Dairy Animal

Healthcare and Management

Training Manual
&
Reference Guide

IFMR Trust

By
Dr S Rajeshwaran BVSc PGDRM
Chief Consultant,
Dr Waran’s Livestock Management Consultancy, Chennai

September 2009

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Sl. Page
No. Topic No.
Introduction & methodology
A. An Overall view – business of dairying
1 Small holder economics
2 Micro-economics - Agriculture
3 Micro-economics – Dairy husbandry
4 Business plan
5 Present dairy scenario
B. Marketing strategies
1 Product-lines
2 Milk Marketing
3 Collectivisation
C. Feeding &Housing
1 Love
2 Dry fodder
3 Green fodder
4 Azolla
5 Supplementary feeds
6 Total Feed
7 Feeding schedule
8 Housing
9 Clothing
10 Clean Milk Production
D. Management
1 Watering
2 Grooming / Washing
3 Calf
4 Death & PTD
5 Health & disease control
6 Ecto & Endo Parasite Control
7 Udder & Mastitis
E. Animal Body
1 Bovine Digestive System
2 Bovine Gynaecology
3 Bovine - Oestrus cycle
4 Artificial Insemination &Natural Service
5 Bovine Andrology
6 Breeding bull
F. Monitoring & Evaluation (MIS)
1 Lactation Graph
2 Female Calf Growth Chart
3 Dr Waran’s Animal Health Card
4 Cash-Flow Statement

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Animal Healthcare

Capacity Building Manual

Target audience Illiterate rural women (20 – 25 nos.)

Trainer Trained literate* rural women, with the

assistance of local veterinarian

Place of training Village (in a common utility building with

sufficient lighting and aeration)

Duration of training 3 days (5 sessions of 3 hrs each + 1 session of

objective type examination)
Suggested timing 1000 to 1300 hrs & 1400 to 1700 hrs

Teaching material needed White board, marker pens, duster;

: Posters, permanent marker pens,
Photos of relevant subjects.

For every trainee, Spiral bound note

book (A4 size 100 pages), blue and red
ball pen, pencil, eraser, sharpener,
graph papers – A4 size 5 nos. and this
Training Guide in local language

Verify result of the programme with Objective type examination (on Day 3
Post-lunch)

Follow-up of the programme To be carried out by the trainer herself–

on a continual and day-to-day basis
depending upon local and pre-
determined schedule

Boarding Lunch and tea+snacks to be provided to

the trainees, at the training venue

* - 8th to 10th standard pass

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 1 Spacious, well lit classroom

Figure 2 Trainee taking down notes Figure 3 Objective type Examination

Figure 4 Group Photo

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Introduction & Methodology

Detail Purpose Output

Her / his educational Enable the trainees Confidence in the trainer and
background and to get to know the his/her competence in the field
experience – their trainer as a person and be ready to listen and take
relevance to the topic and her / his stake listen to her/ his advice or
on hand viz. “Animal recommendation
healthcare”

Trainees to sit in a U shape, on the ground

Trainer to sit on top of this U, facing the trainees
Commence with “ice-breaking” exercise
Self-introduction of trainer & trainees
Emphasize importance of planning & time-management
Bring out necessity for documentation & monitoring and evaluation
Show positive effects of transparent operations
Give an overall picture of training process
On the technical and social side – Parent to parent relationship
Every trainee to take notes, compulsorily
Spell out role of (objective type) examination at the end of the
training programme
A group photograph at the end of the programme, a must

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 An overview

Business of Dairying

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 5 Agricultural Farmer

Figure 6 Dairy farmer

Figure 7 Goat farmer

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Small Holder Economics

Detail Purpose Output

Lack of liquid cash, Bring awareness of the Awareness of reality and

Debt ridden, economic situation of importance of need for
Hand-to-mouth existence, target audience daily, small cash income
Living for today and now, (accordingly plan any for the small holder
There is NO Tomorrow intervention)

Income flow levels for Small holders

5.Labourer + poultry + goat + dairy + agri

4. Labourer + poultry + goat + dairy

3. Labourer + poultry + goat

2. Labourer + poultry

1. Labourer

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 8 Agriculture Mandi

5000
4500
4000

3000

2000 1915 1995

1000
590
0 0 0 0
1 2 3
-1000

-2000 -1915
-2505
-3000

Income Expense Net

Figure 9 Cash-Flow Statement 3 months

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Micro – Economics Agriculture

Detail Purpose Output

Long gestation period, Get to know the Realization by farmers the

Need for credit, overall agro- need to look at opportunities
High capital cost, economic situation in of alternate livelihoods (apart
Land – a pre-requisite rural areas from agriculture), for a regular
daily income

3-month cash-flow - Groundnut cultivation

Total Income = Rs.4500

Total Expense = Rs.2500

Net Profit = Rs.1500

Profit margin = 60%!

(i.e. 1500/2500%)

(i.e. If spare money towards initial expense of Rs.2500/-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .is available on time .

Otherwise ? ? ? ? ? ? ? )

Reality is harsh and unforgiving

The hand that gives is ALWAYS on the TOP and
The hand that receives is ALWAYS at the BOTTOM!

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

400
INCOME EXPENSE STATEMENT (Rs./day)
350

300

250

200

150

100

50

-50 Month
Income Expense Net
-100
Figure 10 Two-Cow Cash Economics – An example

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Figure 11 Two-Cow Cumulative Profit (Rs. in ‘000)

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Micro-Economics dairy husbandry

Detail Purpose Output

Short gestation period, Bring out the contrast Knowledge on the symbiotic
Zero need for credit, and symbiotic relation relation between agriculture
Low capital cost, between agriculture and dairy animal rearing -
Land not a pre-requisite and dairy husbandry for optimal returns and a
Women-centric sustainable livelihood

 Daily income possible from Day 1 of investment

 Purchase of a freshly calved animal > > > > Gestation period = Zero

 Scope for increasing monetary returns on one’s own hand

 Recurring daily expenditure under own control

 Work can be done at home by women, on part-time basis

 Fodder can be outsourced (no need to possess agricultural land)

 Provides whole-some nutrition (milk) to the whole family

 Integrates symbiotically into agricultural operations

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Capital Expenses
Unit H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 Total
Physical details
Cow no 1 1 2
Insurance - animals no. 1 1 2
Shed no. 1 1
Capacity Building no 1 1 2

Unit
Fixed Costs Rate Rs (‘000)
Cow
Insurance
Capacity Building
Shed
Sub-Total(1)

Variable Costs
Green fodder
Dry fodder
Health cover
Sub-Total(2)

TOTAL (1+2)

Own capital (x%)

Bank loan (100 - x%)

Total Loan (Rs.)

Repayment period (months)
Rate of interest (%)
Repayment 1st animal
Repayment 2nd animal

Figure 12 Two Dairy Animal Project Costing (3 years)

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Business Plan – 3 Year

Detail Purpose Output

Project Costing, Fund Bring out the Basic knowledge of business

sources, Debt leverage, implication and costing, ability to maintain
Cash-flow statement, deleterious effects of daily / monthly cash-flow
Income sources, Sale high leverage statement, appreciate the
price, Debt leverage double edged sword that
“Debt” is.

Enlist different expense heads and their cost

Divide the initial costs into Productive / Unproductive

Allocate 60 – 80% to productive cost

Include one month variable cost

Include Risk cover exp (Insurance) + Cap. Bldg. cost

Run the cash-flow on month-to-month basis

Finally include financial cash outflow (Loan repayment)

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Financier

Insurance
co

Milk
Trader

Veterinarian

Vet.
Medical
Shop
owner

Cattle
Feed Shop
owner

Breeder

Figure 13 Dependents on one Person, the Dairy farmer

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Present dairy scenario

Detail Purpose Output

Enlist different stake Enlighten the trainees Farmers utilize the existing
holders and how they on the harsh but ground channels / develop new
protect “their” own realities and how and channels to further their
business interests on whom the industry own interests
thrives

Stake Holders and what they look for:

Stake-Holder Looking for

Financier Assured return of principle with interest

Insurance Company High insurance premium and Nil claim

Milk trader Regular & assured milk supply, at min. cost

with NO RISK but ON CREDIT

Veterinarian Animals to fall ill frequently

Veterinary Medical Shop Repeated need for medicines

owner
Cattle Feed shop owner Regular sales with high margin

Breeder (Inseminator / Bull owner) Animals repeatedly coming in heat

Animal owner Milk for family +

Small net profit, on daily and cash basis

Labour, working capital and risk cover provided by the Animal owner!

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Marketing Strategies

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Product-lines

Detail Purpose Output

Milk and milk products Explain about different Awareness on scope of

and other products with product-lines and their different product-lines,
their scope of scope for higher market encouraging dairy animal
contributing to regular realisation through owners to broaden their
daily income value addition product line base and net
profitability and minimise the
risks in relying on a single
product-line

 Milk & Milk products +

 Dung – Compost, Vermicompost

 Panchakavya

 Gobar gas

 Calf – female/male

 Adult female with calf at foot

 Breeding bull

 Bullock

 Carcass (skin and bones)

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Milk Marketing

Detail Purpose Output

Requirement for market Bring out scope for Awareness on

intelligence on an increasing income marketability / profitability
ongoing basis, scope for through innovative of individual milk product
enhancing and marketing practices / lines
increasing income strategies
streams through
innovative marketing
strategies

Nearby / local niche markets

Special product lines – eg. organic

Relationship development with consumer

Backtracking mechanism

Long-term

High value addition

High margin

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 14 Documentation

Figure 15 Transparency Figure 16 Quality Assurance

Figure 17 Weekly Presentation to Group

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Collectivisation

Detail Purpose Output

Modes of collectivization – Bring out purpose Come together as a

advantages and and benefits of “Collective” with full
disadvantages, record collectivisation knowledge about different
maintenance and sharing processes leading to
(technical, financial and collectivization, its
administrative data) operationalisation including
its pit-falls with methods to
prevent / overcome them

Thru’ a “Collective”

 Uniform contiguous group

 10 – 25 persons

 Transparent operations

 Sharing of work

 Documentation

 Live in the same street / hamlet

 Weekly reporting

 Acts as the Umbilical cord for members

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Feeding

&

Housing

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust
 Love

Detail Purpose Output

Building up a personal Enable the farmer Farmers take care of their

relation with animal with appreciate the fact that animals, as a true
mutual respect animals (too!) have member of their family
feeling and require
positive stroking, daily

Opportunities to show love to animals

While By
Feeding
Looking in the eyes

Washing Talking

Appreciating
Milking
Petting

Grooming Scratching

Letting it in / out

Love has no age, no caste, no creed, no colour

(In case of doubt, pl see photos on opposite page!)

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Figure 18 Dry fodder under long storage Figure 19 Straw on raised platform

Figure 20 African Tall Maize standing crop Figure 21 Dried Groundnut crop

Figure 22 Tree - Dry fodder store Figure 23 Green colour dry groundnut crop

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Dry fodder

Detail Purpose Output

Types of dry fodder, Reduce cost of Reduction in

Methods of growing / purchase, wastage and feeding cost of dry fodder
procurement, storage, maintain nutritive value
and usage

 Two types
o Agricultural waste (for filling stomachs)
o Specially grown (for nutrition + filling)

 Home / village produced

 Reduce wastage & transport cost
 Bought during harvest, on cash basis
 60 day African Tall Maize + cow pea mix
 Chop to lengths of 6” – 9”

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Figure 25 CO 4 Grass Figure 24 Lucerne

Figure 26 CO4 + Subabul mix (one row each) Figure 27 Subabul

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Figure 28 Elephant grass

Green fodder

Detail Purpose Output

Examples of green Bring out need to reduce Farmers growing their own
grass and legumes that expenses on “purchased” requirement of green
can be grown locally by feeds, increasing fodder in a cost effective
small holders – dependence on locally manner and feeding their
perennial shrubs / grown green fodder animals
crops and trees

 Home / village produced

 Freshly cut & fed (bought on day-to-day and cash basis)
 3:1 Mix of grass and legumes
 Cheapest natural source
 Most relished by animals
 Organic

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust
Figure 29 Azolla single plant Figure 30 Azolla

Figure 31 Farmer feeding Azolla to her cow Figure 32 Azolla tank protected from rain / sunlight

Figure 33 Mass cultivation of Azolla Figure 34 Azolla in rice field

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Azolla

Detail Purpose Output

Growing and feeding of Bring about awareness Farmers build Azolla tank
Azolla, Tank structure, about the importance of and regularly feed their
protection, Cost,etc. feeding proteins and animals with Azolla
utilize natural resources

Free

Can be grown by anyone

Can be grown anywhere

Relished by the animal

Full of proteins (manufactured from air!)

Fresh

Two hands full – twice a day

8’ x 4’ tank for one animal

Add a spoon of SSP weekly in tank

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Figure 35 Min. Mix with Yeast

Figure 36 Min. Mixture

Figure 37 Min. Mix with Yeast (20 kg pack)

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Supplementary feeds

Detail Purpose Output

Feeding of Mineral Bring about awareness Farmers regularly feeding

mixture, salt, calcium, about the importance of their animals with
EM solution, etc. supplement feeding supplements

 Mineral mixture – to overcome deficiencies

 Salt – to add taste and replenish sodium

 Calcium – to overcome loss in milk

 EM solution - to improve feed conversion efficiency

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 38 Total feed production in bulk

Figure 39 Total feed - cooked

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Total Feed

Detail Purpose Output

Preparation methods Bring about awareness Farmers adopting regular

and uses of Total Feed about the importance of feeding of Total Feed
maintaining rumen pH and resulting in increase in
temperature and how Total milk yield
Feed facilitates this

 Maintain constant conditions (pH and Temp.) in Rumen

 Leading to better feed conversion efficiency and

 Reduce digestive problems

 Improves milk yield (quantity and quality)

 Encourages the animal to ruminate more

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Suggested Feeding Schdule

Quantity required / day

Type of feed Unit Calf Heifer Adult
6 - 12 m 13 - 24 m > 24 m
Green grass Kg 5 12.5 25
Legumes Kg 1 2.5 5
Dry grass Kg 2.5 5
Mineral Mix. gms 15 30
Salt gms 25 50
Water Lts Ad libidum

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Feeding Schedule

Detail Purpose Output

Basic requirements to Enable farmers to Farmers adopting nutritive

fill stomach, provide appreciate the need to cheap fodder, increasing
complete nutrition, reduce feeding cost (60 – profitability
enable rumination, 70% of variable expense)
prevent acidosis - using local available
using cheap local resources
alternatives

 Fill stomach, fully

 Agricultural waste
o Use locally available resources
o Retain nutrition with good drying practices
o Improve nutritive value by enrichment
 Grow fodder (green & dry)

 Reduce waste

 Chop into 6” to 9” long

 Mix as “Total Feed”

 Feed the animal in three or four equal parts

 Let the feed and water be available ad libidum

 Adjust quantity as per utilisation

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Green fodder plot (eg. Co4 + Subabul)

Row no. 1 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 24 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 2 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 25 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 3 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 26 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 4 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 27 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 5 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 28 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 6 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 29 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 7 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 30 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 8 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 31 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 9 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 32 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 10 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 33 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 11 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 34 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 12 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 35 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 13 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 36 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 14 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 37 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 15 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 38 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 16 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 39 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 17 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 40 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 18 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 41 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 19 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 42 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 20 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 43 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 21 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 44 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 22 Grass Grass Legume Row no. 45 Grass Grass Legume

Row no. 23 Grass Grass Legume

Each cell represents one plant, planted in centre of 2 -3 feet square plot

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Growing of Green fodder

Detail Purpose Output

Basic requirements to
grow green fodder
required for one dairy
animal
Enable appreciation for Farmers adopting cheap
need to reduce heat housing for their animals
stress and prevent
negative effects of
ammonia

 Home grown & ZERO COST

 Max. area required = 3’ x 3’ / cell (i.e. 9’ x 3’ / row)
 No. of rows = 45
 Cutting of one row every 45 days
 Area required / animal = 1215 sq.ft.
o (i.e. 9 sq.ft./plant X 3 plants/day X 45 days

 Cut down to height of 1 to 1 ½ feet – both grass and

legume crop
 Grass and Legume should be of perennial variety
 Grass = Co4 variety of Hybrid of Napier & Bajra
 Legume = Subabul, Velimasal or Lucerne
 One row to be cut every day (Two grass plants + one legume plant)
 Increase no. of plants, if yield is less than expected

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Figure 40 Natural roof

Figure 41 Jute roof

Figure 42 Roof from agri waste

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Housing

Detail Purpose Output

Basic requirements to Enable appreciation for Farmers adopting cheap

reduce heat stress and need to reduce heat natural housing for their
various cheap stress and prevent animals
alternatives negative effects of
ammonia

 Roof + Floor (no walls, windows, doors!)

 Clean, hard, elevated but sloping floor

 Natural light roofing

 All round ventilation

 No ammonia gas build-up

 Protection from extreme heat / cold

 Tree shade in the mornings – best

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Figure 43 The best dress, I have

Figure 44 Family under bedding

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Clothing

Detail Purpose Output

Need to reduce Enlighten the need to Farmers regularly protect

deleterious effect of reduce effect of cold their animals, especially the
extreme heat / cold and especially for calves and young stock from the
mosquito menace on heat vagaries of ambient
adult and young stock temperature – hot or cold
and mosquitoes

 Protect from cold during winter

 “Active” cooling during dry & hot weather with water

 Especially young stock

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Figure 45 Two hand milking

Figure 46 Tension-free milking

Figure 47 SS Filter

Figure 48 Wide mouth closed milk containers

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Clean Milk Production

Detail Purpose Output

Method, Frequency, Understand the link Farmers washing their hands

purpose of washing between hygiene and prior to milking and cleaning
hands, udder, utensils; keeping quality and the udder of the animals post
Method of storage, the need and use of milking with KMnO4 solution,
Keeping quality of milk preventive health as as a regular practice
practices

 Prior to milking
o Nails cut
o Wash hands
o Wipe teats with dry cloth / oil
o Strip away the first two squirts from each teat
o Start milking into the milkcan

 Post milking

o Keep the milkcan closed

o Take few grains of fresh KMnO4 in ½ to 1 lt of water
o Wash the teats, udder with KMnO4 solution
o Sprinkle the remaining on the milkshed floor
o Pl. remember KMnO4 solution is not effective after 10 mins

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 Management

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 49 Water provided adlibidum

Figure 50 Personally watering animal

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Watering

Detail Purpose Output

Method, Frequency, Understand the Farmers providing their cows /

purpose of adlibidum importance of water in buffaloes with clean, cool
clean, cool, drinking metabolism and drinking water, adlibidum to
water temperature control their animals
mechanism

 Available throughout the day

 Can drink at their own timings

 Animals should be satisfied (taste and temperature)

 Cool

 Clean

 Under shade

 Individually provided

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Figure 51 Our bath-tub

Figure 52 At peace with oneself

Figure 53 Grooming each other

Figure 54 Shining skin tone

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Grooming / Washing

Detail Purpose Output

Method, Frequency, Understand the Farmers grooming their cows

purpose of grooming of importance skin and providing wallowing
cows and washing of hygiene and therefore facilities or bath their buffaloes,
buffaloes the need and use of on a daily basis
grooming / washing

o Daily grooming of cows using coarse material

o Washing / Wallowing of buffaloes

o Reduces effect of ecto-parasites

o Improves skin tone

o Brings about close relationship with the owner

o Enables owner to spot sickness, first

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 55 A Proud calf

Figure 56 Buffalo calf with owner

Figure 57 New born calf

Figure 58 Calf with umbilical hernia

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Young stock

Detail Purpose Output

Pre-partum and post Understand the Increase in birth weight with

partum feeding of purpose of improving decrease in age at 1st
mother; Susceptibility growth rate conception / calving
of young calf
to diarrhoea, hypo /
hyper-thermia

 Pre-partum flushing of dam

 Care at birth
o Tie umbilical cord with Tr. Iodin (prevent umbilical hernia)
o Clear nostrils for easy breathing
o Feed colostrums within 3 hours of birth (reduce calf scour)
o Allow time for mother to bond with her calf
o Passing of 1st motion & urine are good signs

 Reduce calf mortality

 Improve calf growth rate

 Reduce age at 1st calving

 Increase life time calvings

 Encourage rearing of bull calves / bull mothers

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 59 Dead INSURED animal

Dead UNINSURED animal = Business Stops &

Farmer falls into “debt trap”

Dead INSURED animal = Business / Life can continue

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Death & PTD

Detail Purpose Output

Cost / benefit of Understand the benefits 100% of productive animals

insuring productive of insurance and insured, on a 3-Year contract
animals, existing implications of non-
premium rates insurance

Insurance cover for Death + Permanent Total Disability (D+PTD)

Insurance is NOT an unproductive expense

It is a risk-cover (productive) expense

It protects the dairy business from completely collapsing

Protects the farmer from falling into a debt trap

Tie-up through local veterinarian for prompt servicing

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Health & Disease Control

Detail Purpose Output

Contagious diseases Understand the cost / Farmers adopt suggested

(FMD, HS, BQ), benefit implication of preventive measures /
symptoms, vaccination preventive measures vaccinations regularly
schedule, Cost / benefit against contagious without fail – on payment
analysis diseases basis

 Local disease outbreak seasons studied

 FMD Vaccination twice a year

 HS & BQ Vaccination once a year

 Vaccine to be maintained under cold chain till use

 All animals > 6 months of age to be vaccinated

 Mortality Vs Morbidity

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 60 Intestinal worm

Figure 61 Ticks

Figure 62 Worms in reticulum

Figure 63 Dewormer

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Ecto and Endo Parasite Control

Detail Purpose Output

Types of intestinal Understand the cost Adoption of regular

worms & tick infection implications of infection deworming and deticking of
– deworming & by ecto and endo animals on payment basis
deticking schedule – parasites on dairy
cost / benefit analysis animals

 Blood is the basic food for many ecto and endo parasites

 Loss of upto 1 litre of blood per day per animal

 Severe and continuous stress

 Reduces productivity

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Figure 64 Buffalo with well formed udder Figure 65 Cow with well formed udder

Sub- Total
4 - Quarters
Total (Rs./day)
Income 1 1 2 4
Expense 0.75 0.75 1.5 3
Normal
Udder Net 0.25 0.25 0.5 1
Income 1 1 2
Expense 0.75 0.75 1.5
Net 0.25 0.25 0.5

Sub- Total
4 - Quarters
Total (Rs./day)

One
Income 0 1 1 3
quarter Expense 0.75 0.75 1.5 3
with 0
Net -0.75 0.25 -0.5
clinical
Income 1 1 2
mastitis
Expense 0.75 0.75 1.5
Net 0.25 0.25 0.5

Sub- Total
4 - Quarters
Total (Rs./day)
All four Income 0.75 0.75 1.5 3
quarters
Expense 0.75 0.75 1.5 3
with
sub- Net 0 0 0 0
clinical Income 0.75 0.75 1.5
mastitis Expense 0.75 0.75 1.5
Net 0 0 0
Figure 66 Cost Economics - Clinical & Sub-clinical mastitis

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Udder / Mastitis control

Detail Purpose Output

Mastitis occurrence % Understand the Regular use of KMnO4 for

– clinical and sub- economic benefit of washing the udder prior to
clinical – use of reducing udder milking by all farmers leading
KMnO4 post milking - infection – especially to reduced incidence of sub-
cost/benefit subclinical clinical mastitis

 Personal hygiene – hand wash, nails cut

 Work-out cost-economics for a month

 Post-milking wash (NOT pre-milking)

 Use of fresh potassium permanganate (KMnO4)

 Twice a day

ZERO Profit in case of

 Sub-clinical mastitis in 4 quarters(high incidence) or

 Clinical Mastitis in one quarter (low incidence)

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Animal body

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 67 Bovine digestive system - anatomy

Figure 68 Grazing & Ruminating (2 sides to a coin)

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Bovine Digestive System

Detail Purpose Output

Digestive system – Understand use Farmers feeding dairy animals to full

4 stomachs - of bacteria in stomach with fodder (not cereals)
rumination digestion of providing a conducive environment for
fodder in the rumination / digestion
stomach of dairy
animal

 Ruminant has four stomachs

 20 – 25 litres capacity

 Absolute need to fill

 Not to be filled with cereals / flour / broken rice/wheat / bran

 Require time for rumination (chewing cud)

 Animal ruminating is healthy

 Non-rumination and dry nostrils – animal is sick

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 69 Bovine female genitalia

Figure 70 Ovarian activity during oestrus cycle

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Bovine Gynaecology

Detail Purpose Output

Female Understand purpose Increase conception rate and

reproductive tract – of each part of the reduce inter-calving period
anatomy, function female reproductive
tract

 No. of ova decided at birth in the female calf (approx. 1000 – 1500)

 A well grown calf would start cycling at 15 – 18 months

 Every oestrus cycle, 8 – 10 ova develop

 Finally, one only one develops fully and capable of fertilisation

 Remaining 7 – 9 ova degenerate

 Each ovary active, alternatively

 Prevention of any infection in the genitalia, is a must

 Handling of genitalia, per rectum only by experts

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 71 Estrus being confirmed by bull

Different stages of confirming pregnancy

Symptom Days after AI Pregnancy

Animal not returning to estrus 18 – 21 50%
Animal not returning to estrus 36 – 42 60%
Animal checked by veterinarian 90 70%
Animal re-checked by veterinarian 180 80%
Animal’s udder becomes swollen 250 / 280* 90%
Animal gives birth to calf 270 / 300* 100%

* - in case of buffaloes

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Bovine – Oestrus cycle

Detail Purpose Output

Cycle period, different Realise importance Farmers adopting regular and

stages, Economic of proactive systematic monitoring of oestrus
loss on account of monitoring of estus cycle, in a pro-active manner
missing one single resulting in higher conception rate
cycle

 Once every 21 days

 18 – 21 Day Cycle

 Pro-active Detection

 Insemination or Natural Service

 Early confirmation of pregnancy on day 90

 Pheremone (Chem Love Letter)

 One cycle of 21 days lost = Rs.1500 loss

Estrus symptoms (as seen by man):

 Frequent urination
 Reduction in milk yield
 Off feed
 Restlessness
 Mounting other animals / people
 Vaginal discharge
 Bellowing

Estrus symptoms (as confirmed by bull):

 Smell

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Pro-active Estrus Detection Chart
(AI Calendar)

Farmer : _____________ Cow No.: ______________

AI / NS Date: _______________ Bull No: ______________

21 1 2
20 3
19
4
18
5

Cycle No 1 6
17 Expected Estrus
From _______ to ________
7

16
8
15 9
14 11 10
13 12

42 22 23
41 24
40
25
39
26

Cycle No 2 27
38 Expected Eestrus
From ________ to _______
28

37
29
36 30
35 32 31
34 33

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Artificial Insemination / Natural service

Detail Purpose Output

Timing of ovulation Realise importance improvement in conception rate

and therefore of proper care / and
insemination / service management increase total lifetime milk
before, during and production
after timely
insemination

 Natural Service / AI, at 12 hours post-onset of estrus

 Keep the animal cool under shade after service / AI

 Mark 18-22 and 36- 42 day period post service / AI on calendar

 Confirm pregnancy with non-return to estrus on Day 21 & 42

 Reconfirm pregnancy on Day 90 & 180 of conception with a vet

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 72 Male genitalia - Bull

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Bovine Andrology

Detail Purpose Output

Male reproductive tract – Understand the Bull keepers become

anatomy, function purpose of each knowledgeable about bull and its
part anatomy and provide better
service

Sperms continually produced in male reproductive tract

Practically, there is no limit to the no. of sperms produced by a bull

Sperms need to be stored at less than body temperature – external scrotum

Any temperature rise (fever) would kill all sperms in the tract

A minimum of 60 days to obtain live sperms, post fever

Millions of sperms introduced during service

Only one sperm will finally fertilise the ova

All remaining sperms would die in the female reproductive tract

Two types of sperms (X and Y)equally produced

Fertilisation by a X sperm would lead to a bull calf

Fertilisation by a Y sperm would lead to a female calf

i.e. The sex of the calf borne is decided by the bull (male) only

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Figure 73 Breeding Bull - Rathi breed

Figure 74 Breeding Bull - Banni breed

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Breeding bull

Detail Purpose Output

Methodology and Understand Increase no. of annual calvings in village

precautions to be implication of by
taken, regular poor encouraging more farmers to rear /
screening for maintenance, manage certified breeding bulls for
communicable possibilities of natural service
diseases and disease
record keeping transmission

 Limit to 3 – 4 services per week per bull

 Transparency in operations

 250 – 300 Rs. per service + Conception fee (equal amount)

 Strict documentation procedure

 Regular disease screening with certification

 Fever >>> Away from service for two months

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Monitoring

&

Evaluation

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 75 Lactation Chart (standard, actual)

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Lactation Graph

Detail Purpose Output

Method, regular, Understand use of Farmers regularly monitor the

standard, implication, regularly recording health status of milking
record keeping and milk yield animals using milk yield as
certification the yard stick

 Milk yield recorded every 10 days (95% reliable)

 Both morning + evening put together

 After suckling by calf

 Record to be entered by a neutral 3rd party

 Continuously update the total and av.g milk yield

 Compare the figures with the avg. of the area

 Encourage sharing of information and competition

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Figure 76 Calf growth chart month-wise

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Female Calf growth chart

Detail Purpose Output

Method, regular, Understand use of Decrease in age at 1st

standard, implication, regularly monitoring conception / calving
record keeping and female calf growth
certification

 Calf growth recorded every month

 Girth measurement

 Record entered by a neutral 3rd party

 Compare with other female calves in the area

 Higher the growth, quicker the calf would conceive

 Encourage sharing of information and competition

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Dr Waran’s Dairy Animal Health Card

Photo of tagged adult cow with owner

(Tail ----------- > Head; with Owner)

Name: ______________________ Tag No.: __________________________

Breed: ______________________ Date of Birth: ______________________

Dam name and no.____________ Sire name and no.: __________________

Dam breed: _________________ Sire breed: _______________________

Name of Veterinarian: ________________ Name of inseminator: ___________________

Contact no.: _______________________ Contact no.: __________________________

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Oestrus / AI or NS / Pregnancy Diagnosis / Calving & Lactation details

Lact 1 Lact 2 Lact 3 Lact 4 Lact 5

Oestrus date

AI / NS

Bull name / no.

Oestrus date

AI / NS

Bull name / no.

Oestrus date

AI / NS

Bull name / no.

PD 90 days

PD 180 days

Calving date

Calf sex

Calf name / no.

No. of days in
lactation
Total lactation
yield (lts)
Avg. Fat %

Avg. SNF %

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Female Calf Growth Chart
Cms

300

280

260

240

220

200

180

140

120

100

80

60

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Lactation Graph

12

11

10

1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 200 220 240 260 280

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 Intervention Details

Activity* Name of person

Date

(* Activities include – deworming, vaccination (FMD/ HS/BQ), Commencement of feeding of Min. Mixture / Azolla or use
of KMnO4, regular grooming, Treatment, disease screening, etc.)

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Dr Waran’s Animal Health Card & documentation

Detail Purpose Output

Details, method of Understand the utility of Farmers maintain the

maintaining, certification maintaining all technical health card and ensure
process and financial details entries, in a proper and
pertaining to the animal timely manner; Animals
sold with their respective
Health cards yielding
higher price

 Use of Animal Health Card (4 page)

 Documentation of every activity

 Technical

 Preventive measures

 Breeding & calving data

 Easily understood by the animal owner

 Graphical, wherever possible

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 12

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Income Expense Net

Figure 77 Economically Sustainable Situation ( + 60 Rs.)

12

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
-2

-4

Income Expense Net

Figure 78 Economically Unsustainable situation ( - 60 Rs.)

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Cash-flow

Detail Purpose Output

Parameters, numerical Understand the benefit Farmers maintaining

and graphical method, of using a financial tool positive cash-flow,
implication of cash inflow individual animal-wise
and outflow

 Negative cash-flow can be life threatening

 Conscious efforts to be in + cash flow situation, from Day 1

 Reduce expenditure (thru’ ABC analysis of variable costs)

 Increase income by

o improving quantity

o increasing quality

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

 List of Photos / Figures

Figure 2 Trainee taking down notes Figure 3 Objective type Examination ________________________ 4
Figure 4 Group Photo ________________________________________________________________________ 4
Figure 1 Spacious, well lit classroom ____________________________________________________________ 4
Figure 5 Agricultural Farmer ___________________________________________________________________ 7
Figure 7 Goat farmer _________________________________________________________________________ 7
Figure 6 Dairy farmer ________________________________________________________________________ 7
Figure 9 Cash-Flow Statement 3 months _________________________________________________________ 9
Figure 8 Agriculture Mandi ____________________________________________________________________ 9
Figure 10 Two-Cow Cash Economics – An example ________________________________________________ 11
Figure 11 Two-Cow Cumulative Profit (Rs. in ‘000) ________________________________________________ 11
Figure 12 Two Dairy Animal Project Costing (3 years) ______________________________________________ 13
Figure 13 Dependents on one Person, the Dairy farmer ____________________________________________ 15
Figure 14 Documentation ____________________________________________________________________ 20
Figure 15 Transparency Figure 16 Quality Assurance______________________________________ 20
Figure 17 Weekly Presentation to Group ________________________________________________________ 20
Figure 18 Dry fodder under long storage Figure 19 Straw on raised platform _______________________ 25
Figure 20 African Tall Maize standing crop Figure 21 Dried Groundnut crop _____________________ 25
Figure 22 Tree - Dry fodder store Figure 23 Green colour dry groundnut crop ______________________ 25
Figure 26 CO4 + Subabul mix (one row each) Figure 27 Subabul ________________________________ 27
Figure 28 Elephant grass _____________________________________________________________________ 28
Figure 24 Lucerne __________________________________________________________________________ 27
Figure 25 CO 4 Grass ________________________________________________________________________ 27
Figure 29 Azolla single plant Figure 30 Azolla_________________________________________________ 30
Figure 31 Farmer feeding Azolla to her cow Figure 32 Azolla tank protected from rain / sunlight _____ 30
Figure 33 Mass cultivation of Azolla Figure 34 Azolla in rice field _______________________________ 30
Figure 35 Min. Mix with Yeast ________________________________________________________________ 32
Figure 36 Min. Mixture ______________________________________________________________________ 32
Figure 37 Min. Mix with Yeast (20 kg pack) ______________________________________________________ 32
Figure 38 Total feed production in bulk _________________________________________________________ 34
Figure 39 Total feed - cooked _________________________________________________________________ 34
Figure 40 Natural roof _______________________________________________________________________ 40
Figure 41 Jute roof__________________________________________________________________________ 40
Figure 42 Roof from agri waste _______________________________________________________________ 40
Figure 43 The best dress, I have _______________________________________________________________ 42
Figure 44 Family under bedding _______________________________________________________________ 42
Figure 45 Two hand milking __________________________________________________________________ 44
Figure 46 Tension-free milking ________________________________________________________________ 44
Figure 47 SS Filter __________________________________________________________________________ 44
Figure 48 Wide mouth closed milk containers ____________________________________________________ 44
Figure 49 Water provided adlibidum ___________________________________________________________ 47
Figure 50 Personally watering animal __________________________________________________________ 47
Figure 51 Our bath-tub ______________________________________________________________________ 49
Figure 52 At peace with oneself _______________________________________________________________ 49
Figure 53 Grooming each other _______________________________________________________________ 49
Figure 54 Shining skin tone ___________________________________________________________________ 49
Figure 55 A Proud calf _______________________________________________________________________ 51
Figure 56 Buffalo calf with owner ______________________________________________________________ 51
Figure 57 New born calf _____________________________________________________________________ 51
Figure 58 Calf with umbilical hernia ____________________________________________________________ 51
Figure 59 Dead INSURED animal ______________________________________________________________ 53
Figure 60 Intestinal worm ____________________________________________________________________ 56
Figure 61 Ticks _____________________________________________________________________________ 56
Figure 62 Worms in reticulum_________________________________________________________________ 56

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust

Figure 63 Dewormer ________________________________________________________________________ 56
Figure 64 Buffalo with well formed udder Figure 65 Cow with well formed udder ____________________ 58
Figure 66 Cost Economics - Clinical & Sub-clinical mastitis __________________________________________ 58
Figure 67 Bovine digestive system - anatomy ____________________________________________________ 61
Figure 68 Grazing & Ruminating (2 sides to a coin) ________________________________________________ 61
Figure 69 Bovine female genitalia _____________________________________________________________ 63
Figure 70 Ovarian activity during oestrus cycle ___________________________________________________ 63
Figure 71 Estrus being confirmed by bull ________________________________________________________ 65
Figure 72 Male genitalia - Bull ________________________________________________________________ 69
Figure 73 Breeding Bull - Rathi breed ___________________________________________________________ 71
Figure 74 Breeding Bull - Banni breed __________________________________________________________ 71
Figure 75 Lactation Chart (standard, actual) _____________________________________________________ 74
Figure 76 Calf growth chart month-wise ________________________________________________________ 76
Figure 77 Economically Sustainable Situation ( + 60 Rs.) ____________________________________________ 83
Figure 78 Economically Unsustainable situation ( - 60 Rs.) __________________________________________ 83

Photos: Courtesy Dr Waran’s Livestock Management Consultancy, Chenni

Dr Waran’s Livestock Mgmt. Consultancy IFMR Trust