Cell structure

Eukaryotic Cell

Contain 3 basic cell structures:

1. Cell Membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm with organelles
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The plasma membrane allows a cell to maintain homeostasis

• Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins

• Surrounds outside of all cells
• Has specific systems (proteinaceous complexes) for transporting ions and
other solutes into or out of the cell.
• Living layer. It has systems for signaling between the interior of the cell and the
external environment

In contrast to hydrophobic
molecules and water
molecules, ions cannot
rapidly traverse the lipid
bilayer itself.
Plasma Membrane structure

• Heads contain glycerol & phosphate and are

hydrophilic (attract water)
• Tails are made of fatty acids and are
hydrophobic (repel water)
• Make up a bilayer where tails point inward
toward each other
• Can move laterally to allow small molecules (O2,
CO2, & H2O to enter)
Outside
of cell Carbohydrate
Proteins chains
Cell
membrane
Inside Protein
of cell Lipid bilayer
channel
(cytoplasm)
The plasma membrane allows a cell to maintain homeostasis

Protein complexes embedded in a membrane provide aqueous channels (pores)

for the transport of ions and small molecules from one side of the membrane to
the other. (Structures created from RCSB Protein Data Bank.)
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Cell membrane of plant

Cell membrane
• Lies immediately against the cell wall in

plant cells

• Pushes out against the cell wall to

maintain cell shape

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Cell membrane Proteins

• Proteins help move large molecules or aid

in cell recognition
• Peripheral proteins are attached on the
surface (inner or outer)
• Integral proteins are embedded
completely through the membrane
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Cell wall
Cell wall

• Found outside of the cell membrane

• Nonliving layer

• Important functions in a cell including protection,

structure, and support

• Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria

Plant: polysaccharides

Fungi: chitin

Bacteria: Peptidoglycan

Archaea: glycoprotein,S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan,

or polysaccharides
The tail of a phospholipid is..

A. Made of carbohydrates
B. Made of proteins
C. Made of nucleic acids
D. Hydrophilic
E. None of the above

This process releases energy stored in sugar.

A. Cellular respiration
B. Photosynthesis
C. Active transport
D. Diffusion
A cell membrane is said to be a bilayer. What forms the two layers?
A. Proteins and carbohydrates with electron affinities.
B. Aquaporins and proteins with opposite charges.
C. Phospholipid molecules that self-arrange tail-to-tail.
D. Phospholipid molecules that self-arrange head-to-head.
The nucleus contains the genetic material

1. The nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell and is bounded by an envelope
consisting of a double membrane.
2. Genetic material is concentrated in one part of the nucleus.
3. Nuclear pores provide the means for transport across the envelope for large
molecules to enter or leave the nucleus.

The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, which consists of an inner

membrane and an outer membrane. The membranes are separated by a lumen
that is contiguous with the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Inside the Nucleus

The genetic material (DNA) is found

DNA is spread out and appears as DNA is condensed & wrapped around
chromatin in non-dividing cells proteins forming as chromosomes
in dividing cells
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What dose DNA do?

DNA is the hereditary material

of the cell

Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different

proteins
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Nucleolus

• Inside nucleus
• Disappears when cell divides
• The site of ribosomes biogenesis
Ribosomes

Made of proteins and rRNA

“Protein factories” for cell
Join amino acids to make proteins through protein synthesis

They are floating in the cytosol (make proteins that will be used inside) or
on ER (will be used inside and export)
Ribosomes

They are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

In eukaryotes: the 60-S (large) and 40-S (small) subunits

In Prokaryotes: 50-S and 30-S subunits

Application of the differences in ribosome structure?

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Cytoskeleton

• Present in the cytoplasm of all cells,

including bacteria, and archaea
• Helps cell maintain cell shape
• intracellular transport (the movement
of vesicles and organelles within the cell)
• Made of proteins
• Microfilaments are threadlike and made
of actin
• Microtubules are tubelike & made of
tubullin
Cytoskeleton

Parkinson's disease is marked by the degradation of neurons, resulting in

tremors, rigidity, and other non-motor symptoms. Research has shown that
microtubule assembly and stability in the cytoskeleton is compromised
causing the neurons to degrade over time

In Alzheimer's disease, tau

proteins which stabilize
microtubules malfunction in the
progression of the illness causing
pathology of the cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of hollow membrane tubules

Connects to nuclear envelope and cell membrane
Functions in Synthesis of cell products and Transport

Two kinds of ER ---rough and Smooth

Rough (ER)

Has ribosomes on its surface

Makes membrane proteins and proteins for
export out of cell

Proteins are made by ribosomes

on ER surface. They are then
threaded into the interior of the
Rough ER to be modified and
transported
Smooth (ER)

Makes membrane lipids (steroids)

Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
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Golgi Body

• Stacks of flattened sacs

• Have a shipping side (cis face) and a CIS
receiving side (trans face)
• Receive proteins made by ER
• Transport vesicles with modified
proteins pinch off the ends

TRANS

Transport
vesicle
Transport of proteins between membrane-bounded compartments occur when
vesicles containing the proteins bud from one compartment and subsequently
fuse with another compartment
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Lysosome

• Contain digestive enzymes

• Break down food, bacteria, and worn out
cell parts for cells
• Programmed for cell death (apoptosis)
• Lyse and release enzymes to break down
and recycle cell parts)

What creates a lysosome?

Little Enzyme Packages

Peroxisome -Another Enzyme Package

• Small vesicles found around the cell

•Single membrane that contains digestive enzymes (enzymes that require oxygen
(oxidative enzymes))

Peroxisome Vs Lysomes ???

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Cilia and flagella

• Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or

in small particles across the cell surface

Cilia are shorter and more numerous on

cells
Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3)
on cells

Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles

from the Lungs
Mitochondria are energy factories

Key concept
All living cells have a means of converting energy supplied by the environment into
the common intermediate of ATP

 Structure: folded membrane

within an outer membrane – The
folds of the inner membrane are
called cristae. The fluid contained
in the mitochondria is called
the matrix
Mitochondria are energy factories

Function: -converts energy stored in food into usable energy for work –
cellular respiration/ (burning glucose)/ power house of the cell/
(Generate cellular energy (ATP))
How many mitochondria do cells have?

Mitochondria multiply when a the energy needs of a cell increase

Some cells have several thousand mitochondria while others have none.
(More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria)

Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria

Is the Mitochondria genome still functional?

Mitochondria are special because they have their own ribosomes and DNA
floating in the matrix

Mitochondrial genes that have been conserved across evolution

The mitochondrial genome retains similarity to its prokaryotic ancestor

Can you guest the origin of Mitochondria?

Mitochondria are thought to have originated from an ancient symbiosis that resulted
when a nucleated cell engulfed an aerobic prokaryote
Enveloped organelles could have evolved when one cell ingested another.
Interesting Fact ---

• Mitochondria come from

cytoplasm in the EGG cell during
fertilization

Therefore …

• You inherit your mitochondria

from your mother!
QUIZ

1. If there was no mitochondria in cells, would we be still alive and survive ?

2. Another word for cellular respiration is:

A. Moving
B. Thinking
C. Breathing
D. Healing

3. Which of the following parts of the mitochondria is wrinkled with lots of

folds?
A. Outer membrane
B. Inner membrane
C. Cristea
D. Matrix
E. None of the above
What is the purpose of the cristae?

A. To make oxygen
B. To protect the mitochonria
C. To increase the surface area of the inner membrane
D. To hold ribosome and DNA
E. To make protein

On the following diagram, which number

indicates the cristae?
Out of the following, what cell requires the most mitochondria?

A. Kidney cell
B. Flight muscle cell in flight or flight response
C. Hepatic cell
D. Sperm cell

Where are ezymes found in the in the mitochondria?

A. Matrix
B. Cristae
C. Inner membrane
D. There are no enzymes
Plastid

Key concept

• Plastids are membrane-bounded organelles in plant cells and can develop into
chloroplasts and other specialized forms

All types of plastids develop from a common precursor organelle, called a

proplastid

Chloroplast : are the food producers of the cell

Chromoplast : a colored plastid other than a chloroplast, typically containing a
yellow or orange pigment.
Gerontoplast : a plastid that develops from a chloroplast during the senescing of
plant foliage
Leucoplast: colorless plastids. They serve various functions, for example, storage of
starch, lipids, or proteins
 Chloroplasts power plant cells

Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used
by cells

Found in plant cells and some protists such as algae

• Outer membrane smooth

• Inner membrane modified into sacs called Thylakoids
• Thylakoids in stacks called Grana and interconnected
• Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids
Photosynthesis
Vacuoles

Fluid filled sacks for storage

Small or absent in animal cells
Plant cells have a large Central
Vacuole
How We Know about Organelle Function?
 What is it?

1. Thin, semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell,

enclosing its contents.
2. Gel-like substance within the cell
3. A network of fibers throughout the cell's cytoplasm that gives the cell
support and helps to maintain its shape
4. An extensive network of membranes composed of both regions with ribosomes
and regions without ribosomes
5. This structure is responsible for manufacturing, storing and shipping certain
cellular products
6. Sacs of enzymes that digest cellular macromolecules such as nucleic acids
7. Cell components that generate energy for the cell and are the sites of cellular
respiration

8. Membrane-bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary information

9. Consisting of RNA and proteins, ribosomes are responsible for protein assembly
1. Rank the following terms from simplest to most complex: cells, organelles,
organs, tissue, organism

2. The ____________ acts as a packaging and processing center in the cell

to process proteins

A. Smooth ER
B. Rough ER
C. Golgi body
D. Nucleous

3.Name the organelle that controls the moment of substances in and out off
the cell?
Nucleolus:

A. Modifies, sorts, and ships lipids for export of for insertion into the cell membrane.
B. Protein synthesis.
C. Controls the substances going inside and out of the cell.
D. Assembly of Subunits of Ribosomes.
E. Photosynthesis

Lysosome-Like Vesicle:

A. Organizes and moves internal parts of the cell.

B. Photosynthesis
C. Makes lipids, degrades fats and inactivates toxins.
D. Digests, and recycles materials.
E. Structurally supports and gives shape to a cell. Moves the cell and its components.