Mathematics in the Modern

World
 Course Outline
1 Nature of Mathematics
1.1 Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
1.2 The Fibonacci Sequence
1.3 Mathematics for our World

2 Speaking Mathematically
2.1 Variables
2.2 The Language of Sets
2.3 The Language of Relations and Functions
 Course Outline
3 Problem Solving
3.1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
3.2 Problem Solving with Patterns
3.3 Problem-Solving Strategies
4 Statistics
4.1 Measures of Central Tendency
4.2 Measures of Dispersion
4.3 Measures of Relative Position
4.4 Normal Distributions
4.5 Linear Regression and Correlation
The Language of Sets
SET
- use of this word as a formal mathematical
term was introduced in 1879 by George
Cantor (1845-1918)
- collection of elements
- if C is the elements of countries that are
currently in the United Nations, then the
United States is an element of C, and if I is the
set of all integers from 1 to 100, then the
number 57 is an element of I
Notation
• If S is a set, the notation x ∈ S means that x is
an element of S
• The notation x ∉ S means that x is not an
element of S
• A set may be specified using the set-roster
notation by writing all of its elements
between braces
Axiom of Extension
- says that a set is completely determined by
what its elements are---not the order in which
they might be listed or the fact that some
elements might be listed more than once.
 Example 1: (Using the Set-Roster
Notation)
a. Let A = {1, 2, 3} , B = {3, 1, 2} , and
C = {1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3}. What are the elements of
A, B, and C? How are A, B, and C related?
b. Is {0} = 0?
c. How many elements are in the set {1, {1}}?
d. For each nonnegative integer n, let Un = {n, -n}.
Find U1, U2, and U0 .
 Example 2: (Using the Set-Roster
Notation)
a. Let X = {a, b, c} , Y = {a, c, b} , and
Z = {a, b, b, c, c, c}. What are the elements of
X, Y, and Z? How are X, Y, and Z related?
c. How many elements are in the set {a, {a,b}, {a}}?
d. For each positive integer x, let Ax = {x, x2}.
Find A1, A2, and A3 .
Symbol Set
R set of all real numbers
Z set of all integers
Q set of all rational numbers, or quotients of integers
N set of all natural numbers
Set of real numbers (R)

- usually pictured as the set of all points on a

line
- divided into 3 parts: the set of positive real
numbers, the set of negative real numbers, and
the number 0
 Example 1: (Using the Set-Builder
Notation)
Given that R denotes the set of all real numbers, Z
the set of all integers, and Z+ the set of all positive
integers, describe each of the following sets:
a. {x ∈ R│-2 < x < 5}
b. {x ∈ Z│-2 < x < 5}
c. {x ∈ Z+│-2 < x < 5}
 Example 2: (Using the Set-Builder
Notation)
Given that R denotes the set of all real numbers, Z
the set of all integers, and Z- the set of all
negative integers, describe each of the following
sets:
a. {x ∈ R│-5 < x < 1}
b. {x ∈ Z│-5 < x < 1}
c. {x ∈ Z-│-5 < x < 1}
Subsets
• A basic relation between sets is that of subset.
Proper Subset
• Let A and B be sets, A is a proper subset of B if,
and only if, every element of B is in B but
there is at least one element of B that is not in
A.
 Example 1: Subsets
• Let A = Z+, B = {n ∈ Z│0 ≤ n ≤ 100}, and C =
{100, 200, 300, 400, 500}. Evaluate the truth
and falsity of each of the following
statements.
a. B ⊆ A
b. C is a proper subset of A
c. C and B have at least one element in
common
d. C ⊆ B
e. C ⊆ C
 Example 2: Subsets
• Let A = {2, {2}, (√2)²}, B = {2, {2}, {{2}}} and
C = {2}. Evaluate the truth and falsity of each
of the following statements.
a. A ⊆ B
b. B ⊆ A
c. A is a proper subset of B
d. C ⊆ B
e. C is a proper subset of A
Example 3: Distinction between ∈ and ⊆
Which of the following are true statements?
a. 2 ∈ {1, 2, 3}
b. {2} ∈ {1, 2, 3}
c. 2 ⊆ {1, 2, 3}
d. {2} ⊆ {1, 2, 3}
e. {2} ⊆ {{1}, {2}}
f. {2} ∈ {{1}, {2}}
Example 4: Distinction between ∈ and ⊆
Which of the following are true statements?
a. x ∈ {x, y, z}
b. x ⊆ {{x}, {y}, {z}}
c. x ⊆ {x, y, z}
d. {x} ⊆ {{x}, {y}, {z}}
e. {x} ∈ {x, y, z}
 Example: Ordered Pairs
a. Is (1, 2) = (2, 1)
5 1
b. Is (3, ) = ( 9, )?
10 2
c. What is the first element of (1, 1)?
d. Is (0, 10) = (10, 0)
e. Is (4, 33 ) = (22 , 27)?
f. What is the first element of (2, 5)?
 Cartesian Product
Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A
and B, denoted A x B and read “A cross B,” is the
set of all ordered pairs (a, b), where a is in A and
b is in B. Symbolically:

A x B = {(a, b)│a ∈ A and b ∈ B}.

 Example 1: Cartesian Products
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {u, v}.
a. Find A x B.
b. Find B x A.
c. Find B x B.
d. How many elements are in A x B, B x A, and B
x B?
e. Let R denote the set of all real numbers.
Describe R x R.
 Example 2: Cartesian Products
Let Y = {a, b, c} and Z = {1, 2}.
a. Find Y x Z .
b. Find Z x Y.
c. Find Y x Y.
d. How many elements are in Y x Z, Z x Y, and
Y x Y?