POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION

Depending on where you are, different perspective on how globalization affects you. DIFFERENT VIEWS
REGARDING HOW GLOBALIZED OUR WORLD IS.

INTERSTATE SYSTEM

At the core of interstate system, we have global system and state.

Attributes/Characteristics of a base global system- status quo, present situation

1. Existence of sovereign states

a. The existence of sovereign states manipulates the system because an individual still represent a
state in which he/she belongs to.
b. Not because you are born in that place, your sovereignty is there.
c. A state connotes citizenship. Citizenship refers allegiance or loyalty to a particular state.
Manifestation: Passport
d. The existence of sovereign states manipulates the global system in a way that the states interact
among each other on a collective basis, not through individual basis, because the state does the
work for everyone.
e. The existence of states allow us to do the things we do in our daily life without worrying the
collective work a state should perform. A state macro-manage everything in our lives.
f. A state has a direct impact on our lives.
g. States interaction is inevitable.
2. In today’s global system, diplomacy is the ultimate tool of interaction between and among states. It is the
universal tool among states.
a. In a war, loss-loss.
3. International organization facilitates states interaction.
a. In our global system, international organization plays a very crucial role in facilitating interaction.
b. They are called intermediary between states.
c. League of Nations – after WWII, now, U.N
d. International Organization (Private)
i. To avoid war and become a neutral ground in case there are conflicts/disputes between
countries.
ii. They can have lives of their own because they are independent, neutral and the state does
not control them.
iii. They have the financial means as well as the logistical capacity to become a significant actor
in a global system.
iv. Advocacy groups in nature- non-governmental international organization
1. Goal: Eliminating poverty, increase education, hunger, human security, etc.
4. The concept of nation state is actually the foundation of the present global system. State is the smallest and
the sovereign political unit in the global system.
a. The concept of nation states is the modern phenomenon that have a tangible demarcation among
and between people.

Not all nations are states and not all states are nations.

STATE

 It comprises the elements necessary for it to be considered of a state.

 Community of person, more or less numerous who permanently occupy a definite portion of a territory
(terrestrial, maritime and aerial)
  Having a government of their own to which a great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience.
 Free from external control – Sovereignty
 State is a political concept
 Example: Philippines

NATION

 More of a cultural concept

 Refer to racial origins, ethnic origins,
 Benedict Anderson “nation is an imaginary____.” You are coming together because of the desire to become
ONE.
 Example: Arab Nation (Middle states) - one ethnic origin but they created a political division between
themselves (example, Iraq, Iran) now known as states.

Nation and states are closely related because it is nationalism that facilitates states formation. Nationalism
consequently leads to independence/ sovereignty and therefore state formation.

Sovereignty sustains a state. Sovereignty gives the states the ability to interact with other states and be able
to transact, converse, trade, and all other interactions.

POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION

 It was admitted that this phenomenon started after WWII.

 The integration of the political system that we have in the world, regardless of the system of government of
a country is.
 Integrates everyone with the idea that borders will be down, territorial demarcation will be diffused and we
become a ONE STATE and ONE NATION.
 Sovereignty for each nation is abandoned.

EFFECTS OF POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION IN THE STATUS OF A NATION STATE

a. Poses a forced choice upon nation state.

a. Regardless of the advantages experienced in globalization, still the nation states are forced.
b. It is either they conform to the neoliberal ideas (integration of market and culture, trade
agreements) or get left behind in development.
c. You are trying to build yourself as a sovereign nation but globalization break this individuality.
d. Example: North Korea is not a member of any international groups, and that is why they are
considered as a poor nation.
b. The establishment of political integration
a. This changes how nation states function
b. Example: The rise of international organization – EU( has a separate political body, supranatural
body, people in EU surrenders part of their sovereignty to EU) , ASEAN (more on secretariat function,
working for democracy, etc)
c. The establishment of this international organization may or may not lessen the ability of a state to
function as a sovereign entity.
c. The establishment of international laws and principles
a. The aim is to forged international norms and standards.
b. The existence of political globalization, the existence of international law has never been more
useful.
c. However, other nations can ignore/disregard some of this international laws. Other states do so,
because international laws are not as binding, sovereignty of a nation still prevails.
d. The rise of transnational activism
 a. Positive effect of political globalization
b. People can create their own networks without them seeing each other.
c. They push for advocacies and reforms.
d. Example: Humanity, 2011 crisis in Timor leste
e. Creation of new communications network
a. This is a double edge knife
b. Both advantages and disadvantages can be felt in a micro and macro level.
c. The creation of digital communication network
d. Advantages: Communication, entertainment, sports, etc.

POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION is anchored on the theory of internationalism.

THEORY OF INTERNATIONALISM

 This is a practice of politics based on operation or harmony among nations as opposed to the transcendent
of international politics. (Andrew Haywood).
 The system of heightened interaction within various states.
 This is the idea that enables globalization.
 Bounded on freedom, cooperation.

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

 The totality of norms, laws and policies and bodies that define and comprise and facilitate transnational
relations between citizens, state, cultures and intergovernmental and non-intergovernmental organizations.
 Global governance is different from globalization is that it aims to create a central authority of government
that will govern the states in the world. The idea is a supranatural entity monitoring all states in the world.
 The closest to this idea is the United Nations.
 United Nations is still not considered a world government because its members are still possessing
sovereignty.
o THREE GENERAL POWERS OF AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
 Power of Classification – it is the creation of global standards
 Example: WHO- classifies that COVID-19 is pandemic
 Fixed meanings- they become the legitimate source of information
 Power to diffuse norms- in order to produce regularity in behaviour.
 Example: UN- diffuses norms by creating resolutions, conventions ( Universal
declaration on human rights)

TWO MAJOR PERSPECTIVE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PERTAINING TO GLBAL GOVERNANCE

 Liberalism
o More on internationalism side of theories in which importance of individual and liberty is
emphasized. (U.S.- accepting refugees, etc.)
 Realism
o Emphasis on power and survival. (China- providing cheap labor, cheap natural resources, provide
opportunities)

The application of this perspective depends on countries’ leaders.

PRINCIPLES SORROUNDING GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

 ALL STATES ARE DEEMED EQUAL..

  THE DOMINANCE PRINCIPLE- norms are shaped by powerful sates. (Permanent 5- China, Russia,
France, U.S)
 States sovereignty reigns supreme at all times.

REGIONALISM: THE POLITICS OF GLOBAL GOVERNACE

Eurocentricism- 15th and 16th century

REGIONALISM- part of internationalization

 A much better alternative to globalism because you can still nurture and maintain your ethnic roots.
 Emerging concept in political science
 Regions have emerged as “a driving force in world politics” (Lewis, 2006)
o Includes the many regional and sub-regional organization in Europe, Asia, Africa, Middle East and the
Americas.
 A “new global landscape”(Hettne, 2005)
o One must consider the events happening in the regional level like regional organizations (political in
nature but later on by geographical aspects)
o Example: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-as a response to communist insurgency in the
world.
 Regionalism – Regional Organizations
 Rationale is geographic advantage of states – proximity and degree of mutual interdependence
o Easy communication, connections are ethnic in nature,
 Because of non-state actors, traditional definition is challenged.
o “sustained cooperation, formal or informal, among governments, non-governments or the private
sector in three or more countries for mutual gain” (Alagappa, 1994)
 The non0state actors play a part now
o Essentialism- there is a natural, essential core economic, security, religious, or cultural links between
states and people that define a region)Jayasuriya,1994)
 Sharing the same history- colonisations.
 ASEAN- is vulnerable because of previous colonizations of its member sates
 ASEAN- as front and does not have any authority, or claw in terms of treaties
implementation.
o Constructivism- a social political construction with various concepts, metaphors, and practices
determining how the region is defined and who is included and excluded (Archarya,1997)
 Regionalism emphasizes that regions are made.
 Regions are less static.
 It acknowledges how identity norms, meaning can change overtime.
 Change depending on the political constructions are created.
 The decision as to what constitutes a particular region reflect the perceptions, prejudices, or desires of those
states that constitute a core group for regional initiatives(Karns,2010)
o Regionalism is an inclusive group. The present members decide on what type of regional
organization they are.
o Not about geography
o They determine how they view outsiders
 Formation is in effect an “in-group’ that subsequently determines whether to accept any outsiders.

Disadvantage: the insiders don’t want to include others which they deemed different whether in culture,
economic standing, physique, lifestyle, etc.

POLITICAL FACTORS DRIVING REGIONALISM

  Power Dynamics – efforts of great powers to create and shape regional order
o Drives regionalism because it maintains the status quo and at the same time creates an
upset/overturn and relive the current superpower.
o Powerful nations use this to become supreme
 Identity and Ideology – shared perception of definable region as a key factor in the definition of region
o Perception can be based on external (common security or economic threat/collective dilemma)
or internal factors(common culture in the region)
 Internal and External threats
 Domestic politics- state structures and regime types
 Leadership
o We need someone to lead this regional initiative.
o The direction of this initiative depends heavily on its leaders.

ECONOMIC FACTORS DRIVING REGIONALISM

 High level of interdependence – foundation of the functionalist theory of regional integration

o Exchange of resources, labor, information, products
o The foundation of regional integration is more economic than political.
 Economic globalization- stimulation of trade and attraction of foreign investments through creating a larger
market
o Integration creates a larger market for businesses

TWO WAVES OF REGIONALISM

 First Wave – Cold War era and initial stages of European integration (late 1940s to mid-1970s)
o Theories of regionalism that is Euro-centric
o Countries try to imitate the european regionalism
 Second Wave – ‘neo regionalism’. Global and pluralistic
o Triggered north and south divide
 Core and periphery states are categorized according to their economic gains
o Led to the growth of non-state and civil society, “social resistance to regional power”
(Archarya,2007)
GLOBALIZATION AND THE ASIA PASIFIC AND SOUTH ASIA
TWO PROCESS UN THE WORLD POLITICS

 ACCELERATION OF GLOBALIZATION
 EMERGING INFLUENCE OF ASIA AS A GLOBAL FORCE

THREE TRAJECTORIES

 REGION AS AN OBJECT IMPACTED BY GLOBALIZATION – EXTERNALIST VIEW

o Asia pacific and South Asia as an external phenomenon pushed by world powers (U.S. and Europe)
o Globalization as process that transforms Asia Pacific and South Asia
o Globalization as force bringing economic development, political progress and socio-cultural diversity
o Globalization as a force leading to economic underdevelopment and uprooting of local tradition and
culture.
o Colonialism
o Diet
o Mcdonalization
 REGION AS A SUBJECT PUSHING GLOBALIZATION FORWARD-active agent/engine of globalization
o Asia as the spice trade proponent
o Re-emergence of Asia as a restoration of its traditional dominant position in the global economy
o Laboratories of modernity
o China and India as they impact the force of globalization
o OFW/Migration
o Bollywood
o Hello Kitty
o K-drama
 REGION AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO GLOBALIZATION
o Asia for Asianatics
o Asian Values becoming popular
o Utilitarianism approach
o Asia operates on harmony, respect, consensus rather than majority rule
o REASON why REGIONALISM OVER GLOBALISM:
 regional arrangements (rather than western imperialism),
 more subversive articulation of regionalism
 various local movements (instead of global capitalism) for self-sufficiency like creating
community currency (like in Thailand)
 local production movement – japan’s community supported agriculture
 religious movements emerged from perceived threats of secularism.

PACIFIC PIVOT- RESOURCES AND ATTENTION GIVEN BY USE TO ASIA PACIFIC AND SOUTH ASIA.

Open regionalism- non=discrimination of members and economic flows – example. Asia pacific Economic
Cooperation, ASEAN + 3 ( China, South Korea and Japan)
GLOBAL DIVIDE
Globalization

 the process by which regional economies, societies and cultures have become integrated through a global
network of political ideas through communication, transportation and trade.
 In terms of economic development, there exists an enormous gap between northern and southern
countries, which has been increased by globalization (rich get richer).

Classifying Countries

 East and West- During Cold War based on security and power balance
 Capitalist and Socialist (Economic)
 Democratic and Communist (Political)
 First (rich, industrialize, democratic), Second (east, Socialist, Communist), Third world(non- aligned
members)
 Core, Semi-periphery and periphery (Wallerstein’s World System Theory Model)
 North and South- After Cold War- based on economic inequality

Three World Model

 First World (Global North)

o West
o Capitalist
o Sustains consumer choice, private property and economic freedom
o Developed (industrialized)
o Democratic
o US, UK, allies- mostly western European countries
 Second World (Global North)
o East
o Socialist
o Characterized by state control of the means of production, distribution and exchange
o Newly industrialized
o Communist
o Soviet Union/USSR and its allied mostly eastern European countries
 Third World (Global South)
o Former colonies
o Non in any of the two formal economies
o Non-aligned/neutral
o Developing (non-industrialized)

Third World VS Global South

 The term third world was initially used to refer to the former colonies of European countries
 Third world refers to the poor world- impoverished, lacked the standard systems in banking, finance, and
trade
 Countries that are mostly developing, non-industrialized or semi-industrialized
 Third world is antecedent of global south
 Global south primarily focused on the southern hemisphere of the 1569- designed Mercatorian map (Africa,
Latin America, Asia, Middle East)
 NORTH AND SOUTH: WORLDs APART

 The North and South Divide is the socio-economic and political dicvision that exists between the wealthy
developed countries, known as the “the North” and the porer developing countries(least developed
countries” or “the South”.
 The North mostly covers the West and the First World, with much of the Second World. Basis, economic
, not geographical

NORTH

 North America, western Europe, Australia, japan

 Known as the first world
 Home to four of the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council
 Richer and developed region
 Less population
 High wealth
 High standard of living
 High industrial development
 industry
 95% has enough food and shelter and functioning education systems as well.

SOUTH

 Africa, Latin America and Asia

 Poor and less developed region
 Large population
 Low wealth
 Low standard of living
 Low industrialized development
 agriculture
 5% of the population has enough food and shelter
 It serves as a source of raw materials for the North

MAJOR DIFFERENCES IN NORTH AND SOUTH

 POLITICAL
o North- external threat- widespread of terrorist activity in the world
o South – internal affairs of the nations- political struggles, corruption, lack of respect for the rule of
law, violations of human rights
 ECONOMIC
o North- manufacturing – cheap labor
o South-agriculture – cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar cane
 SOCIAL
o North- determined by life in the cities
 Religion and education were organized
 School and churches in most towns
 College was reserved for the wealthy
o South – determined by the upper class
 Plantation owners and their families
DEVELOPMENT GAP

 The north-south divide has more recently been named the development gap
 This place greater emphasis on closing the evident gap between rich (more economically developed)
countries and poor (less economically developed countries).
 But also within the countries

REASONS FOR DEVELOPMENT GAP

 ENVIRONMENTAL
o Natural features
 Landlocked
 Archipelagic
 Adverse climatic conditions
 Typhoons
 Drought
 HISTORICAL
o Formerly colonized/ decolonization
o war
 SOCIO-ECONOMIC
o Lack of trade – import > export
o Lack of aid
o Abundance of debt
o Failure of international organizations (debt trap)
o Exploitation
o Distribution Wealth and Income
 The richest 1% of the world’s population now receives a s much income as the poorest 57%.
 Liberalization of marker
 Migration of south people to north because of higher wages

FACTORS DETERMINE THE COMPETITIVENESS OF ECONOMY

 Appropriate infrastructure
 Stable macro economic framework
 Well-functioning public and private institutions

POVERTY

 Absolute- minimum level of subsistence that no family should live below

 Relative – is a standard by which people are defined as being disadvantaged when compared to the nation
as a whole.

CLOSING THE GAP

 The UN has developed a program to narrowing the divide through its sustainable development goals. This
includes improving education, health care, promoting gender equality, and ensuring environmental
sustainability.
 Policy making
 AWARENESS, REALIZATION AND INTERVENTION
UNITED NATIONS
Purpose

 To keep peace throughout the world

 To develop friendly relations among nations
 To help nations work together to improve the lives of the poor people , to conquer hunger, disease and
illiteracy and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms
 To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals

EFFECTIVENESS

 Not effective due to great power structure

 Poor nations are neglected
 It is an anarchic arena where states tend to keep their balance of power even though it could be a
contradiction to the doctrine of sovereign equality.

Pros

 Contributes to the international peace, stability and cooperation

 Managing conflict – peace keeping mission
 Promotes human rights and environmental policies
 An indispensable global body

Failures of UN/CONS

 Ineffective at challenging the perpetual power struggle between states

 Goals of ensuring collective security is much more difficult to put into practice than it is in theory- easier said
than done
 Used by powerful nations to exert their will
 Thought to lack any specific moral compass
 Absence of mechanism to empower the judgements of the international court of justice

UN and GLOBALIZATION

 Identify opportunities and threats

 Address technological gaps
 Help developing countries to ride the waves of development
 Mitigate the negative effects of globalization through policy making
ASEAN
 Regional grouping that promotes economical, political, security and cooperation among its ten states
member: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, Singapore, Thailand and
Vietnam.
 Role in Asian integration, spearheading the negotiations mong Asia Pacific regions,
 Formed to stand against communism
 Promotes political and social security
 In ASEAN, member states signed a treaty emphasizing mutual respect and non-interference In other
countries’ affairs.
o Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality and territorial integrity, and national
identity of all nations
o The right of every state to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or
coercion
o Non-interference in the international affairs of one another
o Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner
o Renunciation of threat or use of force
o Effective cooperation among themselves

ASEAN DECLARATION

Aims and purpose

 to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region
 promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the
relationship among countries in the region and adherence to the principles of the UN Charter.

ASEAN ECONOMIC CMMUNITY

 create a stable, prosperous and highly competitive ASEAN economic region in which there is a free flow of
goods, services, investment and a freer flow of the capital, equitable economic development and reduced
poverty and socio-economic disparities.