VIVA

Convection is the transfer of heat due to the bulk movement of molecules within fluids (gases and
liquids), including molten rock (rheid).

The key difference between natural and forced convection is that in natural

convection, the motion of the fluid is influenced by natural means whereas, in
forced convection, the motion of fluids is influenced by external means. The
difference between natural and forced convection related to heat transfer is that
there are no external factors affecting the heat transfer in natural convection while
external factors can cause heat transfer in forced convection.

What is Natural Convection?

Natural convection is a method of heat transfer in which natural means influence
the motion of the fluid. There is no influence from external facts. This movement of
molecules in the fluid is due to the differences between densities of different
regions of the same fluid. The density of a fluid decreases when it heats and vice
versa. That is because of the thermal expansion of the fluid (the speed of molecules
increase with the temperature increase, which results in the increase of the volume
of the fluid. Although the volume increases, the mass remains constant. Therefore
the density decreases).

When we heat a fluid in a container from its bottom, the density of the bottom layer
of the fluid decreases. Then the lower density region tends to move to the top of the
container. Then the cooler fluid at the top of the container replaces the bottom
region. This continues, as a result, convection occurs.

What is Forced Convection?

Forced convection is a method of heat transfer in which external means influence
the motion of the fluid. There, external sources such as pumping, fans, suction
devices, etc. are useful in generating the fluid motion. This method is very valuable
because it can efficiently transfer heat from a heated object. Some common
examples of this mechanism include air conditioning, steam turbines, etc.

When considering the mechanism of forced convection, it is has a complicated

mechanism than the natural way. That is because, in this method, we have to
regulate two factors; fluid motion and heat conduction. These two factors have a
strong connection since the fluid motion can enhance the heat transfer. Ex: higher
the rate of motion of the fluid, higher the heat transfers.
 NuSSELT No= convective heat transer/ conductive heat transfer

Nu=1 pure conduction Fluid stationary

Ratio of conduction resistance offered by fluid if it were stable to convection resistance offrened

Reynolds nu,ber – info about flow if it’s laminar or turbulent if the Reynolds number is less
than 2000, the flow is laminar. The accepted transition Reynolds number for flow in a circular pipe is
Red,crit = 2300. Turbulent flow. If the Reynolds number is greater than 3500, the flow is turbulent.

he Grashof number (Gr) is a dimensionless number in fluid dynamics

and heat transfer which approximates the ratio of the buoyancy to viscous
force acting on a fluid.
Grashof number is a dimensionless number similar to Reynolds number. While Reynolds
number is the ratio between inerial forces to viscous forces thus making Reynolds
number useful for predicting the nature of the flow ( Laminar, Turbulent or transition)
thus making some approximations valid by knowing nature of the flow.

The same goes for Grashof's number, however, it is defined as the ratio between the
buoyancy forces and viscous forces in fluids. Why this is important? Because the
buoyancy forces is what drives natural convection as the hot fluid goes up and the cold
goes down, and the viscous force is what tries to stop it. By calculating the ratio you can
predict if the natural convection is dominant or the forced conviction and then you can
use simpler approches to calculate the heat transfer.

What is fin

Extended surfaces or fins are used to increase the heat transfer rate from a surface to a fluid
wherever it is not possible to increase the value of the surface heat transfer coefficient or the
temperature difference between the surface and the fluid.

How to increase heat tranfer

The objective of enhancement is to increase the heat transfer film coefficient, supply the
exchanger with secondary heat transfer surface area, and abate the fouling tendency.

Basic modes of heat transfer-

Conduction convection radiation

Fin efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual heat flow of the fin to
that which would be obtained with a fin of constant temperature
uniformly equal to the base surface temperature, that is, one with
infinite thermal conductivity.
Effectiveness of fin (εfin):
It is defined as the ratio of the actual heat transfer that takes place from the fin to the heat that
would be dissipated from the same surface area without fin.
for a finned surface as the ratio of the total heat transfer from the finned surface to the heat transfer from the
same surface if there were no fins

Which modes of HT can be enhanced by increasing surface area?

Conduction convection radiation all

What is an orifice plate and an orifice meter?

An orifice meter is a conduit and a restriction to create a pressure drop.

An hour glass is a form of orifice. A nozzle, venturi or thin sharp edged
orifice can be used as the flow restriction. The decrease in pressure as the
fluid passes thru the orifice is a result of the increased velocity of the gas
passing thru the reduced area of the orifice.

Manometric Head (m)

The manometric head Hm is calculated using

ρm
H m =R
( ρair
−1
)
where R denotes the manometer reading and ρm is the density of the manometric fluid.

CALCULATIONS FOR FORCED CONVECTION

The mass flowrate of air ṁ air to the test section is calculated from

ṁair =ρair A o V o

where Vo is the air velocity in m/s through the orifice. The same is evaluated using

2 gH m
V o =C

√()
1−
do
di
4
where do and di denote the orifice diameter and internal diameter of the delivery pipe respectively

The test section velocity Vt is computed using

2
do T m,f
V t =V o
( )( )
dh To

Manometer head is used for calculation in velocity in forced convection

Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of cooling of an object is

proportional to the temperature difference between the object and its
surrounding.
he statement of Newton's law used in the heat transfer literature puts into mathematics the idea
that the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the difference in temperatures between the
body and its surroundings. For a temperature-independent heat transfer coefficient, the
statement is:

Continuity eq bernouli are governing equation corrections derived from these equations
T6 temo of air around the pin fin

Free nu pr gr

Re nu pr for forced majot aspects- v0 and vt

Plot wrt to length and not time y- temp x- length