Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Data Warehousing and Management
Data Warehousing and Management
PCE 007
Submitted to:
Pro. Ronald Gomez
Submitted by:
BSAIS 4C
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang Awa St. Grace Park East, Caloocan City
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang Awa St. Grace Park East, Caloocan City
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Definitions
Definitions
meaningful objects and events. Meaningful facts, text graphics, images, sound,
Information- data that have meaning within a context. Data processed to increase
Metadata- data that describes the properties and context of user data. Data that
describes data.
Program- Data Dependence- All programs maintain metadata for each file they
use.
same data.
Lengthy Development times- Programmers must design their own file formats.
Each application program needs to include code for the metadata of each file. .
Each application program must have its own processing routines for reading,
provide controlled access to user databases. Central repository of shared data. Data is
Data Models- Graphical diagram capturing the nature and relationship of data.
Program-data independence
Planned data redundancy
Improved data consistency
Improved data sharing
Program-data independence
Planned data redundancy
Improved data consistency
Improved data sharing
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Biglang Awa St. Grace Park East, Caloocan City
Enforcement of standard
and responsiveness
Reduced program
maintenance
train individuals to design and implement databases. This personnel increase seems
to be expensive, but an organization should not minimize the need for these
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Biglang Awa St. Grace Park East, Caloocan City
specialized skills. Installing such a system may also require upgrades to the
that has a high initial cost. It requires trained personnel to install and operate, and
Conversion costs
organization that are based on file processing. The cost of converting these older
A shared database must be accurate and available at all times. This raises
the need to have backup copies of data for restoring a database when damage
tasks.
Organizational conflict
DBMS have several components, each performing very significant tasks in the
Software
This is the set of programs used to control and manage the overall database.
This includes the DBMS software itself, the Operating System, the network
software being used to share the data among users, and the application
Hardware
storage devices, etc., this provides the interface between computers and the real
world systems.
Data
DBMS exists to collect, store, process and access data, the most important
component. The database contains both the actual or operational data and the
metadata.
Procedures
These are the instructions and rules that assist on how to use the DBMS, and in
designing and running the database, using documented procedures, to guide the
This is used to access the data to and from the database, to enter new data,
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang Awa St. Grace Park East, Caloocan City
update existing data, or retrieve required data from databases. The user writes a
the DBMS, which then processes the data and generates and displays a set of
Query Processor
This transforms the user queries into a series of low level instructions. This reads
the online user’s query and translates it into an efficient series of operations in a
form capable of being sent to the run time data manager for execution.
Data Manager
Also called the cache manger, this is responsible for handling of data in the
database, providing a recovery to the system that allows it to recover the data
after a failure.
Database Engine
The core service for storing, processing, and securing data, this provides
processing data.
Data Dictionary
This is a reserved space within a database used to store information about the
database itself. A data dictionary is a set of read-only table and views, containing
the different information about the data used in the enterprise to ensure that
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang Awa St. Grace Park East, Caloocan City
dictionary.
Report Writer
from one or more files and presents the information in a specified format. Most
report writers allow the user to select records that meet certain conditions and to
display selected fields in rows and columns, or also format the data into different
charts.
use Structured Query Language (SQL), which is a standard user application that
from the mathematical function concept of mapping data sets and was developed
by Edgar F. Codd.
which contains one or more data category columns. Each table record (or row)
One or more data or record characteristics relate to one or many records to form
table.
table.
Many to One: More than one table record relates to another table
record.
Many to Many: More than one table record relates to more than one
select is used for data retrieval, project identifies data attributes, and join
combines relations.
privileges and access and block employees from other data, such
pre-defined in a one to one manner, between 'parent and child' nodes. They
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang Awa St. Grace Park East, Caloocan City
require the user to pass a hierarchy in order to access needed data. Due to
many relationships, as child tables can have more than one parent.
with different types of relationships possible between two or more objects. Such
involved
SDLC can be applied to technical and non-technical systems. That in most use
program managers typically take part in SDLC, along with system and software
PLANNING—ENTERPRISE MODELING
business area that is the subject of the development project; and describe,
in general terms, the data needed for each information system under
available in existing databases and what new data will need to be added
to support the proposed new project. Only selected projects move into the
organization.
is done in two stages. First, during the Planning phase, the analyst
are included at this point. This step in the SDLC is critical for improving the
the specific needs of the organization, the closer the conceptual model
needs of the organization, and the less recycling back through the SDLC
should be needed.
detailed data model that identifies all the organizational data that must be
managed for this information system. Every data attribute is defined, all
entities is represented, and every rule that dictates the integrity of the data
is specified. It is also during the Analysis phase that the conceptual data
processing steps, rules for handling data, and the timing of events.
which include tables, columns, rows, primary keys, foreign keys, and
constraints.
physical records, the choice of file organizations, the use of indexes, and
so on.
IMPLEMENTATION—DATABASE IMPLEMENTATION
finalize all database documentation, train users, and put procedures into
place for the ongoing support of the information system (and database)
users. The last step is to load data from existing information sources (files
and databases from legacy applications plus new data now needed).
Loading is often done by first unloading data from existing files and
databases into a neutral format (such as binary or text files) and then
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang Awa St. Grace Park East, Caloocan City
loading these data into the new database. Finally, the database and its
production for data maintenance and retrieval by the actual users. During
MAINTENANCE—DATABASE MAINTENANCE
to improve the processing speed of database applications. The designer might also
database development, because it lasts throughout the life of the database and its
physical database design, and database implementation occur to deal with proposed
changes.
Prototyping
modify
system plans with a minimum of expense and disruption. The four major
(2) build the prototype rapidly, (3) modify the prototype, and (4) stress the
user interface.
noted that there are three main, interrelated advantages to using it: (1) the
potential for changing the system early in its development, (2) the
prototyping
iii. process and systems analysts must work systematically to elicit and
Agile modeling
ii. Agile core practices distinguish agile methods, including a type of agile
are (1) short releases, (2) 40-hour workweek, (3) onsite customer, and
writing appropriate test cases, writing the code, running the test cases,
iii. debugging it until all test cases run, implementing it with the existing
Data Administrators
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang Awa St. Grace Park East, Caloocan City
The database and the DBMS are corporate resources that must be
managed like any other resource. The Data Administrator (DA) is responsible for
defining data elements, data names and their relationship with the database.
They are also responsible for maintaining data security and integrity. A DBA has
DBA Responsibilities
down.
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang Awa St. Grace Park East, Caloocan City
market or requirement.
Performance Tuning
backed up
Documentation
Security
rights.
Database Designers
data (that is, the entities and attributes), the relationships between the
data, and the constraints on the data that is to be stored in the database.
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang Awa St. Grace Park East, Caloocan City
integrity constraints.
Application Developers
Once the database has been implemented, the application programs that
provide the required functionality for the end-users must be implemented. This is
They are the developers who interact with the database by means of DML
queries. These DML queries are written in the application programs like C, C++,
End Users
The end-users are the ‘clients’ for the database, which has been designed
Sophisticated Users
Naive Users
These are the users who use the existing application to interact with
the database. For example, online library system, ticket booking systems,
ATMs etc
Internal Level/Schema
the entire database. Like the actual storage of the data on the disk
The internal view tells us what data is stored in the database and
how
Conceptual Schema/Level
database for the community of users. This schema hides information about the
relationships, etc.
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang Awa St. Grace Park East, Caloocan City
This logical level comes between the user level and physical storage view.
External Schema/Level
An external schema describes the part of the database which specific user
is interested in. It hides the unrelated details of the database from the user.
specific particular user. For example, a user from the sales department will see
is needed for a certain user group and hides the remaining details
Every user should be able to access the same data but able
storage detail.
storage.
It is more secure as the client doesn’t have direct access to the database
business logic
In case of the failure of the one-tier no data loss as you are always secure
The physical separation of the tiers can affect the performance of the
Database
UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
Biglang Awa St. Grace Park East, Caloocan City
References
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Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Heikki Topi, V. Ramesh. (May 25, 2012) “Essentials of Database
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Gillis, Alexander S. (2019, June). systems development life cycle (SDLC). Retrieved
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https://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/agile-modeling-prototyping-intro/.
Iravati Solutions (2020, May 31). Roles in DBMS Environment, DBA Role, Database
dba-role-database-designers/.
Peterson, Richard (2021, August 27). DBMS Schemas: Internal, Conceptual, External.