coatings
Article
Computational Modeling of Hybrid Sisko Nanofluid Flow over
a Porous Radially Heated Shrinking/Stretching Disc
Umair Khan 1,2 , Aurang Zaib 3, *, Anuar Ishak 1 , Fahad S. Al-Mubaddel 4,5 , Sakhinah Abu Bakar 1 ,
Hammad Alotaibi 6 and Hassan M. Aljohani 6






Citation: Khan, U.; Zaib, A.;
Ishak, A.; Al-Mubaddel, F.S.;
Bakar, S.A.; Alotaibi, H.;
Aljohani, H.M. Computational
Modeling of Hybrid Sisko Nanofluid
Flow over a Porous Radially Heated
Shrinking/Stretching Disc. Coatings
2021, 11, 1242. https://doi.org/
10.3390/coatings11101242
Academic Editor: Mohamed Eid
Received: 27 August 2021
Accepted: 24 September 2021
Published: 13 October 2021
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Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
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Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
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4.0/).
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101242
1 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; umairkhan@iba-suk.edu.pk (U.K.);
anuar_mi@ukm.edu.my (A.I.); sakhinah@ukm.edu.my (S.A.B.)
2 Department of Mathematics and Social Sciences, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan
3 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology,
Gulshan-e-Iqbal Karachi 75300, Pakistan
4 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800,
Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; falmubaddel@ksu.edu.sa
5 King Abdullah City for Renewable and Atomic Energy (KA-CARE), Energy Research and Innovation
Center, (ERIC), Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
6 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099,
Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; hm.alotaibi@tu.edu.sa (H.A.); hmjohani@tu.edu.sa (H.M.A.)
* Correspondence: aurangzaib@fuuast.edu.pk
Abstract: The present study reveals the behavior of shear-thickening and shear-thinning fluids in
magnetohydrodynamic flow comprising the significant impact of a hybrid nanofluid over a porous
radially shrinking/stretching disc. The features of physical properties of water-based Ag/TiO2
hybrid nanofluid are examined. The leading flow problem is formulated initially in the requisite
form of PDEs (partial differential equations) and then altered into a system of dimensionless ODEs
(ordinary differential equations) by employing suitable variables. The renovated dimensionless
ODEs are numerically resolved using the package of boundary value problem of fourth-order (bvp4c)
available in the MATLAB software. The non-uniqueness of the results for the various pertaining
parameters is discussed. There is a significant enhancement in the rate of heat transfer, approximately
13.2%, when the impact of suction governs about 10% in the boundary layer. Therefore, the heat
transport rate and the thermal conductivity are greater for the new type of hybrid nanofluid compared
with ordinary fluid. The bifurcation of the solutions takes place in the problem only for the shrinking
case. Moreover, the sketches show that the nanoparticle volume fractions and the magnetic field
delay the separation of the boundarylayer.
Keywords: Sisko fluids; hybrid nanofluid; shrinking/stretching disc; MHD (magnetohydrodynam-
ics); dual solutions
1. Introduction
It is well-known that fluids like ethylene glycol, water, and mineral oils play an
important role in heat transport in many industrial processes like the process of power
generation, chemical, heating and cooling, and so on. The weak heat transport features
of normal fluids owing to low thermal conductivity are a serious hurdle to the perfor-
mance of industrial equipment. Choi and Eastman [1] proposed a new fluid by adding
nanomaterials with greater thermal conductivity, known as nanofluids. These nanofluids
present comprehensive thermal characteristics, among which the coefficient of heat trans-
port and thermal conductivity are greater compared with those of normal fluids (ethylene
glycol, mineral oils, and water). Nowadays, nanofluids are extremely vital in the cooling
and transportation industries, heat source by energy extraction, atomic reactors, hybrid
engine, fuel cells, aerospace application, military fields, drug transfer, and medical fields.
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Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 2 of 20

More information regarding the applications and production of nanofluids may be found
in [2–5]. Moreover, the heat transfer in a semi annulus lid under the effect of a non-uniform
magnetic field and forced convection, where the enclosure is occupied with nanoparticles
such as ferrofluid, was inspected by Sheikholeslami et al. [6]. The thermal features of regu-
lar materials using alumina and copper-based nanoparticles were scrutinized by Rashid
et al. [7]. Mohyud-Din et al. [8] studied the problem of squeeze flow comprising nanofluid
between parallel disks subjected to buoyancy and slip effects. Soomro et al. [9] dealt with
the features of the axisymmetric flow of Cu–water nanoparticles through a porous shrinked
cylinder. Roy [10] examined the natural convection flow attributable to the sinusoidal sur-
face and temperature variations in the presence of nanofluid and magneto-hydrodynamic.
Recently, Hamid et al. [11] presented double solutions for the impact of radiation and
chemical reaction on axisymmetric (magneto-hydrodynamics) flow of Cross nanofluid past
a shrinking radial disc.
In recent years, hybrid nanofluid has been utilized instead of nanofluid for further im-
provement of thermal conductivity. According to recent investigations [12–15], the superior
thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluid matched to nanofluid has been noticed. Hybrid
nanofluids are generally utilized in emollients, renewable energy, microelectronics, and air
condition [16]. Madhesh and Kalaiselvam [17] analyzed experimentally the properties of
hybrid nanofluid as a mechanism of coolant, while Devi and Devi [18,19] analyzed mathe-
matically the heat transport through a stretching surface involving H2 O-based Cu–Al2 O3
hybrid nanofluid. Afridi et al. [20] examined the three-dimensional flow of a convec-
tional Al2 O3 –H2 O nanofluid and Cu–Al2 O3 –H2 O hybrid nanofluid. Chamkha et al. [21]
inspected the stimulus of hybrid nanomaterials on the thermal features of regular fluids.
The irregular magnetic effect and the scattering of hybrid nanomaterials on the heat transfer
through a circular cavity were considered by Sheikholeslami et al. [22]. Khan et al. [23]
discussed the features of hybrid alloy nanoparticles on a moving needle with activation
energy and binary reaction. Waini et al. [24] analyzed the hybrid nanoliquid flow past
a shrinking/stretched wedge with magnetic impact. Zainal et al. [25] considered the factor
of viscous dissipation (VD) on magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transport, embrac-
ing hybrid nanofluid toward an exponential shrinking/stretched sheet, and found that
the friction factor and the heat transport increased by an accumulation of nanoparticles.
Recently, Khan et al. [26] examined the impact of radiation on mixed convection flow near
a stagnation point towards a yawed cylinder induced by hybrid nanofluid, and presented
the non-similarity solutions.
The progress in different fields of technologies and natural sciences has suggested
the researchers and scientists expand their study to fluid flow containing non-Newtonian
fluids along with the features of well-known heat transport. Several liquids utilized in
sundry processes including the biological, industry, and processes of chemical engineering
do not satisfy the Newtonian law. These fluids are signified as non-Newtonian fluids.
Numerous essential industrial liquids such as pulps, polymers, molten plastics, and fossil
fuel demonstrate the act of a non-Newtonian liquid. Therefore, a noteworthy effort has been
committed to explore the features of these non-Newtonian fluids. In this scenario, several
researchers [27–29] have considered different models to investigate these kinds of fluid flow
dynamics and heat transfer. In general, there exist several kinds of non-Newtonian fluids
including power-law, second grade, third grade, and so on. Particularly, in 1958, Sisko
introduced the power-law model known as the Sisko fluid model [30], which explained low
viscosity at greater shear stress and greater shear stress like greases flow. It is well-known
that the model of Sisko fluid is utilized for non-Newtonian fluid along with power (n < 1)
and (n > 1), which represent shear thinning and shear thickening fluids, respectively. The
shear thinning fluid is also known as pseudo plastic fluid. Shear thinning refers to how
the viscosity of a fluid decreases as the shear rate increases. Paints, oozes, liquid polymers,
synovial fluid, muds, and blood are mechanically important fluids that exhibit shear-
thinning behavior. On the other hand, shear thickening fluid is also known as dilatants
fluid, in which viscosity augments with increases in the shear rate, such as sand, cement,
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 3 of 20

starch suspension, and so on. In addition, the inclusion of Sisko fluid in a nanofluid is of
significance in augmenting the rate of cooling or heating in several industrial processes.
Thus, several researchers have discussed their properties with dissimilar aspects. The
time-dependent Sisko fluid flow owing to an abruptly moving sheet was inspected by
Abelman et al. [31]. Hayat et al. [32] incorporated the flow in a porous medium involving
the model of Sisko fluid. Sari et al. [33] utilized the theory of the Lie group to investigate the
dynamic flow of Sisko liquid near a stagnation point. The influence of viscous dissipation
(VD) on the dynamic flow with heat transport features via a stretching cylinder in a Sisko
liquid was numerically scrutinized by Malik et al. [34]. The unsteady 3D (three dimensional)
magnetohydrodynamic flow involving Sisko fluid by a stretching sheet was highlighted
by Khan et al. [35]. Bisht and Sharma [36] presented the non-similarity type solutions of a
Sisko fluid involving nanofluid with erratic thermal conductivity. Recently, Khan et al. [37]
investigated the zero mass flux condition on magneto-hydrodynamic flow of a Sisko liquid
by a radially shrinking and stretching surface and found multiple solutions. Rafiq and
Mustafa [38] scrutinized the steady revolving flow through a stretched sheet with an erratic
radiation effect induced by Sisko fluid. Recently, Khan et al. [39] inspected the influence of
magnetic field on radiative flow via a curved porous surface with slip impact immersed in
a Sisko fluid.
Recently, scientists and researchers have been interested in easing the coefficient of
skin-friction and improving the cooling or heating rate in advanced technological processes.
Thus, different efforts have been made to decrease drag forces or skin friction for flows
through the tail plane surface, wind turbine rotor, wing, and so on. Nevertheless, by
keeping the boundarylayer from delaying and separating the transition from laminar flow
to turbulent flow, these forces can be eased. This task can be accomplished in a variety of
ways, including the stretching/shrinking surface, using fluid suction/injection, as well as
body forces. Similarly, most scholars have attempted to improve cooling/heating rates
by utilizing various sorts of boundary conditions as well as nanofluid. Therefore, the
present investigation explores the behavior of a Sisko fluid in a magnetohydrodynamic
flow through a porous stretching/shrinking disc subjected to the convective boundary con-
ditions. The achievable non-linear ODEs (ordinary differential equations) are determined
numerically through the bvp4c (boundary value problem of the fourth order) solver. The
considered hybrid nanofluid is the mixture of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles
with ordinary fluid (water). This exploration is validated by comparing the current solution
with the available solution in the literature.

2. Mathematical Formulation of the Model

The steady axisymmetric flow of a Sisko fluid over a permeable radially stretch-
ing/shrinking disc is investigated. The problem is physically described in Figure 1, in
which z and r are the corresponding cylindrical polar coordinates. The radial coordinate
r-axis remains engaged along the surface of the disc and the coordinate z-axis is occupied
normal to the disc direction, while the permeable radially stretching/shrinking disc is kept
in place at the region z = 0, and the motion of the hybrid nanofluid flow occurs at the region
z ≥ 0. The velocity at the disc surface is supposed in terms of power-law, uw (r ) = ar m , in
which a and m are positive constants. The influence of the variable external magnetic field
B = B0 r0.5(m−1) is implemented orthogonal to the disc and the variable mass flux velocity is
assumed as w = ww (r ), with ww (r ) < 0 representing suction and ww (r ) > 0 representing
injection. Moreover, the disc lower or ground surface is heated via convection from a
warm fluid at a temperature Tf that provides a heat transfer coefficient hf . Furthermore, T∞
signifies the free stream liquid temperature as (z → ∞), such that T f > T∞ .
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 4 of 20

Figure 1. The coordinate system and conceptual model of the flow problem.

Following the above assumptions and using the hybrid nanofluid model suggested
by Talebi and Salehi [40], the governing conservation equations of the considered model in
terms of cylindrical polar coordinates (r,z) are [18,37]

∂(ru) ∂(rw)
+ =0 (1)
∂r ∂z

∂u n µhybna f ∂2 u σhybna f B2
 
∂u b ∂ ∂u
u + − +w = − u (2)
∂r ρhybna f ∂z ∂z ∂z ρhybna f ∂z2 ρhybna f

∂T ∂T k hybna f ∂2 T
u +w = (3)
ρc p hybna f ∂z2


∂r ∂z

while therequisite boundary stipulations are

(  
at z = 0 : u = λuw (r ) = ar m λ, w = ww (r ), −k hybna f ∂T = h f T f − T ,
∂z (4)
as z → ∞ : u → 0, T → T∞ .

Here, u and w are components of velocity along the corresponding r and z coordinate
axes and λ is the stretching/shrinking parameter of the disc, with λ > 0 correspond-
ing to the stretching disc, λ < 0 to the shrinking disc, and λ = 0 to the static disc. In
Equation (3), the hybrid nanofluid temperature is denoted by T. Further, in the above gov-
erning equations, the thermophysical characteristics of the hybrid nanofluid are presented
in Table 1.
Here, ρhybna f , k hybna f , µhybna f , and σhybna f are the density, the conductivity, the viscosity,
and the electrical conductivity of the Sisko hybrid nanofluid, respectively, and k b f , ρb f , µb f ,
and σb f are the respective quantities of the carrier-based fluid. Furthermore, cp signifies
the corresponding specific heat capacity, while the subscripts bf, Ag, and TiO2 indicate the
amounts of the regular-based fluid and the silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles
(TiO2 ). The thermophysical characteristics of the regular or host fluid and the corresponding
two dissimilar nanoparticles (Ag and TiO2 ) are tabulated in Table 2.
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 5 of 20

Table 1. The thermophysical characteristics of the hybrid nanofluid [40].

Properties Cu-Al2 O3 /H2 O

µhybna f 1
Dynamic viscosity µb f = 2.5
(1−φAg −φTiO2 )
  ρ   
ρhybna f ρ Ag
Density ρb f = φ Ag ρb f + φTiO2 ρTiO
bf
2
+ 1 − φ Ag − φ TiO2

Thermal (ρc p )hybna f (ρc p ) Ag (ρc p )TiO2

     
capacity = φ Ag + φTiO2 + 1 − φ Ag − φTiO2
(ρc p )b f (ρc p )b f (ρc p )b f
  φ k +φ k  
Ag Ag TiO2 TiO2
φ Ag +φTiO +2k b f +2(φ Ag k Ag +φTiO2 k TiO2 )−2(φ Ag +φTiO2 )k b f
k hybna f
Thermal conductivity kb f =
  2
φ Ag k Ag +φTiO k TiO
 
φ Ag +φTiO
2 2 +2k b f −(φ Ag k Ag +φTiO2 k TiO2 )+(φ Ag +φTiO2 )k b f
2
  φ σ +φ σ    
Ag Ag TiO2 TiO2
φ + φ + 2σb f + 2 φ Ag σ Ag + φ TiO 2
σTiO 2
  Ag TiO2  
 −2 φ
TiO2 + φ Ag σb f

σhybna f
Electrical conductivity
 
σb f =  
φ Ag σAg +φTiO2 σTiO2
   
+ 2σ − +
 
b f φ Ag σAg φ TiO σTiO
 φAg +φTiO2  2 2
 
 
+ φ Ag + φTiO2 σb f

Table 2. The key physical characteristics of (Ag-TiO2 /water) hybrid nanofluid [41].

Physical Characteristics Water TiO2 Ag

k (W/mK) 0.613 8.9528 429
cp (J/kgK) 4179 686.2 235
σ (Ω/m−1 ) 0.05 2.6 × 106 62.1 × 106
ρ (kg/m3 ) 997.1 4250 10,500
Pr 6.2 - -

The ability to measure the behavior of nanofluid flow and efficiency of heat transfer de-
pends on the preparation of compatible regular fluids or hybrid nanofluids. Suresh et al. [41]
experimentally examined the features of hybrid Cu–Al2 O3 nanofluids for dissimilar vol-
ume concentration. The prepared pH of hybrid Cu–Al2 O3 nanofluids was utilized to assess
their stability, and it was observed that the stability of hybrid nanofluids was decreased as
volume concentration was uplifted. In addition, their exploration has proved that the uti-
lization of water-based hybrid Cu–Al2 O3 nanofluids can enhance the efficiency of thermal
conductivity and fluid flow reliability.
Following Khan et al. [37], we incorporated the corresponding dimensionless variables

z 1 −1  
η = Rebn+1 , ψ(r, z) = uw (r )r2 Rebn+1 f (η ), T − T∞ = θ (η ) T f − T , (5)
r
where ψ resembles the stream function and is demarcated as

∂ψ ∂ψ
ru = and rw = − , (6)
∂z ∂r
from which one gets

m(2n − 1) + n + 2 2m − nm − 1
    
−1
0
u = uw f (η ), w = −uw Reb n +1 f+ ηf0 (7)
n+1 n+1
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 6 of 20

ρb f u2w−n r n uw r
where Reb = b and Rer = vb f represent the local Reynolds numbers. From
Equation (7), the mass transfer velocity may be written as

m(2n − 1) + n + 2
 
−1
ww (r ) = −uw Reb n + 1 S, (8)
n+1

where prime designates the derivative regarding the similarity variable η and S signifies
the uniform mass-flux velocity, with S < 0 and S > 0 for injection and suction, respectively.
Applying the self-similarity transformation (5) in the leading governing Equations (2)
and (3), the requisite PDEs ease to the following dimensionless form of ODEs:
" #
µhybna f /µb f n(− f 00 )n−1 000 m(2n − 1) + n + 2 σhybna f /σb f
 
2
Ba + f + f f 00 − m f 0 − M f 0 = 0, (9)
ρhybna f /ρb f ρhybna f /ρb f n+1 ρhybna f /ρb f

k hybna f /k b f m(2n − 1) + n + 2
 


θ 00 + f θ 0 = 0, (10)
Pr ρc p hybna f / ρc p b f n+1

where the subject boundary stipulations are

At η = 0 : f 0 (η ) = λ, f (η ) = S, −θ 0(η ) = Bi (1 − θ (η )).

(11)
As η → ∞ : f 0 (η ) → 0, θ (η ) → 0.

In Equation (11), Bi is the Biot number, which is defined as

!
hf −1
Bi = rReb n+1 . (12)
kb f

Further, for the similarity solution to exist, the quantity Bi in Equation (12) must
be a constant and not a function of variable r; see also Ishak [42], Yacob et al. [43], and
Bachok et al. [44]. This can be achieved by taking

kf0
 
1
hf = Reb n+1 . (13)
r

Substituting Equation (13) into Equation (12) yields

kf0
Bi = . (14)
kb f

Without this assumption, the solutions obtained are non-similar. Further, in

−2 2
Equations (9) and (10), Pr = ar m+1 Reb n+1 /αb f indicates the Prandtl number, Ba = Rebn+1 /Reb
the Sisko material parameter, and M = σb f B02 /aρb f the magnetic parameter.
The gradients or engineering interest quantities are the shear stress Cf and heat
transport, which are defined as

 
∂u n  −k hybna f r
   
2 ∂u ∂T 
Cf = µ −b − , Nur = (15)
ρb f u2w hybna f ∂z
  
∂z  k b f T f − T∞ ∂z 
z =0
z =0

By means of Equations (6) and (15), we obtain

1
1 n +1 µhybna f n
2 Reb C f = µb f Ba f (0) − [− f (0)]
00 00

− 1 k
(16)
f 0
Reb n+1 Nur = − hybna
k b f θ (0).
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 7 of 20

3. Numerical Solution Approach

The transformed Equations (9) and (10) with the appropriate boundary stipulations (11)
are resolved numerically by the bvp4c package available in MATLAB software. Firstly,
Equations (9) and (10) are need to be altered in a new system of first order equations. To
work this process, we introduce new variables

f = Za , f 0 = Zb , f 00 = Zc , θ = Zd , θ 0 = Ze (17)

which then yields

 
Zb

 σ Zc 

hybna f /σb f
n o
m(2n−1)+n+2
 ρhybna f /ρb f MZb +mZb Zb − Z a Zc
   
Za  n +1 

 
 Zb   µ /µ
hybna f b f n(−Zc ) n − 1 
d    ρhybna f /ρb f Ba + ρhybna f /ρb f 
 Zc =  (18)
dη    
 Zd   
 Ze 
Ze  
 (ρc p )hybna f /(ρc p )b f n m(2n−1)+n+2 o 
 − Pr Z a Ze
 
k hybna f /k b f n +1 

subject to boundary stipulations

   
Z a (0) S
 Zb (0 )   λ 
Zb ( ∞ )
   
 = 0  (19)
   
 Ze (0 )   − Bi (1 − Zd (0)) 
Ze ( ∞ ) 0

The set of Equation (18) with the subject conditions (19) is then coded in MATLAB
software. The built-in MATLAB bvp4c helps to solve two-point boundary value problems
(BVPs) with a high degree of generality. The numerical technique necessitates the use of
various types of partial derivatives. The default in bvp4c is to estimate these derivatives
with finite differences to make solving BVPs as simple as possible. If analytical derivatives
are provided, the solver becomes more robust and efficient. This problem may possess more
than one solution (dual solutions), so distinct initial predictions are needed to accomplish
the boundary condition (19). The first guess is of the outcome of the upper branch solution,
which is comparatively easy to find, while for the lower branch solution, the appropriate
guess selection is quite complex and hard to find owing to the convergence issues. To
overcome this problem, firstly, we start with the known value for certain physical parameter
constraints for which the outcome is simpler to obtain. At that point, we use this value
to estimate the second guess of the same parameters. This technique is exercised for
solving the boundary value problems [45] and is called the continuation method. For
our simulations, the range of numerical integration is considered as ηmax = 6, which is
good enough for dimensionless velocity and dimensionless temperature fields to fulfill
the infinity subject conditions (19) asymptotically. The mesh size is fixed as ∆η = 0.001.
The manner of finding the results is iteratively recurring until satisfactory outcomes with
a certain degree of accuracy (i.e., up to 10−6 ) are achieved, which satisfy the criterion of
asymptotical convergence.
To certify the exactness, dependency, and precision of the current numerical results
obtained, an assessment of the friction factor and heat transfer is done with the results of
Khan et al. [46], without the effect of nanoparticles’ volume fractions and mass suction
parameter. Tables 3 and 4 present the comparisons, which prove a good harmony, which
provide confidence in the other results for other parameters. Moreover, Table 5 displays
the analysis of the grid independence test by considering different mesh-points. From
this table, it is observed that the results are in an excellent harmony. Tables 6 and 7 are
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 8 of 20

prepared to show the impact of involving various constraints when n= 0.8 and m = 5.0, on
shear stress and heat transfer rate, respectively. The outcomes of Table 6 indicate that the
shear stress in the upper branch solution increases with larger values of φ1 , φ2 , S, M, and λ,
while it decreases with higher values of the parameter Ba . On the other hand, the shear
stress increases with larger values of the parameter φ1 , φ2 and λ, where declines for the
improving value of S, M, and Ba . The results suggest that the values of the heat transfer
rate decrease in the solution of the upper branch and increase in the lower branch owing to
the augmenting values of Ba . Meanwhile, the heat transfer is significantly higher in both
solution branches for the increasing values of φ1 , φ2 , S, and Bi while it remains constant
with the larger M.
1
Table 3. Comparison of the shear stress (1/2)Rebn+1 C f (upper branch) for distinct values of M and
Ba , while the remaining constraints are S = 0, φ1 = φ2 = 0, and λ = 1.

m = 1.0, n = 0.0 m = 3.0, n = 1.0

M Ba
Khan et al. [46] Current Result Khan et al. [46] Current Result
0.0 1.00000000 1.00000000 2.0000000 2.0000000
0.5 2.0000000 2.0000000 2.4494890 2.44948615
1.0 1.0 2.4142130 2.41421363 2.8284270 2.82842746
1.5 2.7320500 2.73205404 3.1622770 3.16228147
2.0 3.0000000 3.00000652 3.4641010 3.46411838
0.0 1.0000000 1.00000004 2.6457510 2.64575159
0.5 2.5811380 2.58113893 3.2403700 3.24037056
2.0 1.0 3.2360670 3.23606792 3.7416570 3.74165715
1.5 3.7386120 3.73853913 4.1833000 4.18330004
2.0 4.1622770 4.16228195 4.5825750 4.58257575
  1
Table 4. Comparison of the heat transfer Nur Re− b
1 n +1
(upper branch) for distinct values of Pr and
Bi , while the rest of the parameters are φ1 = 0 and φ2 = 0.

n = 0.0, m = 1.0 n = 1.0, m = 3.0

Pr Bi
Khan et al. [46] Current Result Khan et al. [46] Current Result
0.1 0.083367 0.08342479 0.091490 0.09149092
0.2 0.142959 0.14312625 0.168632 0.16863275
1.0
0.5 0.250312 0.25082570 0.341291 0.34129153
1.0 0.333888 0.33480300 0.518121 0.51812226
0.1 0.089166 0.08916644 0.094278 0.09427889
0.2 0.160900 0.16090154 0.178353 0.17835396
2.0
0.5 0.311041 0.31104384 0.383607 0.38360797
1.0 0.451465 0.45147118 0.622343 0.62234414
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 9 of 20

Table 5. Analysis of grid sensitivity with φ1 = 0 and φ2 = 0.

η
Function Solution h
1 2 3 4 5 6
0.005 −0.0525 −0.0053 −0.0009 −0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
First
f 0 (η ) 0.01 −0.0532 −0.0067 −0.0011 −0.0003 0.0000 0.0000
solution
0.015 −0.0545 −0.0075 −0.0017 −0.0005 0.0000 0.0000
0.005 −0.8732 −0.3574 −0.1296 −0.0407 −0.0150 0.0000
Second
f 0 (η ) 0.01 −0.8625 −0.3563 −0.1285 −0.0405 −0.0145 0.0000
solution
0.015 −0.8617 −0.3558 −0.1278 −0.0403 −0.0135 0.0000
0.005 0.0030 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
First
θ (η ) 0.01 0.0032 0.0022 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
solution
0.015 0.0035 0.0025 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.005 0.0050 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Second
θ (η ) 0.01 0.0047 0.0055 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
solution
0.015 0.0042 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1
Table 6. The numerical values of the skin friction coefficient (1/2)Rebn+1 C f for several values of the
involved parameters when n = 0.8 and m = 5.0.
1 1
(1/2)Rebn+1 Cf (1/2)Rebn+1 Cf
φ1 ,φ2 Ba S M λ
Upper Branch Solution Lower Branch Solution
0.025 2.0 3.0 0.1 −1.0 11.2283 −7.2465
0.030 11.8255 −8.1324
0.035 12.4213 −9.0391
2.0 11.2283 −7.2465
3.0 10.6315 −3.1464
4.0 9.9028 −0.8694
3.0 11.2283 −7.2465
3.2 12.1835 −10.3493
3.5 13.5843 −16.1502
0.1 11.2283 −7.2465
0.15 11.2461 −7.3308
0.2 11.2639 −7.4142
−1.0 11.2283 −7.2465
−1.2 13.1091 −5.3801
−1.4 14.8395 −3.5963
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 10 of 20

  1
Table 7. The numerical values of the heat transfer rate Nur Re−
b
1 n +1
for several values of the
involved parameters when n = 0.8 and m = 5.0.
  1   1
Nur Reb−1 Nur Reb−1
n+1 n+1

φ1 ,φ2 Ba S M Bi
Upper Branch Solution Lower Branch Solution
0.025 2.0 3.0 0.1 0.1 0.1140882 0.11408803
0.030 0.11710991 0.11710971
0.035 0.12019031 0.12019007
2.0 0.1140882 0.11408803
3.0 0.11408816 0.11408807
4.0 0.11408814 0.11408809
3.0 0.1140882 0.11408803
3.2 0.11410226 0.1141021
3.5 0.1141203 0.11412015
0.1 0.1140882 0.11408803
0.15 0.1140882 0.11408803
0.2 0.1140882 0.11408803
0.1 0.1140882 0.11408803
0.5 0.56602656 0.5660224
0.9 1.0110239 1.0110106

4. Results and Discussion

This portion of work is devoted to arguing the physical impacts of the involved con-
straints on the dynamic flow and heat transfer characteristics. The numerical computations
are done to observe the impact of the involved parameters such as material Ba , magnetic M,
suction/injection S, stretching/shrinking λ, volume fractions of nanoparticles φ1 and φ2 , as
well as the Biot number Bi on the hybrid nanofluid velocity and temperature distributions,
which are illustrated graphically. Besides, the approximate numerical simulations are
performed throughout the paper for the involved physical parameters; these parameters
were taken following Khan et al. [37] to have fixed values as follows: Ba = 2, S = 3,
λ = −1, M = 0.1, Bi = 0.1, m = 5, φ1 = 0.035, and φ2 = 0.03. In the current investigation,
the flow dynamics of the friction factor, heat transfer, dimensionless velocity profile, and
dimensionless temperature profile are graphically interpreted for the case of the shear
thinning, n = 0.8, throughout the paper.
Figure 2 portrays the variations in parameters like the power-law index, n, for the
three different values of occurrence (shear thinning, Newtonian, and shear thickening), and
the importance of rheology on the velocity profile against the similarity variable η while
keeping the remaining constraints fixed. From this figure, the outcomes show that the
corresponding upper branch solutions increase with increasing n, while the lower branch
solutions decrease. Moreover, to observe the physical behavior of the phenomenon of shear
thinning of Sisko (Ag-TiO2 /water) hybrid nanomaterials’ flow, the skin friction coefficient
and the Nusselt number are highlighted graphically in Figures 3–13 for different values of
the physical controlling parameters.
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 11 of 20

Figure 2. Profile of velocity f 0 (η ) for different values of power-law index n.

Figure 3. (a,b) Impact of material parameter Ba versus suction parameter S.

Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 12 of 20

Figure 4. (a,b) Impact of magnetic parameter M versus suction parameter S.

4.1. Deviations in Shear Stress and Local Nusselt Number

1 − 1
The variations in Ba on the shear stress (1/2)Rebn+1 C f and local heat transfer Reb n+1 Nur
are illustrated in Figure 3a,b. The outcomes display that multiple solutions exist for a fixed
set of parameters provided that the mass flux velocity parameter is higher than or equal
to a critical value Sc , that is, S ≥ Sc . From this situation, it is also perceived from the
upper branch solution that the shear stress and Nusselt number are found to diminish for
lower values of S and higher values of Ba . However, there is a negligible effect of Ba on the
Nusselt number. For Ba = 2, 3, and 4, the critical values of mass flux velocity parameter S are
1.82423, 2.12142, and 2.37890, respectively. The domain of the existence of dual solutions
becomes wider for smaller Ba . In other words, the boundary layer separation expedites for
higher Ba .
To further investigate the flow dynamics and heat transport, the variations of the skin
1 − 1
friction coefficient (1/2)Rebn+1 C f and Nusselt number Reb n+1 Nur owing to the change in
the magnetic parameter M versus the mass suction parameter are shown in Figure 4a,b.
Owing to the increase in M, the shear stress is higher in the upper branch solutions; however,
the critical mass flux velocity parameter decreases. This indicates that the boundary layer
approximation is valid over a wide region for developed values of M. The reason is the
reduction of flow velocity by the larger impact of the magnetic field. As the magnetic
field does not directly influence the thermal field, the heat transfer rate only show a slight
change, as shown in Figure 4a,b for both upper and lower branch solutions.
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 13 of 20

Figure 5. (a,b) Impact of volume fractions of nanoparticles versus suction parameter S.

Figure 6. Impact of suction parameter S on shear stress versus stretching/shrinking parameter λ.

Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 14 of 20

Figure 7. (a–c) The heat transfer for different values of suction parameter S against stretching/shrinking parameter λ.

Figure 8. Profile of velocity f 0 (η ) for different values of material parameter Ba .

Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 15 of 20

Figure 9. Profile of velocity f 0 (η ) for different values of magnetic parameter M.

Figure 10. Profile of velocity f 0 (η ) for different values of suction parameter S.

Figure 11. Profile of velocity f 0 (η ) for different nanoparticle volume fraction φ1 and φ2 .
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 16 of 20

Figure 12. Profile of temperature distribution θ (η ) for different Biot number Bi .

Figure 13. Profile of temperature distribution θ (η ) for different nanoparticle volume fraction
φ1 and φ2 .
1
Moreover, the impacts of the volume fractions of nanoparticles on (1/2)Rebn+1 C f and
− 1
Reb n+1 Nur are demonstrated in Figure 5a,b. When the volumetric fractions of nanoparti-
cles are increased, the shear stress increases in the absolute sense for both upper and lower
branch solutions, which consequently increase the Nusselt number. For growing selections
of the solid nanoparticles’ volumetric fractions, dual solutions exist in a wider domain.
This observation shows that the capacity of the temperature and thermal heat conductivity
of the hybrid nanofluid are considerably affected by the volume fractions of nanoparticles.
Finally, the effects of the mass flux velocity parameter on shear stress and local heat
transfer for the flow over a shrinking disc are demonstrated in Figures 6 and 7a–c. Owing
to the increase in the magnitude of the shrinking parameter, the Nusselt number increases
monotonically for both upper and lower branch solutions, as shown in Figure 7a–c. It is
also seen that, for a larger value of the mass flux velocity, the critical shrinking parameter
λc decreases. In other words, the domain of the existence of multiple solutions widens with
the increase in S. This is because the higher value of mass flux velocity reduces the flow
separation from the surface of the disc.

4.2. Deviations in Velocity Field and Temperature Distribution Field

For the change in the material parameter of the Sisko hybrid nanofluid, Ba on dimen-
sionless velocity profiles of the hybrid nanofluid is shown in Figure 8. The results indicate
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 17 of 20

that the velocity of the upper branch solutions decreases with the increasing material
parameter Ba , while the opposite behavior is initially noticed for the lower branch solutions
and then, significantly, terminating behavior begins in the same path of the solutions. In
this regard, the momentum boundary layer declines owing to the increase in Ba . Such
characteristics can physically be interpreted from the fact that the viscous force increases
with the augmentation of the material parameter and, consequently, the flow velocity is
slowed down.
The velocity profile for different values of M is displayed in Figure 9. A small increase
in the velocity is observed for the larger value of M, in the corresponding upper branch
results, while the reverse behavior is perceived for the lower branch solutions. For this
reason, the momentum boundary layer decreases for higher values of M.
The consequence of the mass flux velocity parameter on the velocity profile is depicted
in Figure 10. With the increase in S, the velocity of the hybrid nanofluid is found to increase
in the outcome of the upper branch, but decrease in the branch of lower outcomes. Thus, the
momentum boundary layer decreases for the increasing value of S. From a general point of
view, the reason is that the mass flux through the surface exerts a force on the neighboring
fluid particles to slow down, thereby diminishing the momentum boundary layer.
The deviation in the velocity profile for the volume fractions of nanoparticles is shown
in Figure 11. The fluid velocity increases in the upper branch solutions the increasing vol-
ume fractions of nanoparticles, while the same behavioral trend as in Figure 10 is detected
in the corresponding lower branch solutions. This is why the momentum boundary layer
shrinks for larger values of the nanoparticles’ volume fractions.
The dimensionless profile of temperature for various values of the Biot number is
exhibited in Figure 12. For bigger values of Bi , the surface temperature of the disc increases
and dissipates slowly over the surface. Consequently, the thermal boundary layer of the
disc becomes thicker with the increasing Bi . In addition, the allied thermal boundary layer
thickness is enriched. Generally, the rate of heat transport augments owing to the convective
heat transfer from the bottom surface. In response, the distribution of temperature profile
increases, which further conducts heat from the disc to the new type “hybrid nanofluid”.
Thus, the temperature distribution increases for superior values of Bi .
With the change in the volume fractions of nanoparticles, the temperature profile is
graphically shown in Figure 13. It is clear from the figure that the inclusion of nanoparticles
enhances the surface temperature, and then it gradually decreases to the environment
temperature. In this sense, the thickness of the thermal boundary layer rises owing to the
increasing values of the nanoparticles’ volume fractions.

5. Main Findings
In the current study, an effort was made to investigate the dynamics of flow as
well as the heat transport features of the magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer of a
hybrid nanofluid through a radially stretching/shrinking disc with a convective boundary
restriction. The main findings are as follows:
• The magnitude of the velocity gradient can be reduced by increasing the external
magnetic intensity. This behavior happens as a result of an enhancement in the
Lorentz force.
• The velocity gradient increases for the outcome of the upper branch, but decreases
for the lower solution counterpart owing to the substantial influence of the volume
fractions of nanoparticles, whereas the temperature distributions significantly increase.
• An increase in Biot number at the wall surface of the disc leads to a rise in the
temperature distributions of the boundary layer.
• The magnitude of the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number increase
with the growth in the suction strength at the boundary.
• The influence of the volume fraction of nanoparticles indicates an increasing behavior
of the magnitude of the skin friction coefficient, which consequently increases the heat
transport rate at the surface.
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 18 of 20

We believe that the obtained results are of great potential benefit for investigating hy-
brid nanofluid with heat transfer via different soft surfaces like soft synthetic rubber sheet,
synthetic plastics, and soft silicone sheet, because such kinds of surfaces can simply be dis-
torted by thermal fluctuations. In addition, the present work can be further extended either
by considering time-dependent flow or by considering the impact of entropy generation.

Author Contributions: Data curation, F.S.A.-M.; Formal analysis, F.S.A.-M.; Funding acquisition,
H.M.A.; Investigation, U.K.; Methodology, U.K., A.I. and F.S.A.-M.; Resources, S.A.B. and H.A.;
Software, A.Z. and F.S.A.-M.; Supervision, A.Z., F.S.A.-M. and A.I.; Validation, H.A.; Visualization,
H.M.A.; Writing—original draft, A.Z. and U.K.; Writing—review & editing, A.I., F.S.A.-M., S.A.B.,
H.A. and H.M.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was supported by TAIF UNIVERSITY RESEARCHERS SUPPORTING,
Project number (TURSP-2020/304), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia and also, the first author
acknowledged their appreciation to the work supported by the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(Project Code: DIP-2020-001).
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Nomenclature

T∞ Ambient temperature (K)

a Arbitrary constant
(r, z) Cylindrical polar coordinates (m)
S Constant mass flux parameter
f (η ) Dimensionless velocity component
T Fluid temperature (K)
hf Heat transfer coefficient
Nur Local Nusselt number
Rer , Reb Local Reynolds numbers
B0 Magnetic field strength (A/m)
b Material constant
ww (r) Mass transfer velocity (m/s)
M Magnetic parameter
Ba Material parameter of the Sisko hybrid nanofluid
n Non-Newtonian power law index
m Non-linear parameter
Pr Prandtl number
CF Skin friction coefficient
cp Specific heat (J/kg K)
Tf Temperature of hot fluid (K)
(u, w) Velocity components in r and z directions (m/s)
B (r) Variable magnetic field
uw (r) Velocity of disc (m/s)
Greek Symbols
ρ Density (kg/m3 )
µ Dynamic viscosity (kg/ms)
θ (η ) Dimensionless temperature
σ
Electrical conductivity (S/m)
ρc p Heat capacity (J/Km3 )
νb f Kinematic viscosity (m2 /s)
λ Stretching/Shrinking parameter of the disc
ψ Stream function
Coatings 2021, 11, 1242 19 of 20

η Similarity variable
k Thermal conductivity (W/mK)
αhybna f Thermal diffusivity of hybrid nanofluid (m2 /s)
φ Volume fraction of nanoparticles
Subscripts
bf Base fluid
∞ Free-stream condition
hybnaf Hybrid nanofluid
naf Nanofluid
Ag Silver nanoparticles
TiO2 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
w Wall boundary condition
Superscripts
0 Derivative with respect to η

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