REE 307

Fluid Mechanics II

Lecture 1
Sep 27, 2017

Dr./ Ahmed Mohamed Nagib Elmekawy

Zewail City for Science and Technology

 Course Materials
drahmednagib.com

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 COURSE OUTLINE

• Fundamental of Flow in pipes

• Losses in valves and connections.
• Analysis of pipe networks (Pipes in Series -Pipes in Parallel -
Branching Pipes -Networks of Pipes)
• The Boundary layer
• The Differential and Integral Equations of the Boundary Layer
• The Displacement and Momentum Thickness
• Approximate Solutions of The Incompressible Laminar and
Boundary Layers
• Unsteady Flow in Conduits (Oscillation of Liquid in a U-Tube,
Water Hammer Phenomena, Surge tanks).
• The Navier-Stokes equations, Stokes' hypothesis
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 References

• Munson, “Fundamental of Fluid Mechanics”, 7th Edition

• White F. M., “Fluid Mechanics”, 8th Edition
• Cengel Y., “Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications”, 3rd
Edition
• Menon, Gas Pipeline Hydraulic
• Gary Z. Waters, "Analysis and control of unsteady flow in
pipelines, 1979

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 Prerequisite Course:

• Fluid Mechanics - ENGR 207

Classification of fluids - Definition of viscosity – surface tension -

Hydrostatic pressure- Buoyancy - Bernoulli’s equation and its application
for ideal fluid - stream lines- velocity and acceleration in two
dimensional flow – Differential Analysis of fluid flow (continuity
equation – Navier-Stokes equations) - Moody diagram - Incompressible
Flow through Networks of Pipes – Unsteady Flow in Conduits

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 Fundamentals of Flow in Pipelines

1. Incompressible flow through pipes

2. Branching Pipe system
3. Network pipe system
4. Unsteady flow
5. Compressible Flow in Pipes.

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Revision

Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics Fluid

Statics Compressible

Dynamics Incompressible

Kinematics 7
 Revision

Mechanics

Statics: Concerned with the analysis of loads on physical

system in static equilibrium

Dynamics: Concerned with the effect of forces on the motion

of objects

Kinematics: Concerned with the space-time relationship of a

given motion without considering the origins of forces

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Revision

Fluid
Liquids take the shape of the container and have a free
surface

Gases: take the shape of the container but have no free

surface

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 Revision

• Fluids can sustain tension, compression, but can not

withstand shear stresses, and therefore it is subjected
to a continuous deformation.
• Solids bear tension, compression and shear stresses,
and a deformation occurs in matter in case of failure:
1. Fracture 2. Yield

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 Revision

Fluids

Gases Liquids
(compressible (Incompressible
fluids) fluids)
𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌
≠ 0.0 = 0.0
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝

• At lower Mach numbers (<0.3), Gases could be

considered an incompressible fluid.
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Revision

Fluid Mechanics

Fluid
Fluid Statics Fluid Dynamics
Kinematics

Aerodynamics
Aerostatics
(Gas Dynamics)

Hydrostatics Hydrodynamics

Hydraulics
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Revision

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 Revision

• Continuity Equation
𝑚. = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐴 × 𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

• Momentum Equation

𝑃 𝑉2
+𝑍+ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝜔 2𝑔

• Fluid Dynamics
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
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 Revision

• Fluid Properties
Density (𝜌), Viscosity (𝜐), Surface tension (𝜎)

• Flow Properties
Pressure (𝑃), Velocity (𝑉)

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 Revision

• Assumptions
1. Incompressible Flow
2. 1D Flow
3. Single Phase Flow
4. Steady Flow
𝜕
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑡

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 Revision

• Pressure
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒/𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

psi = ponds per square inch

Pa = pascals = N/m2
bar = 105 pascals
atm = 1.013 × 105 pascals

0 psi gauge pressure= 14.7 psi absolute

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 Revision

Pressure
• Pressure ls also reported as height a liquid (water or
mercury) will rise in
• A column with that pressure at the base of the column.

ft or m water
in or mm mercury

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Friction Loss in pipes

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 Head Loss Equations

• Head loss equations are empirical relationships that

predict head loss in pipes (or other conveyances).
• The four most common equations are:
o Darcy-Weisbach: Most accurate and flexible but
relatively difficult to apply.
o Hazen-Williams: Most commonly used in water
network modeling.
o Colbrook: Most commonly used in network
modeling.
o Manning: Widely used for wastewater, drainage and
open channel flow.
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 Darcy-Weisbach
𝑓𝑙𝑉 2 0.8 𝑓𝑙𝑄 2
ℎ𝑙 = ℎ𝑙 =
2𝑔𝑑 𝑔𝑑 5
h = head loss f = friction factor
L = length d = diameter
V= velocity g = acceleratlon due to gravity

Friction factor depends on pipe roughness and Reynolds Number,

𝑅𝑒 = 𝑉𝐷/𝜐
Friction factor can be estimated from a Moody diagram. However,
the difficulty wlth the use of the Darcy Weisbach equation ls that
the frlction factor ls not constant for a given pipe.

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Moody Chart

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 Hazen-Williams
𝑘𝑙 𝑉 1.85
ℎ=
𝑑 1.16 𝐶
h = head loss
d = diameter ( ft or m)
k= 6.79 for V in m/s, D in m
k= 3.02 for V in ft/s, D in ft
V= velocity
C= Hazen-Williams factor
L = length

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 Hazen-Williams
𝑘𝑙 𝑉 1.85
ℎ=
𝑑 1.16 𝐶
C can be estimated from field measurements. The table on the next
page provides initial estimates for C for pipes of different material,
age and diameter. These estimates should be used with care and
field checked when possible.
C-factors range from 150 for very smooth pipes to 20 for very rough
pipes. For rough pipes at high velocity, the C-factor can vary
significantly and should be field tested.

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Hazen-Williams

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 Manning Equation
ℎ 0.5
2Τ3
𝑉= 𝐶𝑜 𝑅 /𝑛
𝐿

Co = 1.49 for English units and 1.0 for metric units

V= velocity (ft/s or m/s)
R = Hydraulic Radius = Cross sectional area / wetted
perimeter (ft or meters)
h = head loss ( ft or m)
L = length
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient as follows

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 Manning Equation
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient as follows

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 Comparison of friction equations

Darcy – Weisbach Manning Hazen-Williams

All fluids Water only Water only
Difficult to get f Easy to get n Easy to get C
Good for all Rough flow Smooth flow
Roughness
Not commonly used Commonly used Commonly used

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 Minor Losses
Minor losses caused by fittings, bends, valves
Described by coefficient K In h = KV2/2g Where,
K = minor loss coefficient
h = head loss due to minor loss

See following table for K representative values

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Minor Losses Coefficient Table [K]

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Minor Losses Coefficient Table [K]

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 Minor Losses Coefficient [K] fr valves
For valves, a flow coefficient Cv is frequently given which defines the
flow (gpm) that will pass through a valve at a pressure drop of 1 psi.

Cv can be converted to K, the minor loss coefficient:

888𝐷4
𝐾=
𝐶𝑣2
D is diameter in inches. Cv is a function of D, while K is independent
of D.

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 Minor Losses
Minor loss can also be given in terms of equivalent length of pipe
that would give same head loss.
(L/D) = K/f
Where,
L = length added to account for minor loss D = pipe diameter
f = Darcy Weisbach friction factor

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 The Energy and Hydraulic Gradient Lines
• The Energy Line is a line that represent the total head available to
the fluid
• The Hydraulic Grade Line is a line that represent the total head
available to the fluid minus the velocity head

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 Pipeline Design

Why do we need to study pipelines?

Pipelines affect daily lives in most parts of the world. Modern

people's lives are based on an environment in which energy plays a
predominant role. Oil and gas are major participants in the supply
oJ ener9y , and pipelines are the primary means by which they are
transported.

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 Major factors that affect pipeline system design:

• Fluid properties
• Design conditions
• Supply and demand magnitude/locations
• Codes and standards
• Route , topography, and access
• Environmental impact
• Economics
• Hydrological impact
• Seismic and volcanic impacts
• Materiai
• Construction
• Operation
• Protection
• Long-term integrity

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Classification of Pipelines:

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Classification of Pipelines:

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 How to design a pipeline?
1. Select pipe material
2. Select/Design pipe diameter
3. Select pipe thickness
4. Select pumping/ compressor unit
5. Select primover (Electric motor/ diesel engine/ gas turbine)

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 1. Selecting pipe material
• When we select the material we must not that:
1. No chemical reaction between pipe material and fluid material
(erosion, corrosion)
2. Low roughness
3. Low cost

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 2. Selecting pipe diameter

𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴

Where V ranges between 1 and 3 m/s, because:

1. At high velocities (high pressure drop, high friction loss)
2. At low velocities (Deposition of suspending material in the
pipe)

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 3. Selecting pipe thickness

𝑃𝐷
𝑡=
2𝑆𝑡

Where
t = Maximum required thickness, mm
P= Maximum allowable working pressure, Mpa
D= Outside diameter of cylinder, mm
St= Maximum allowable stress value at the operating temperature
of the metal

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 4. Selecting pipe thickness

Power required by the pump determined by:

1. Power loss
2. Starting pressure head
3. Flow properties
Where

𝜔𝑄𝐻
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
𝜂

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 5. Selecting Primover

• Electric motor, Gas turbine, Steam turbine, Diesel engine, .. etc

• Selecting the primover depends on:
1. Speed
2. Used source of energy
3. Size

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 Branched Pipe System

• Pipe in Series
• Pipe in Parallel

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 Branched Pipe System
Supply at several points

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 Branched Pipe System

• Three Tank Problem

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 Branched Pipe System

• Three Tank Problem

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