are either square,
rectangular or octagonal, most houses are
are the elevated from the ground to avoid the

common dampness during the rainy season or the heat

emanating from the ground during the warm

features of the season.

houses, some of Elevating the house also provided protection

from insects, vermin, wild animal and floods.
which are still Flooring may be of wood, bamboo rattan,
in use; beaten bark or removal reed mat on wooden
joists.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 STILTS
The following with plans which are either square,
rectangular or octagonal, most houses are
are the elevated from the ground to avoid the

common dampness during the rainy season or the heat

emanating from the ground during the warm

features of the season.

houses, some of Elevating the house also provided protection

from insects, vermin, wild animal and floods.
which are still Flooring may be of wood, bamboo rattan,
in use; beaten bark or removal reed mat on wooden
joists.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 POSTS
The following structural components like the posts. and
beams are made of wood, tree trunks or
are the bamboo. Some parts of the Philippines have

common a symbolic purpose for their columns.

features of the
houses, some of
which are still
in use;
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 WALLS
The following Walls are made of with wooden panels, tree
bark, nipa, bamboo, sawali, coconut and
are the palm leaves, cogon grass and buri palm on

common wooden land bamboo framing.

features of the
houses, some of
which are still
in use;
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 ROOFING
The following the roof may be hipped, gabled, or pyramidal
in form with wooden or bamboo framing.
are the
common Roof Design is sometimes influenced by its
environment like that of the Ifugao house

features of the which contextualizes with the phsyical

heights fo the Cordillera mountains or that of

houses, some of the Isnegs, known as boat builders, who build

their roof with the form of an inverted boat.
which are still
in use;
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 ROOFING
The following the roof may be hipped, gabled, or pyramidal
in form with wooden or bamboo framing.
are the
common Roof Design is sometimes influenced by its
environment like that of the Ifugao house

features of the which contextualizes with the phsyical

heights to the Cordillera mountains or that of

houses, some of the Isnegs, known as boat builders, who build

their roof with the form of an inverted boat.
which are still
in use;
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 ROOFING
The following are the
common features of the
houses, some of which
are still in use;

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 ROOFING
The following are the
common features of the
houses, some of which
are still in use;

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 STAIRS
The following The stairs may be a single log with notches as
steps or maybe of bamboo frame with split
are the bamboo as steps.
DOORS
common
either sliding or hinged may be of wooden
features of the panels, bamboo or sawali

houses, some of WINDOWS

which are still

which are rarely provided are made of
wooden panels, bamboo, buri, nipa and

in use; sawali and may be of the sliding or awning

type.

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 LUNGIB O KWEBA
Examples of a natural chamber on the side of a hill
utilized as one of the earliest forms of
ethnic houses dwelling. The Tabon Cave in Southwest of
Palawan is one of the oldest and largest
caves with an approximate length of
41.00m and an opening of 8.00m in
height and 16.00 m in width

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 CALLAO CAVE
Examples of The first chamber of the show cave is the
largest room with a width of about 50 m
ethnic houses and a height of 36 m. The cathedral-like
room has been turned into a chapel by
the local people.

A rock formation serves as the altar of the

chapel lit by a stream of light coming
from a rooftop opening. The conditions
inside the caves have caused the
formation of stalactites and stalagmites,
more so in the deeper chambers.

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 LEAN TO DWELLING
Examples of a form of dwelling common to the
Negritos, an ethnic group regarded as
ethnic houses wanderers. hunters, and farmers
practicing slash and burn agriculture even
during the Hispanic period.

The lean to is a single -pitched structure of

grass and thatch on wood branches
framing with the lower end resting on the
ground and the upper end supported by
wood posts.

wind-shield or one-sided lean to with or

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
without flooring.
 TREE HOUSE
Examples of a single room of light materials that are
either integrally built on high trees or
ethnic houses above a tree stump serving as the house's
main support.
Tree dwellers in the Phil includes:
1) Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon
2) Manobos and Mandaya of Mindanao
3) Moros of Lake Lanao
4) Negritos of Bukidnon and North-central
Mindanao
5) Bagobo of Davao
6) Mandaya
7) Bilaan
8) Ilongot

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 BALAI
Examples of the traditional type of house in Apayao
elevated rectangular one room structure
ethnic houses protected by a high-pitch thatch roof
that resembles a pointed barrel vault.
Removable wall panel during hot seasons
and returned during cold seasons.
Removable and washable floor mats
placed above a closely-spaced wood floor
which allows ventilation

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 APAYAO HOUSE
Examples of
ethnic houses

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 APAYAO HOUSE
Examples of
ethnic houses

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 APAYAO HOUSE
Examples of
ethnic houses

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 APAYAO HOUSE
Examples of
ethnic houses

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 Examples of APAYAO HOUSE

ethnic houses

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 Examples of APAYAO HOUSE

ethnic houses

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 APAYAO HOUSE
Examples of
ethnic houses

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 BADJAO HOUSE
Examples of
ethnic houses

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 BADJAO HOUSE
Examples of
ethnic houses

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 BADJAO HOUSE
Examples of
ethnic houses

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 BADJAO HOUSE
Examples of
ethnic houses

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 IFUGAO HOUSE
Examples of
ethnic houses

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 IFUGAO HOUSE
Examples of
ethnic houses

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
 IFUGAO HOUSE
Examples of
ethnic houses

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4