administer, to mark and to interpret as to results.

Efficiency, in this context, refers to the development,

administration and grading of assessment with the least effort and resources.
4. Fairness. The fairness of a test refers to freedom from any biases. Your students must know exactly what
the learning targets are and what method of assessment will be used. They have to be informed how their
progress will be evaluated in order to make strategies and perform optimally.
Other aspects of fairness include:
1. Opportunity to learn further;
2. Pre-requisite knowledge and skills;
3. Avoidance of student stereotyping
4. Avoidance of bias in assessment procedures; and
5. Accommodating special needs and requirements

Other Support Materials Available:

For this lesson, there are other materials that are available from your course professor. These include the
following:
1. A PowerPoint presentation on the topic Characteristics of a Good Test
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzv8Cm1jC4M

Learning Target and Assessment Method Match

De Guzman, et al., (2015) defined learning target as a description of performance that includes what
learners should know and be able to do. This definition is similar to that of a learning outcome. In other
words, learning targets provide students with a roadmap along which points to their destination and what
to expect upon reaching it.
Learning targets should comply with the standards prescribed by a program or level and should
align with the instructional or learning objectives of a subject or course. Balagtas, et al (2020). Simply put,
teachers must be cognizant of the learning targets of the lesson prior to classroom instruction. Without the
alignment between learning targets and learning activities/assessments, students will spend time on
activities, assignments and assessments that stray from intended goals. If the objective is to “defend" an
idea, but the assessment used is a multiple-choice quiz, students cannot defend the idea with proper skills.
What is taught in the classroom instruction and subsequently assessed should be aligned with the
learning targets of a lesson. When assessment is aligned with instruction, both students and teachers
benefit. There is a better chance for learners to learn more because instruction is focused assessed
appropriately. Teachers are also able to focus, making the best use of their time. Because assessment
involves real learning, they can integrate it into their daily classroom activities.

Types of Learning Targets

Chappuis, Stiggins, Chappuis, & Arter (2012) classify learning targets into five categories:
knowledge, reasoning, skill, product and disposition.
Types of Learning Description Examples
Targets
Knowledge targets Refers to factual information, You can identify and describe the
procedural knowledge and conceptual elements of design in a work of art.
understanding that strengthen each
discipline.
Reasoning targets Specify the thought processes students You can evaluate the quality of your
are to learn to do well within a range work in order to improve it.
of subjects.
Skill targets Use of a variety knowledge and/or You can use an air brush to create
reasoning to perform or demonstrate different effects.
physical skills
Product targets Use of knowledge, reasoning and skills You can create a still life oil painting.
in creating a fixed or tangible product
Disposition Targets Refer to attitudes, motivations, and You question the validity of various
interests that affect students’ positions including your own.
approaches to learning.

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