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Terengganu routes representation for development of Malaysia Driving Cycle:

Route selection methodology

Conference Paper  in  IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · November 2018
DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/429/1/012050

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Terengganu routes representation for development of Malaysia Driving

Cycle: Route selection methodology
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International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing and Industry Applications IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 429 (2018) 012050 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/429/1/012050
1234567890‘’“”

Terengganu routes representation for development of

Malaysia Driving Cycle: Route selection methodology

M F H Rani1, A R Mahayadin1, Shahriman A B1, Z M Razlan1, I Zunaidi4,

W K Wan1, A Harun1, M S M Hashim1, I Ibrahim1, N S Kamarrudin1,
M K Faizi1, M A M Saad1, M Sahari2, M S Sarip2, Z M Isa3 and Y Nagaya3
1
Motorsports Technology Research Unit, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau,
Perlis, Malaysia.
2
Malaysia Automotive Institute (MAI), 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
3
Perodua Manufacturing Sdn Bhd, 48009 Rawang, Selangor, Malaysia.
4
Technopreneur at UniMAP Sdn Bhd, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.

Corresponding author: shahriman@unimap.edu.my

Abstract. A program to develop a harmonized light duty test cycle that will represent typical
conditions for Malaysia is going to be developed, named Malaysia Driving Cycle (MDC). The
development of MDC will adapt the methodology from the worldwide harmonized light duty
driving test cycle (WLTC). Terengganu has been chosen as one of the regions for in-use
driving data collection. In developing MDC, the route selection phase must be carried out first
before proceeding to the route data collection. This paper describes briefly on the methodology
used for the route selection, the selected routes and the driving conditions for route data
collection in Terengganu region. Road Traffic Volume Malaysia (RTVM) version 2015 and
Google Maps are used to study the route selection in Terengganu region. By adapting the
methodology of WLTC, 11 routes in the Terengganu region have been selected to contribute
the speed-time data for development of Malaysia Driving Cycle (MDC). The selected routes
consist of urban, rural, and motorway road. For the route data collection, the driving conditions
(peak, off-peak, weekend) are considered to collect the samples for each route and direction.

Keywords. Route selection, driving cycle, Terengganu region, Malaysia driving cycle, driving condition, light
duty driving test cycle.

1. Introduction
Transport carbon emissions are the major contributory of air pollution [1]. Emission standards play a
major role in controlling the vehicular emissions for a cleaner air. Many countries use driving cycles
to determine regional vehicular emissions due to traffic patterns [2]. By using measured emission
inventories as baseline emission, standards are set up or emission zones are established to control
emissions. Through the working party on pollution and energy transport program (GRPE), a
worldwide harmonized light duty driving test cycle (WLTC) was introduced to represent typical
driving characteristics around the world [3]. A driving cycle is a series of data points that represents
speed versus time [4], speed and gear selection as a function of time [2], speed versus distance [5], or
time versus gradient [6] in a specific region or part of a road segment. Driving cycles have been used
throughout the world for traffic engineering [7], emission purposes [8] and to estimate the fuel

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International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing and Industry Applications IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 429 (2018) 012050 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/429/1/012050
1234567890‘’“”

consumption [9]. A test vehicle will run on a chassis dynamometer according to developed driving
cycles to estimate the fuel consumption and to develop the emission inventories by collecting the total
emission. Then, the collected emissions are analysed by using a gas analyser [10]. Malaysia
Automotive Institute (MAI), an agency under the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI),
initiated a program to develop a harmonized light duty test cycle for Malaysia, known as Malaysia
Driving Cycle (MDC), which will represent typical conditions for Malaysia. Terengganu, which is
located in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, has been chosen as one of the regions for in-use
driving data collection. In the process of developing MDC, the route selection phase must be carried
out first before proceeding to the route data collection, the cycle construction and the cycle
assessment. This paper describes briefly on the methodology used for the route selection, the selected
routes and the driving conditions for route data collection in Terengganu region.

2. Methodology of Terengganu route selection

Figure 1 presents the flowchart of Terengganu route selection methodology. All routes in Terengganu
region were studied by referring to Road Traffic Volume Malaysia (RTVM) version 2015 published
by the Ministry of Works, Malaysia [11]. The traffic flow and quality of traffic service for each route
is categorized based on level of service (LOS). Raw data of traffic volume is extracted first from
RTVM 2015 then ranked up based on the LOS and peak hour traffic flow as shown in Figure 2. All
routes are selected based on consideration of LOS and traffic volume. If the selected route is in the
same networks or chains, the route is discarded as described in [12]. The route selection was also
verified with Google Maps to confirm the traffic conditions of selected routes. On the other hand,
Google Maps will not only be utilized to assess the road geography of selected routes, but also to
determine the start/end point. Self-assessment and route validation are obligatory to ensure the
selected routes are free from major road construction and any road diversion before route data
collection is started.

START

Extraction of raw data from RTVM 2015
Ranking up the routes based on Level of Service
(LOS) followed by peak hour traffic flow
Route selection
Route selection
a) LOS F
• 5 routes x 2 cars x 2 returns x 3 days = 60 speed profiles.
• Maximum traffic volume is considered.
• K2-2 road type is preferred.
b) LOS C/LOS D
• 2 routes x 2 cars x 2 returns x 3 days = 24 speed profiles.
• Preferable LOS-C.
• Closest to average traffic volume is considered.
• T1-1 road type is preferred.
c) LOS A
• 2 routes x 2 cars x 2 returns x 3 days = 24 speed profiles.
• Minimum traffic volume is considered.

Self-assessment of the route geography Refinement of route selection

• Avoid selecting route in the same networks or chains.
• If any, select the other route that has highest peak hour traffic flow.

Determine start/end point using Google Maps

END

Figure 1. Flowchart of Terengganu route selection methodology.

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International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing and Industry Applications IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 429 (2018) 012050 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/429/1/012050
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Location of census
Census station number Level of Service (LOS) Traffic flow (Peak hour) Traffic flow (16H) Type of carriageway
station (km)
TR405 F 7443 61598 15.2 K 2-2
TR406 F 2073 20738 15.5 T 1-1
TR103 F 1969 23584 62.0 T 1-1
TR205 E 5233 35009 102.2 K 2-2
TR202 D 3901 28171 80.2 K 2-2
TR302 D 1649 16258 124.2 T 1-1
TR101 D 1492 15204 3.0 T 1-1
TR104 D 1344 15569 70.8 T 1-1
TR404 D 1186 11455 33.1 T 1-1
TR401 C 3006 25586 16.8 K 2-2
TR102 C 1306 15598 4.0 T 1-1
TR204 B 1163 10166 4.1 T 1-1
TR105 B 1135 11940 1.6 T 1-1
TR403 B 1101 1186 26.0 T 1-1
TR502 B 986 9561 146.0 T 1-1
TR402 A 2194 3006 17.0 K 2-2
TR407 A 1798 7443 17.0 K 2-2
TR203 A 1773 14526 5.6 K 2-2
TR503 A 1663 17601 5.0 K 2-2
TR408 A 1100 2073 1.6 T 1-1
TR504 A 937 8092 1.0 K 2-2
TR201 A 628 8068 67.2 T 1-1
TR304 A 467 3878 7.0 T 1-1
TR206 A 401 4758 79.3 T 1-1
TR305 A 367 4105 48.0 T 1-1
TR207 A 301 3423 111.2 T 1-1
TR501 A 298 2884 11.0 T 1-1
TR301 A 153 1860 1.0 T 1-1
TR303 A 105 755 7.0 T 1-1

Figure 2. Ranked data based on LOS and peak hour traffic flow for Terengganu region.

3. Terengganu routes representation

In our case of study, 11 routes in Terengganu region have been selected to contribute to the speed-time
data for development of Malaysia Driving Cycle (MDC), which consists of urban, rural, and
motorway road based on WLTC [3]. Figure 3 illustrates the locations of all route selection in the
Terengganu region. The routes for urban and rural roads are determined based on LOS F, C and A,
while the East Coast Expressway (ECE) represents the motorway road at Terengganu. The data
samples are collected in both directions for each selected route by passing through the census station.
For example, R1D1 represents route 1 with direction 1, has to pass through the census station TR405.
For motorway, the routes are denoted by “H” that represents highway. For example, H1D1 represents
highway 1 with direction 1. The start and end points are important to be determined before proceeding
to route data collection and they are necessary especially for the routes without the census station.

Table 1 summarizes the selected urban roads that represent LOS F at Terengganu, which there
are 3 routes with census stations and 2 routes without census stations. Route 1 (R1), covers the
location from Gong Badak to Kuala Terengganu, route 2 (R2), covers the location from Kuala
Terengganu to Chendering through Surau Panjang, and route 3 (R3), covers the location from Kuala
Terengganu to Jerteh. Another 2 routes are selected to cover the urban roads in the inner city of Kuala
Terengganu (KT). Meanwhile, route 4 (R4), covers the north inner city and route 5 (R5) covers the
south inner city as shown in Figure 4.

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International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing and Industry Applications IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 429 (2018) 012050 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/429/1/012050
1234567890‘’“”

Table 1. Selected urban roads.

Route Census LOS Start point End point Peak hour Distance
station no. covered (km)
R1D1 TR405 F Petron Gong Badak Shell Bukit Tunggal 0700 - 0800 6.8
R1D2 TR405 F Shell Bukit Tunggal Petron Gong Badak 1700 - 1800 8.2
R2D1 TR406 F SMK Seri Payong Masjid Kg. Kubang Ikan 1700 - 1800 7.4
R2D2 TR406 F Masjid Kg. Kubang Ikan SMK Seri Payong 1700 - 1800 7.4
R3D1 TR103 F Masjid Al-Falah Shell Kg. Padang Luas 1200 - 1300 6.3
R3D2 TR103 F Shell Kg. Padang Luas Masjid Al-Falah 1200 - 1300 7.5
R4D1 KT North F Shell Cabang Tiga Food Court Batu Burok 1700 - 1830 5.5
Inner City
R4D2 KT North F Food Court Batu Burok Shell Cabang Tiga 1700 - 1830 7.2
Inner City
R5D1 KT South F Plaza Perabot Perdana Shell Batu Burok 1700 - 1830 5.6
Inner City
R5D2 KT South F Shell Batu Burok Plaza Perabot Perdana 1700 - 1830 6.4
Inner City

Table 2 summarizes the selected rural roads at Terengganu identifying 2 routes that represent
LOS C and 2 routes that represent LOS A. For LOS C, route 6 (R6), covers the location from Kuala
Terengganu to Jerteh through Tepoh, while route 7 (R7), covers the location from Kuala Terengganu
to Jerteh through Mengabang Panjang and Batu Rakit. Meanwhile, for LOS A, route 8 (R8), covers the
location from Kuala Terengganu to Kuala Berang and route 9 (R9), covers the location from Kuala
Berang to Tanggol.

Table 2. Selected rural roads.

Route Census LOS Start point End point Peak hour Distance
station no. covered (km)
R6D1 TR401 C Caltex Bukit Jong Shell Kuala Nerus 0700 - 0800 9.3
R6D2 TR401 C Shell Kuala Nerus Caltex Bukit Jong 0700 - 0800 7.7
R7D1 TR404 C Masjid Al-Ehsan Petronas Mukim Merang 1700 - 1800 8.5
R7D2 TR404 C Petronas Mukim Merang Masjid Al-Ehsan 1700 - 1800 8.5
R8D1 TR407 A Caltex Bukit Payong Shell Wakaf Tapai 2 0700 - 0800 13.0
R8D2 TR407 A Shell Wakaf Tapai 2 Caltex Bukit Payong 1700 - 1800 14.0
R9D1 TR501 A Masjid Kg. Pengkalan SK Tanggol 0700 - 0800 12.5
Berangan
R9D2 TR501 A SK Tanggol Masjid Kg. Pengkalan 1700 - 1800 12.5
Berangan

Table 3 summarizes the selected motorway roads at Terengganu that cover the East Coast
Expressway (ECE), which consists of ECE1 (LPT1) and ECE2 (LPT2). Highway 1 (H1), covers the
location from Karak to Jabor (LPT1), while highway 2 (H2), covers the location from Jabor to Kuala
Nerus (LPT2).

Table 3. Selected motorway roads.

Route Census LOS Start point End point Distance
station no. covered (km)
H1D1 - - Plaza Tol Jabor Outbound Plaza Tol Gambang Outbound 36.1
H1D2 - - Plaza Tol Gambang Outbound Plaza Tol Jabor Outbound 36.7
H2D1 - - Plaza Tol Kuala Terengganu Plaza Tol Ajil 31.7
H2D2 - - Plaza Tol Ajil Plaza Tol Kuala Terengganu 32.7

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International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing and Industry Applications IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 429 (2018) 012050 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/429/1/012050
1234567890‘’“”

Route 7
Route 2
Route 1
Route 6 Route 4 & 5
Highway 2
Route 3
Route 8
Route 9
LOS F
LOS C
Highway 1
LOS A
Highway

Figure 3. Locations of route selection at Terengganu.

North Inner City Route 4

South Inner City Route 5

Figure 4. Location of north (Route 4) and south (Route 5) inner city in Kuala Terengganu.

4. Self-assessment of the road geography and traffic conditions

Figure 5 demonstrates a Google Maps assessment and verification of traffic conditions for the selected
routes in Terengganu region. Google Maps is not only capable to view the live traffic conditions, but
also the typical traffic conditions in an area for a specific day and time. Verification of traffic
conditions by Google Maps is necessary rather than relying solely on RTVM data since the traffic
conditions can be displayed more effectively.

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International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing and Industry Applications IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 429 (2018) 012050 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/429/1/012050
1234567890‘’“”

i) LOS F (R5D2)

ii) LOS C (R6D2)

iii) LOS A (R9D1)

Figure 5. Examples of traffic condition assessment by Google Maps.

5. Driving conditions for route data collection

Apart from selecting routes based on the road types (urban, rural and motorway), the driving
conditions (peak, off-peak and weekend) were also taken into account in the development of WLTC
[3]. The peak hours for each route have been stated in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3. There is no peak
hour for motorway roads. Therefore, for Terengganu region, the data samples for peak and off-peak
conditions are collected on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday (weekday). In the meantime, the
weekend data samples are collected on Saturday. Table 4 summarizes the number of samples to be
collected for each route and direction based on the driving conditions.

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 International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing and Industry Applications IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 429 (2018) 012050 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/429/1/012050
1234567890‘’“”

Table 4. Driving conditions for route data collection

Driving conditions Samples for each route and direction
Peak 3
Off-peak 2
Weekend 2
Highway 2

6. Conclusion
This paper mainly focuses on the route selection at Terengganu as one of the regions in Malaysia
contributing to speed-time data collection for overall MDC data collection campaign. The route
selection are based on RTVM data version 2015 by referring to the level of service (LOS) and peak
hour traffic flow for each route in Terengganu region. 11 routes have been selected to represent the
Terengganu region, which consists of urban, rural, and motorway road based on WLTC. It is
recommended to verify the traffic conditions by Google Maps and to perform self-assessment to
ensure the selected routes are free from major road construction and any route diversion. The speed-
time data collection can be executed once all the selected routes are validated to be suitable for route
data collection.

Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support from Malaysia Automotive Institute (MAI) under
research grant of Malaysia Driving Cycle.

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