MATERIAL HANDLING

PROJECT ONE

GROUP POROJECT

DESIGN OF
SCREW

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FOURTH YEAR SECTION TWO
GROUP NAME ID NUMBER
1, AMANUEL ABATE …………………………..UGR/16751/11
2, AMANUEL MULUGETA ……………………UGR/16772/11
3, ANANIYAS ASHENAFI ……………………..UGR/167888/11
4, ASHENAFI SISAY ……………………………..UGR/16812/11
5, BEGNA BUZUNEH ……………………………UGR/16833/11
6, BESUFIKAD HABTAMU …………………….UGR/16867/11

SUBMISSION DATE:29/11/2021
SUBMITED TO: HAYILU
BEYECHA
 Material handling project one 2021

Table of Contents
Type chapter title (level 1) 1
Type chapter title (level 2) 2
Type chapter title (level 3) 3
Type chapter title (level 1) 4
Type chapter title (level 2) 5
Type chapter title (level 3) 6
INTRODUCTION
Screws are used for power transmission or transmission of force. A screw is a cylinder
on whose surface helical projection is created in form of thread. The thread will have
specified width and depth, which bear some ratio with the diameter of the cylinder. The
screw rotates in a nut, which has corresponding helical groove on the internal surface.
Thus a nut and a screw make a connected pair in which one remains stationary while
other rotates and translates axially. The helical surface of the screw thread makes surface
contact with the helical groove surface of the nut. If an axial force acts on, say screw
moving inside stationary nut, the point of application of the force will move as the screw
advances in axial direction. This will result in work being done and hence power being
transmitted. Both types – one in which screw rotates and advances in a stationary nut or
one in which screw rotates between fixed support and nut is free to move axially – are
used in practice. In the latter case the force acting on nut will move as nut translates.
However, the friction between the surfaces of contact will require some power to be
overcome. Hence the power delivered by the screw-nut pair will be less than the power
supplied.
The contact surfaces of screw thread and nut groove are made perpendicular to the
outside and inside cylindrical surfaces. They are sometimes given a small inclination.
Such provision keeps coefficient of friction to a reasonable low level. The coefficient of
friction may be further reduced by lubrication. However, by creating considerably
inclined surfaces in nut and screw the effective coefficient of friction is increased. Such
screw thread joint will make advancing of threaded part difficult. This combination will
be used as fastening device

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 Material handling project one 2021
2.4. Design Considerations

1. Factor of safety for the assembly is taken 5 due to the nature of the design.
Actually the factor of safety is taken 1.5 to 2 in static loading of ductile material.
A higher factor of safety is considered due to the consequences of the failure.

2. Selection of Material for the screw and nut is of great importance. There are common
materials used in the design of screw jacks like steel for the screw and cast iron, bronze
or plastic for the nuts. Mild steel or hard steel is considered for different screw designs. In
order to prevent friction cast iron or bronze is preferred for the design of the nut. Cup and
frame are made of Grey cast iron which is cheap and has well much inability. Material is
selected as following:

a) Screw:

Plane carbon steel (30C8 – IS: 1570-1978) is selected because screw is always under Torsional,
bending and axial load. Carbon steel is chosen due to the strength issues. This steel is also used
for the handle of the screw jack.
(σ yield= 400 MPa, τ =240 MPa, E=207GPa)

b) Nut:

In order to reduce the friction resistance between the screw and nut a softer material is selected
for the nut. Phosphor Bronze (Grade 1-IS: 28-1975) is a proper material for nut construction
because it acts very well against wear resistance and reduces torque to overcome friction.
(σ ultimate = 190 MPa,τyield (tension) =100 MPa, σ yield(compression) = 90 MPa, τ=80

c) Screw Jack Handle:

Plane carbon steel (30C8 – IS: 1570-1978) is selected for the handle of thejack because of the
high strength it offers.

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 Material handling project one 2021
(σ yield= 400 MPa, τ =240 MPa, E=207GPa)

d) Frame:

Grey cast iron is used which is cheap and has well much inability.

3. The effective lifting height is chosen to be 0.5m (500 mm).

4. Average coefficient of friction between the material soft steel and cast iron istaken 0.10
when it is lubricated. But for this specific design, it is taken 0.18assuming it dry for safe
operations.
5. Limiting values for bearing pressure between steel and cast iron is taken 15.0MPa.

6. According to agronomists the force of the hand is about 150 to 200 N. In thisdesign we
assume that is the handle is rotated by two hands which give 400 Nhand forces for the
design of the handle.

3. Calculations
3.1. Design of the screw
Procedure
i. Core diameter of the screw is determined using allowable stress and the given load
ii. Using the core diameter, the rest of the diameters and the pitch will be determined from the
table
iii. Torque will be determined using the mean diameter, coefficient of friction and the pitch
iv. Principle stresses due to the shear and compression stresses will be studied
v. The dimensions for the screw is safe if and only if the maximum stresses are less than the
allowable stresses

p
σ c=
π 2
dc
4

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 Material handling project one 2021

p 68670 N
dc =
√ √ ( )
4 Fs
2
π σc = π 400∗106 MPa 2 = 0.03305(33.05mm)
4
(
5
)

The next available diameter is 35 mm. For dc =35 mm, according to the Table 17.2(Normal
series) we have
d o =42 mm(diameter outer )
Pitch = 7 mm
d c +d o
d mean= =38.5mm
2

The torque required to rotate the screw:

p+ d mean l+ πμ d mean
T= ( )
2 π d mean −μl
p∗d mean
T= tan ⁡¿)
2
L = lead = pitch for single thread
μ=coefficient of friction
α ,ϕ=angles of helix∧friction respectictively

68670 N∗0.0385 mm 0.007 mm+ π 0.18∗0.0385 mm

T= ( ¿
2 π 0.0385 mm−0.18∗0.007 mm
T = 320N –m

Now, it is time to study principle stresses due to the combined stresses (compression and
torsional) and see if they are in limit for safe dimensions.
p 68670 N
σ c= σ c=
π 2 π = 59.02Mpa
dc (0.0385 mm)2
4 4

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T 320 N −m
τ= τ=
π π = 28.57MPa
dc 2 (0.0385 mm)2
16 16

Principle stresses

σc 1
σ max= ± √ σc2 +4 τ 2
2 2
1
σ max=
2
√ σc 2+ 4 τ 2
59.02 MPa 1
σ max= + √ 59.02 MPa2 + 4(28.57 MPa)2 = 70.5MPa (N/mm2) tension
2 2
59.02 MPa 1
σ max= − √ 590.02 MPa2+ 4 (28.57 MPa)2 = 11.56MPa (N/mm2) comp
2 2

1
τ max= √ 59.02 MPa 2+ 4(28.57 MPa)2 = 41.06MPa (N/mm2)
2

τ yield
σ allowable=
FS
400 Mpa
σ allowable= = 80Mpa
5
τ yield
τ allowable=
FS
240 MPa
τ allowable= = 48MPa
5

Criteria for safe design against principle stresses

τ allowable >τ max

σ allowable> σ max

The design is therefore safe.

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3.2. Design of the nut

Procedure
i. Number of threads in engagement is found
ii. Height of the nut is determined
iii. Shear stress produced at the threads of the screw at the core diameter and atthreads of
the nut at the major diameter is studied.
iv. For safe design, these shear stresses are compared with the allowable stresses

p
pb=
π
(d 2−d c 2) n
4 o
Pb=bearing pressure

d o = 0uter diametr

d c = core diameter

n=number of threads

68670 N
15.05 MPa=
π
4
[ ( 0.042 m2 −0.0385 m2 ) ] n

3.3. Design of the various diameters

Inner diameter of the nut collar ( D1)

P= π /4 [ ( D1 ) ²−( d 1 ) ²]σ t ………………….15

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1000∗106
68670N= π /4 [ ( D1 ) ²−( 0.042 ) ²] pa
5

D1=0.078 m(78 mm)Outer diameter of the nut collar ( D 2)

Thickness of the nut collar (t 1)

P=π D 1 t 1 τ … … … … … … … … … … … … … 16

68670 N
t 1= =0.0175 m(mm)
80∗106 pa
π 0.078 m
5

Diameter of head at the top of screwed rod ( D3)

D 3=1.7∗d 0 … … … … … … … … … … … … .17

Diameter of pin which fits the cup (D4)

D3
D4 = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .18
4

0.0714
D4 = =0.0178 m(17.8 mm)
4

3.4. Design of the handle

T total=F hand∗Lengthhandle ……………………….19

Length handle=T total / Fhand

Where;

T total=T 1 +T 2………………………………………………….20

T1=torque required to rotate the screw; T1=320 N-m as calculated earlier

T2=torque required to overcome friction at the top of the screw

( R¿¿ 4)3
T 2=2/3 μp ( R¿¿ 3)3− ¿ ¿ ………………………………………21
( R¿¿ 3)2−(R¿¿ 4)2 ¿ ¿

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R3=radius of head
R4=radius of pin

2
T 2= 0.18∗68670 ¿¿
3

T 2 =310.2 N/m

T total=320 N /m+ 310 N / m

T total=630.2 N /m

Length handle=T total / Fhand

Length handle=630 N . m/400 N =1.57 m

Note: If the length of handle is too large, an alternative is to place the handle centrally
and apply the force.
Diameter of handle

Π
M (bending moment) = σ b D3
32

M= F hand * Length handle

M= 400N *1.57m =628N.m

σt 400 Mpa
σ b= = =80 Mpa
F .S 5

π
M (bending moment)= σ D3
32 b

628 N . m∗32
3
D=√ M∗32/σ b π= 3
√ 3.14∗80∗108 pa
=0.043 m( 43 mm)

3.5. Buckling of the screw

Buckling is studied when the load is compressive and the unsupported length between the
screw and the nut is long. When it is short, then it is assumed a column and buckling

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 Material handling project one 2021
issue doesn’t rise. If the critical load is more than the load we have then our design is safe
and there is no chance of buckling

Pcritical= A C∗σ t ¿…………………………………..23

Ac= Cross-sectional area of the screw core

σ Y =Yield strength of the screw material
L= effective length of the screw (L = screw lift height + ½(height of nut))
C= end fixity coefficient, in case of one end fix and one end free its value is 0.25
k=least radius of gyration, it is usually taken 0.25dc

π
AC = ∗(0.035 m)2=9 61.625*10−6 m2
4

L=0.5+1/2(0.084m) =0.542m

K=0.25d c =0.25∗0.035 m=0.00875 m

Pcritical= A C∗σ γ ¿

Pcritical=961.625∗10−6 m2∗400∗106 pa ¿

Pcritical=379.6 KN

There is no chance of buckling because the critical load is much greater than the design
load which is 68.670kN.

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