Test and Repair Engine Electrical Systems

Engine electrical systems: may include

 Ignition system
 Charging system
 starting system
Automotive ignition system
Introduction
 In spark ignition engines, the compressed air fuel mixture in the
combustion chamber ignited by the sparks produced by the ignition
system.
 There are three types of ignition systems.
 contact point ignition system and
 Electronic (transistorised) ignition system.
 Computer-Controlled Ignition System

 Purpose of the Ignition system

• To produce the high voltage surges required to ignite the compressed air
fuel mixture in the engine combustion chamber at the proper instant
under all speed and load conditions.
 Requirements of the ignition system
A strong spark
• The voltage that is supplied to the plugs must be high enough to ensure
the generation a powerful spark across the spark plug gaps. This is
because the compressed air fuel mixture has electrical resistance.
Proper ignition timing
• To obtain optimal combustion of the air fuel mixture, there must be
means of varying ignition timing in accordance with the engine RPM and
load.
Sufficient durability
• The ignition must have sufficient reliability to endure against vibration,
heat of combustion and high voltage of the ignition system.
1 . Electronic Ignition System
Electronic ignition systems use semi-conductors and other solid-state electronic
components to switch current flows on and off in the coil, eliminating the
needfor breaker points. Automobile manufacturers began installing electronic
ignition systems in the 1970s and 1980s in an effort to produce cleaner, more
efficient engines.
2. Computer-Controlled Ignition System
The latest designs in American and foreign ignition systems vary greatly but
areall computer-controlled. Most have disposed of the distributor, replacing it
with devices that detect the position of the crankshaft and trigger electrical
impulses at the correct moments. Some systems integrate ignition coils,
mounted either above each spark plug or to the side of the engine, that produce
40,000 volts or more. The higher voltage produces a hotter spark with cleaner
burning,
longer plug life, and improved fuel economy. Computers monitor and control
the entire ignition process, adjusting ignition timing and fuel delivery for the
specific driving conditions, vehicle speed, and strain on the engine.
Kinds of Computer-Controlled Ignition System
1.) Integrated Ignition Assembly (Ignition Coil and Distributor in one
assembly)
2.) Distributor less Ignition System

 ignition system components and their function

a) Battery:-It supplies current to the primary circuit of the ignition

system.
B) Ignition switch: to open and close the primary circuit of the ignition
System
C) Ignition Coil:- It is used to produce high voltage surges by the
principle of induction in the secondary winding.

D Ignition Distributors: The ignition distributor performs two functions in

the ignition system
 First, its breaker or contact points are as a switch to open and close
the primary ignition circuit. When the points are opened, current
through the coil builds up magnetic field. When the points are
opened, the magnetic field is collapsed creating a high voltage
current.
 Secondly, it distributes the high voltage current to the proper
cylinder at the proper time.
E. Distributor cap and Rotor
The rotor and distributor cap form a rotary switch to distribute the high voltage
surges induced in the secondary winding of the ignition coil.
F. The spark plugs
 The spark plug provides a spark gap inside the engine cylinder.
  When the engine is operating the high voltage current produced by the
engine coil arcs across the gap and creates spark that ignites the air fuel
mixture in the cylinder.
H. Capacitor
 The function of the capacitor or condenser is to reduce the arcing at the
contact points.
 Conventional ignition system circuit
1. Battery,
2.ignition switch,
3.ignition coil,

4.distributor,
5.condenser,
6.contact breaker,
7.spark plugs,
Rb. ballast resistor
Primary Circuit – it is a low –voltage section of the ignition system which
consists of the following:
Battery
 Ignition Switch
 Primary Winding of Ignition Coil
Contact Point
Wirings
Secondary Circuit – it is a high-voltage section of the ignition system, which
has a primary purpose to distribute current to individual cylinders to jump on
the spark plug gap.
5 Secondary circuit has the
following component
parts, to wit:
 Secondary Winding of Ignition Coil
 Condenser
 Distributor Cap
  Rotor
 High Tension Cables
 Spark Plugs
Ignition Coil
It is a step-up transformer, which consists of primary and secondary
windings that raises the battery voltage to a high voltage that may reach 25,000
volts. In some electronic ignition, the voltage may go up to 47,000 volts or
more. Thus, this high voltage causes sparks to jump the gap at the spark plugs.

Contact (Breaker) Points

It is a mechanical operated switch in the ignition system for rapid interruption
of the low-voltage primary current to the coil; this interruption induces the high
voltage secondary current necessary for the ignition spark.
Component Parts
Cut-away of the Ignition Coil

1. Stationary Point - connect to

ground.
2. Movable Breaker Point -
connected to insulated side

3. Rubbing Block - opens and closes

points by a cam lobe. Part that rides
on the camshaft cam lobe

4.Breaker Arm Spring - holds points together. Points are made of tungsten steel
just a thin layer .003
5.Point Gap - is measured when the rubbing block is on the highest part of the
cam lobe .018 - .022.
Dwell Angle
It is the amount of time that the contact points remain closed between each
opening.

Checking Dwell Angle

 Connect dwell meter cable.

1 positive to primary circuit of

ignition system.
 2 negative to good ground

 Start the engine at idle speed.

 Compare dwell reading to specification.

Ignition Distributor Assembly

Allocates every high voltage spark to the spark plug at the right time according
to the specified firing order.
ComponentofDistributor Assembly
1) Distributor body
2) Distributor shaft and pinion
gear
3) Contact point plate
4) Centrifugal advance
mechanism.
5) Distributor cap with carbon
brush on the center tower.
6) Rotor
7.) Vacuum advance mechanism

Distributor Distributor

Kinds of Distributor Caps

Distributor Cap Inspection

1. Underside
 Look for worn or missing center carbon button
 Look for cracks
 Look for carbon tracks
 Look for build-up on terminals
 Look for moisture
Outside
 Lookforcorrosionterminals

Rotor
1. Rides on the distributor shaft;
2. Only touches distributor cap carbon button, doesn't touch distributor cap
terminal. Usually .060” to .100”;
3. Some have built-in resistor
Secondary Ignition Cables (High Tension Cables) with Terminal Boots
1. These cables are connected between the center of the ignition coil and the
distributor cap, and between distributor cap and the spark plugs.
2. It distributes spark from center tower to spark plug terminals.

3. 7 mm in diameter for contact-point ignition system, and 8 mm in diameter

for electronic ignition system.

5. insulated with the silicone for high

heath hypalon.
6. Has 45o or 90o terminal boots
Kinds of High Tension Cables

Inspect Secondary Cables For:

1 Resistance
2 Damage to insulation
3 Damaged boots
4 Signs of burning thru insulation
5 Corrosion to terminals
6 Proper routing and separation
Various Kinds & Sizes of Cable
7
Connectors
Spark Plugs
The spark plug two solid-metal conductors called electrodes positioned to
forms gap. The gap is between the insulated center electrode and the ground
electrode. The spark jumps the gap to ignite the compressed air-fuel mixture in
the engine cylinders.

Spark Plug Troubles

1.Normal 6. Deposited Fouled

2.Overheated 7. Carbon Glazed
3.Pre-ignition 8. Splashed
4.Cracked Insulator 9. Glazed
5.Bridged Gap 10. Oil Fouled

Procedures for Initial Ignition Timing

1 Locate first the ignition timing mark;
2 Turn the engine crankshaft in correct rotation until piston # 1 is at
TDC compression stroke;
3 Align or set the timing mark at the required manufacturer’s ignition
timing;
4 Install the distributor assembly and take note that the contact point
is ABOUT-TO-OPEN position. To obtain the correct position,
perform a SPARK TEST following these steps, to wit:
  Disconnect the high tension cable from the distributor
cap center terminal, and remove the distributor cap
from the body;
 Switch the ignition to “ON” position;
 Hold the disconnected end of the high tension cable
with a gap of 1/8” to ¼” distance to the ground
(engine body parts)
 Turn the distributor housing in either left or right
direction and observe the spark jumping at the end of
the high tension cable.
5 Lock the distributor body and install the rotor;
6 Install the spark plug cable no.1 at the distributor cap terminal
where the rotor points; and
7 Install the rest of the spark plug cable following the rotor rotation in
accordance with the engine firing order.
8
Ignition System Service
High Tension Cord Inspection Point of Reference for Inspections

Caution
1. Remove high tension cord carefully by pulling the rubber boot.
2. Do not bend the cord so as to conductor
broken.
 Check the condition of the cord terminal. If any terminal is corroded, and
if it is broken or distorted – replace the cord
 Check the resistance of each cord between
both ends. If the reading exceeds the limit,
replace the cord
 Resistance Limit --- Less than 20k

Spark Plug Inspection

Recommended
Spark Plug Gap -------- 0.9 mm – 1.0 mm
(0.035 in – 0.039 in)
Ignition Coil Inspection
1. Clean the coil and inspect it for carbon paths (high tension grounds) around
the terminal and cover of the outside body of the coil for cracks. If defective,
replace the coil.
2.Inspect the high tension cord insertion
hole for carbon deposits or corrosion. If
defective, repair or repair the coil.
3 Measure the resistance. If the reading is not within the specified
resistance, replace the coil.
 Primary Coil Resistance
1.33 – 1.63 Ω
 Secondary Coil Resistance
1000 - 1500Ω
 External Resistor Resistance
1.2 – x6Ω
 Insulation Resistance
Over 10MΩ
Starting system
Introduction
The IC engines are not capable of starting by itself, but they requires external
power to crank it and help it to start
Among the various means available, automobile now use
1. Electrical cranking system
2. Manual cranking system
3. Air cranking system
4. Hydraulic cranking system
The component parts of the starter motor and their function
The magnetic switch: - It consists of a hole in pull in coil, a return spring a
plunger and other components. It is activated by the magnetic forces generated
in the coil and carries the following functions:
a) It pushes the pinion gear to mesh with the ring gear
b) It serves as a relay allowing heavy current to pass from the battery
to the starter motor
Starting Housing
It is a heavy cylinder machined case that holds the starting motor assembly.
Steel pole shoes are securely attached to the inner surface by screws the pole
shoes hold the field coils in place inside the housing. The field coils are
connected to a terminal and are insulated from the housing.
Field Coils
The electrical current from the magnetic switch flows thoroughly the field coils
which generates the magnetic field required to rotate the armature.
Brushes
The brushes are pressed against the segments of the armature commentator by
the brush springs and allow the current to pass from the field coils the armature.
Armature:
The armature which is the revolving component of the motor, consists of
armature core armature coils, commutator, etc. It revolves as a result of the
interaction between the magnetic fields generated by the armature coils and
field coils.

Armature Brake
A second attempt at starting the engine while the pinion gear is still rotating due
to could lead to faulty meshing of the pinion gear with the ring gear. To prevent
this a brake mechanism is incorporated. When the return housed inside the
magnetic switch retracts the pinion gear, the braking spring pulls the armature
against the brush holder. Since the brush holder is fixed to the commentator end
frame, the armature immediately stop turning.
Commentator end frame
The commentator end frame consists of metal plate that bolts to the
commentator end of the housing and supports the commentator end of the
armature in a bushing. In many starter motors the commentator end frame also
supports the brushes. The end frame is positioned on the starter housing by a
dowel pin to insure proper alignment.
Drive Housing:-
The drive housing supports the driving end of the armature shaft and also
contains the mounting flange by which the starting motor is attached to the
engine. It is also positioned on the starter housing by a dowel to ensure correct
alignment

1.2 Types of direct current motors

There are several types of direct current motors which differ in the method used
to connect the field coil and armature coil.
Series Wound motors
In series would motors the excitation and armature windings
are connected in serried. The excitation current is not tapped
off, rather the armature current also passes through the
excitation winding. The armature current in this type of
motor generates a strong magnetic field because it is usually
high when the motor starts under load.

The motors therefore develop high initial torque, which develops sharply as
motor speed increases these characteristics make the motor a particular good
starter motor. When used in small starters, the motor is switched on as the
starter engages the engine so that its full torque in
immediately available.
1.2.1 Shunt wound motors

In shunt wound motors the excitation winding is

connected in parallel with the armature. When energised
with constant voltage, excitation and speed are therefore
practically of torque this would not be desirable for
starter operation. However the drop in battery voltage
caused by the starter current yield a beneficially characteristics similar to that of
series wound motors.

1.2.2 Compound wound motors

Large starters used compound wound motor which
have a shunt winding and a series winding which act in
to two stages. In the first stage, the armature current is
limited because the shunt winding connected in series
with the armature and acts as a dropping resistance.
This keeps the meshing torque of the armature low. In
the second stage the full current is applied to the
starter motor which then develops its full torque. The shunt winding is now
connected in parallel with the armature and the series winding is connected is
additionally connected is series with the armature when the pinion returns to its
initial position the shunt windings stops the armature quickly.
Compound motors
In these types of motors, series excitation helps shunt excitation. The
mechanical characteristics of such motors lie between those of shunt and series
motors.
Comparison of shunt and series motors
1. Series motors
a) have a relatively huge starting torque
b) Have low speed at high loads and dangerously speed at low loads
2. Shunt motors
a) The speed of shunt motors is sufficiently constant
b) For the same current input its starting torque is not as high as that
of series motors
Operation of the conventional type starter motor
Ignition Switch in “ST”
 Current flows from the battery through terminal “50” to the hold-in and pull-
in coils. Then, from the pull-in coil, current flows through terminal “C” to
the field coils and armature coils.
 Voltage drop across the pull-in coil limits the current to the motor, keeping
at low speed.
 The solenoid plunger pulls the drive level to mesh the pinion gear with the
ring gear (flywheel).
 The screw spline and low motor speed help the gear mesh smoothly.

Current path Hold in coil Ground

Battery Ignition Termina

switch l 50
 Pull in coil Terminal C

Field coil Armature Ground

2. Pinion and ring gear engaged
 When the gear are meshed, the contact plate on the plunger turns on the main
switch by closing the connection between terminals “30” and “C”
 More current goes to the motor and it rotates greater torque (cranking
power).

Current path

Ignition
Terminal 50
Switch Hold in Ground

Battery

Contact
Terminal 30 Terminal C
Plate Field

coil

Armature Ground
Ignition switch in on position

When the ignition switch is returned to on position from start, the voltage
applied to terminal 50 is cut off. The main switch remains closed, however, the
current that flows from terminal" C" to the hold in coil via the pull in coil since
current flow through the hold in coil in the same direction as when the ignition
switch is in start position in generates a magnetic force which pulls the plunger.
In the pull in coil; on the other hand, current flows in the opposite direction
generating a magnetic force, which tires to return the plunger to its original
position. The magnetic fields set up these two-coil cancel each other. so the
plunger is pulled back by the return spring. Therefore the heavy current which
has been applied the motor is cut off and the plunger disengages the pinion gear
from the ring gear at about the same time.
Current path
Pull in Hold in Ground

Battery Terminal 30 Terminal "C"

Field coil Armature Ground

Faults in the Starting System and Its Possible Remedies

 PERFORMANCE TEST
N.B.
 Before being to disassemble the starter motor first roughly pinpointing
the source of the problem by the performance test is recommended since
it helps speed up the overhaul. Also perform this test after assembly is
completed to make sure that the starter motor is operating correctly.
 Complete each test as quickly as possible (within approximately 3-5
seconds). Other wise, the coil in the starter motor may burn out.
1. PULL-IN TEST
(a) Disconnect the field coil lead from Terminal C.
 What is/are the reason/s of disconnecting terminal C____________
______________________________________________________
(b) Connect the battery to the magnetic switch as shown. Check that
the pinion moves outward.

OBSERVATION___________________________________________
If the pinion gear does not move outward, check for (a)_____________
(b)___________________
(c)___________________
CONCLUSION____________________________________________
3. HOLD-IN TEST
With the battery connected as above and with the pinion out, disconnect the
negative lead from ________________________. Check that the pinion
remains out.
OBSERVATION___________________________________________
If the pinion gear retracts, check for
(a)______________________
(b)______________________
(c)______________________
CONCLUSION____________________________________________
4. PINION RETURN TEST

Disconnect the negative lead from

_____________________________
Check that the pinion reacts

OBSERVATION___________________________________________
If the pinion gear does not immediately retract, check for
(a)______________________
(b)______________________
(c)______________________
CONCLUSION____________________________________________
5. CHECK PINION CLEARANCE

(Except Reduction Type)

(a) Connect the battery to the magnetic switch as shown.
(b) Move the pinion gear toward the armature to remove slack, then
measure the clearance between ______________________and
___________________

Standard clearance: 0.1 –0.4mm

 OBSERVATION______________________CONCLUSION__________
____________

6. NO-LOAD TEST

(a) Securely fix the starter motor with a vice

(b) Connect the field coil lead to Terminal C. Make sure the lead is not
grounded
(c) Connect the battery and ammeter to the starter as shown.
(d) Check, that the starter rotates smoothly and steadily, and that the
pinion moves out.
(e) Check that the ammeter reads the specified current.
Specified Current: Less than 50 A at 11V
OBSERVATION___________________________________________
CONCLUSION____________________________________________

N.B.
The amount of electrical current flowing through the circuit in the no-
load test varies depending with the starter motor, but as much as 200-300
amperes flows in some starter motors. Refer beforehand to the vehicle's
repair manual for the amount of current and be sure to use an ammeter
with the appropriate capacity. Be sure to use heavy-duty cables as well.
(f) Check that the pinion gear retracts and the motor stops as soon as
the cable is disconnected from Terminal _____________. (This is
necessary only for the conventional type starter motor.) If the
motor does not stop immediately, the probable cause/s is/are
(a)_________________________
(b)________________________
 (c)__________________________
Field Coil Test Pull-in Coil
 Ground Test
 Check for continuity between field coil end and yoke.
If there is continuity, locate the grounded parts by removing the
pole cores one by one and make necessary repair.

 Open Circuit Test

 Check for continuity between the lead wire and field coil brush
soldered part.
If there is no continuity, there is an open circuit in the field coil.
Armature Test
 Ground Test
 Using an armature/continuity tester, check for continuity between the
commentator and armature shaft.
If there is continuity, the armature is grounded and must be repaired or
replaced.

 Open Circuit Test

 Using armature/continuity tester, check for short circuit between
the segments.
If the pilot lamp fails to light or if the tester needle fails to move at
any test point, there is an open circuit necessitating repair or
replacement of the armature.
 CHARGING SYSTEM
Purpose of Charging System
 Maintain the charging condition of the battery; and
 Handles the load of the ignition, lights, and other electrical and electronic
components of the vehicle.
Types of Charging System
 Direct current Type(DC)
Dynamo Generator
 Alternator Type(AC)
Component Parts of Charging System
 Battery – is the source of all electrical current in the vehicle.
 Ignition Switch - it is a mechanical device used to connect or
disconnect the current flow in all circuits of the
vehicle.
 Fuse/Fusible Link – it is a safety device, which breaks when short circuit
occurs.
 Charge Indicator - it has of two (2) kinds, to wit:
 Ammeter - it is a device use to measure the amount of current
flowing in a circuit.
 Charge Indicator Light – it is a device use to indicate whether the
system is charging or not.
 Voltage Regulator – is a device use to prevent the alternator from
producing excessive voltage. This will be attained by means of
 controlling the amount of current flowing in the field winding of
the rotor.
 Alternator – it is an auto electrical component, which converts the
mechanical energy from the engine into electrical energy. It also
keeps the battery in charge condition and likewise handles
electrical loads while the engine is running.
 Wirings

Types of Alternator
 Conventional Type using
External Voltage
Regulator; and
 IC (Integrated Circuit)
Type or Built-in Voltage
Regulator

Understanding the Alternator

 The charging system has three major components. The Battery,
Alternator, and the Regulator

 This alternator works together with the battery to supply power

when the vehicle is running.
 The output of an alternator is direct current, however AC voltage is
actually created and then converted to DC as voltage leaves the
alternator on its way to the battery and the electrical loads.

Component Parts of the Alternator (IC Type)

 Rotor – it is the field winding of the alternator.
Internal Finger

Bearing

Rotor

Slip Rings Rotor




 Stator Windings (three phase) – it gives overlapping pulses of
alternating current.

Neutral

Stator
 Kinds of Stator Winding Three
Laminated

Delta Connected Stator Wye Connected Stator

Diodes
Electronic

Example of an

 Diode (Rectifier) – it is an electronic device use to convert the

alternating current to direct current.
 Brushes – are carbon blocks which are in contact with the slip rings
that serves as the linkage of the current flowing towards the
rotor winding.
 IC Regulator – it is an electronic type of voltage regulator, which will
adjust
the amount of rotor field current to
control alternator output.

Charging Systems
The primary purpose of a charging system is to charge the battery. After the
battery has supplied the high current needed to start the engine, the battery,
even a good battery, has a low charge. The charging system recharges the
battery by supplying a constant and relatively low charge to the battery.
Charging systems work on the principles of magnetism to change mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
 Operation of a regulator with voltage relay
a. when the ignition switch is on engine stepped.
When the ignition switch is turned on field current from the battery flows to the
rotor and excites the rotor coil. At the same time, battery current also flows to
the charge warning lamp and the lamp comes on.
b. Engine operation- (low speed to middle)
Alternator checks and services
Before disassembling the alternator, noise test certainly test, are performed to
help us when each components are inspected during the disassembling stage
Rotor
A. Rotor test
Check that three is continuity
between the slip rings if there is no
continuity , replace

B Inspect rotor for ground

Check for continuity

between the slip ring &
rotor. If there is
continuity replace the
rotor.
C Inspect slip rings
Check the slip
ring diameter if
it is less than
the minimum
limit, replace
the rotor.

Stator;
a) Inspect stator for open circuit there must be continuity between
coil leads if not replace stator
b) Test stator for ground
Check if there is no continuity between the coil leads and the stator core. If
there is continuity, replace the stator

Alternator
Service

The first step in doing alternator service is to conduct a bench test in

order to arrive for accurate conclusions and recommendations to solve the
problem at hand. Thus, one of the activities in bench testing is checking the
resistance of an alternator circuit including the circuit of the external voltage
regulator. Below are the procedures to be followed, to wit:
Unplug the voltage regulator wire connector, and measure the resistance
between IG and F terminals respectively with a circuit tester.
Standard Resistance ---------- 0
 In case the resistance
indicated between IG and F
is more than 0, then
Excessive contact
resistance at low
Resistance Test
speed points.

2. Measure the resistance between

F and E (rotor coil at alternator
body.

Reference Value -------- 4.1

to 4.9

In case the resistance indicated between F and E is small and near to 0, then

Resistance Test Short circuit in rotor coil or

wiring
In case the resistance indicated
between F and E exceeds 9

3.1 - Open-circuit in rotor coil; and

3.2 - Brush or slip ring burnt out or
contacting improperly
Excessive Resistance

In case the findings of the test do not comply with manufacturer’s

specifications, conclusion should be – to dismantle the alternator. In dis-
assembling the alternator, make sure that all parts are properly identified
including its functions and exact location to avoid errors in re-assembling of its
parts.
 Below are the disassembled parts of a conventional alternator.

Inspection and Repair

Rotor

 Check the rotor coil for

open circuit. Connect a
circuit tester from the slip
ring to the other slip ring,
and check the conductance
between the rings. If there
is no conductance, the coil
is opened. There fore,
replace the rotor.

Standard Resistance -------- 4.2 

 Connect the tester from the
slip ring to the rotor shaft,
and check the insulation. If
the tester needle moves, the
slip ring to rotor coil is
grounded. Therefore the
rotor assembly must be
replaced.
  Check the bearing, and if
defective, replace the
bearing.

 Check the slip rings for

roughness and scores, and if Testing Rotor
Coil for Ground
defective, replace the rotor.

Stator

 Check the stator coil for

insulation. Connect the
tester between the stator coil
lead and the stator core. If
the tester needle moves, the
coil is grounded. Therefore,
repair or replace the stator
assembly.

Check the four leads of the stator coil for conductance between
Testing Statorthem. If the
tester needle does not move, the stator coil is opened, and must
Coil for be replaced.
Ground
The resistance should be zero.
Testing Stator
Brush and Brush Holder Coil for Open
Circuit
 Check the brush protrusion
length, and if the length is less
than the limit, replace the
brush.

Brush Protrusion Limit ------ 5.5 mm

(0.217 in)

If the replacing the brush, install the new

brush and the brush spring into the brush Brush Protrusion
holder, then solder the brush lead wire
keeping the protruded brush.

After soldering the brush lead, cut off the

surplus wire.

Standard Protrusion
--------- 12.5 mm

(0.492 in)
Check the brush for smooth movement
in the brush holder. Also test for
insulation between the brush holder and Replacing Brush
brush. If defective, replace the brush into Brush Holder
holder.

Rectifiers

Rectifier Holder Positive Side.

Connect the tester ( + ) lead onto the

rectifier holder, and the ( - ) lead of the
tester onto the rectifier lead. In this case,
the tester should indicate near zero ohm.
If it indicates infinity, that rectifier is
Positive Rectifier
open circuit. Open Test

Next, change the polarity of the tester, and check again. The tester should
indicate infinity. If it indicates near zero ohm, the rectifier is shorted. Even if
one rectifier is defective, replace with the positive holder assembly.

Rectifier Holder Negative Side

Connect the tester ( + ) lead onto the

rectifier lead, and the tester ( - ) lead to
the holder. At this time, the tester should
indicate near zero ohm. If it indicates
infinity, the rectifier is open circuit.
Next, turn the polarity of the tester, and check again. In this case, the tester
should indicate infinity. If it indicates near zero ohm, the rectifier is

shorted. Even if one rectifier is defective, replace with the negative holder
assembly.

Negative
Rectifier Short
Test