ELECTRO-MOTION

DEVICES
Lecture 6- Power Transformer_2
 Example (5)

A 23 KVA, 2300/230 V, 60 Hz step down transformer has the following resistance and leakage
reactance values: R1 = 4 ohm, R2= 0.04 ohm, X1= 12 ohm, X2=0.12 ohm. The equivalent core-
loss resistance and the magnetizing reactance on the primary side of the transformer are 20
KΩ and 15 KΩ respectively. The transformer is operating at 75% of its rated load at rated
voltage at the load. If the power factor of the load is 0.866 leading, determine the efficiency of
the transformer
Solution
• I2 = 75 300 , E2 = 228.287 2.330 V, a = 10, E1= 2282.78 2.330 V
Ip = 7.5 300 and P0 = 14.94 Kw
IC = E1/RC1 = 2282.78/20000 = 0.114 2.330 A
Im = E1/Xm = 2282.78/15000 = 0.152 -87.670 A
Iφ = IC+Im = 0.19 -50.80
I1 = Ip + Iφ = 7.53 28.570
V1 = E1 + I1Z1 = 2282.87 2.330 + 7.53 28.570 (4+j12) =2271.9 4.710 V
Pin = Re (V1I*1) = 15.64 Kw
1 η = P0/Pin = 14.94/15.64 = 0.955 = 95.5 %
 Approximate equivalent Circuit

As seen from Primary side

I1 IP Re1 Xe1

Iφ
IC Im
V1 RC Xm Z\L
~ V\2

Re1 = R1+ a2 R2 Xe1 = X1+ a2 X2 Z\L = a2 ZL

2 IP = I2/a V\2 = a V2
 Approximate equivalent Circuit

As seen from Secondary side

I\1 I2 Re2 Xe2

I\φ

V\1 R\C X\m V2 ZL

~

Re2 = R2+ R1/a2 Xe2 = X2+ X1 /a2 X\m= Xm / a2 R\C = RC / a2

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 Example(6)

A 150 KVA, 2400/240 V, 60 Hz single phase transformer has the following resistance
and leakage reactance values: R1 = 0.225 ohm, R2= 0.0022 ohm, X1= 0.525 ohm,
X2=0.0045 ohm. Calculate the transformer equivalent values:
(a) Referred to primary
(b) Referred to secondary

Solution
The transformation ratio a = 2400/240 = 10
Referred to primary side:
Re1= R1 + a2R2 =0.225+100×0.0022 = 0.445 ohm
Xe1 = X1 +a2 X2 = 0.525+100×0.0045 = 0.97 ohm
Referred to secondary side:
Re2 = R2 + R1/a2 = 0.0022+0.225/100 = 0.00445 ohm
4 Xe2 = X2 +X1/a2 = 0.0045+0.525/100 = 0.0097 ohm
 Voltage Regulation

A quantity of interest is the net change in the secondary winding voltage from
no load to full load for the same primary voltage

V.R. % = [( V2NL – V2FL ) / V2FL] ×100

Note:

• For ideal transformers, V.R.= 0

• For the approximate equivalent circuits, V.R is given by:
 V.R. = (V1-aV2)/aV2 ……. As viewed from primary side
 V.R. = (V1/a –V2)/V2 …… As viewed from secondary side

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 Efficiency “η”
η = (P0 /Pin)×100 = [P0/(P0 +PLoss)]×100

V2I2 Cosθ2
η=
PCu + PC + V2I2 Cosθ2

Where:
PCu: copper losses = I22 RC2
PC : core losses measured in the open circuit test

Note:

VA (max. efficiency) = VA (rated) (magnetic loss/full load copper loss)0.5

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 Example (7)

I1 IP Re1 Xe1

Iφ
IC Im
V1 RC Xm Z\L
~ V \2

A 2.2 KVA, 440/220 V, 50 Hz step down transformer has the following parameters as referred to the
primary side: Re1 = 3Ω, RC1= 2.5 kΩ, Xe1= 4Ω, Xm1=2 kΩ, the transformer is operating at full load with
a power factor of 0.707 lagging, determine the efficiency and the voltage regulation of the
transformer.
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 Solution

a = 440/220 =2, V2 = 220 V, S =2200VA

Then I2 = 2200/220 =10 A
For 0.707 lag pf, I2 = 10 -450 A
IP = I2/a = 10/2 = 5 -450 A
V\2 = aV2 = 220×2 = 440 V
V1 = V\2 +I\2(Re1+jXe1) = 440+5 -450 (3+j4) = 464.762 0.440 V
Im = 464.762 0.440 / j2000 = 0.232 -89.560 A
IC = 464.762 0.440 / 2500 = 0.186 0.440 A
I1 = IP+Ic+Im = 5.296 -45.330 A
P0 = V2I2 Cosθ2 = 440×5×Cos (450) = 1555.63 W
Pin = V1I1 Cos θ1= 464.762×5.296×Cos (45.770) = 1716.91 W
η = (P0/Pin)×100 = 90.6 %
V.R. = [(V1-V\2)/V\2] ×100 = [(464.762-440)/440]×100 = 5.63 %
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 Determination of equivalent circuit parameters
1- Open Circuit Test

PCore = POC SOC = VOC.IOC Xm = VOC/Im = V2OC /QOC

RC = V2/POC ΦOC = Cos-1 (POC/SOC) QOC= (S2OC-P2OC)0.5
IC = POC/V OR IC = IOC Cos (φOC) IC VOC
Im = (I2OC-I2C)0.5 Im = IOC Sin (φOC) φOC
Xm =V/Im RC =VOC /IC = V2OC/POC
9 Im IOC
 Determination of equivalent circuit parameters

1- Short Circuit Test

The applied voltage is a fraction of rated voltage so core currents are neglected PSC = Copper losses
at full load ZSC = VSC/ISC , Re1 = PSC/I2SC , Xe1 = (Z2SC – R2SC)0.5

Optimum design criterion

As: I2HRH = I2LRL
RH = a2RL =0.5 Re
10 XH = a2 XL = 0.5 Xe