Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Math140 2003-04
Math140 2003-04
Math140 2003-04
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF
MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
D.3.2 §2.2 The Limit of a Func- D.10 Supplementary Notes for the Lec-
tion. . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 ture of October 8th, 2003 . . . 2051
D.4 Supplementary Notes for the Lec- D.10.1 §3.3 Rates of Change in
ture of September 15th, 2003 . 2024 the Natural and Social
D.4.1 §2.4 The Precise Defini- Sciences. . . . . . . . . . 2051
tion of a Limit. . . . . . 2025 D.10.2 §3.4 Derivatives of Trigono-
D.4.2 §2.3 Calculating Limits metric Functions. . . . . 2052
Using the Limit Laws. . 2027 D.11 Supplementary Notes for the Lec-
D.4.3 Appendix A. Numbers, ture of October 15th, 2003 . . . 2055
Inequalities, and Absolute D.11.1 §3.5 The Chain Rule. . 2055
Values . . . . . . . . . . 2028 D.12 Supplementary Notes for the Lec-
D.4.4 Appendix B. Coordinate ture of October 20th, 2003 . . . 2058
Geometry and Lines . . 2028 D.12.1 §3.6 Implicit Differentia-
D.4.5 Appendix C. Graphs of tion. . . . . . . . . . . . 2059
Second-Degree Equations 2029 D.13 Supplementary Notes for the Lec-
D.4.6 Appendix D. Trigonom- ture of October 22nd, 2003 . . 2065
etry . . . . . . . . . . . 2029 D.13.1 §3.7 Higher Derivatives 2065
D.5 Supplementary Notes for the Lec- D.14 Supplementary Notes for the Lec-
ture of September 17th, 2003 . 2031 ture of October 27th, 2003 . . . 2071
D.5.1 §2.5 Continuity. . . . . . 2031 D.14.1 §3.8 Derivatives of Log-
D.6 Supplementary Notes for the Lec- arithmic Functions . . . 2071
ture of September 22nd, 2003 . 2035 D.15 Supplementary Notes for the Lec-
D.6.1 §2.6 Limits at Infinity; Hor- ture of October 29th, 2003 . . . 2076
izontal Asymptotes. . . 2036 D.15.1 §3.9 Hyperbolic Functions 2076
D.7 Supplementary Notes for the Lec- D.15.2 §3.10 Related Rates. . . 2079
ture of September 24th, 2003 . 2040 D.16 Supplementary Notes for the Lec-
D.7.1 §2.7 Tangents, Velocities, ture of November 3rd, 2003 . . 2084
and Other Rates of Change.2041 D.16.1 §3.10 Related Rates (con-
D.7.2 §2.8 Derivatives. . . . . 2043 tinued). . . . . . . . . . 2085
D.8 Supplementary Notes for the Lec- D.16.2 §3.11 Linear Approxima-
ture of September 29th, 2003 . 2044 tions and Differentials . 2086
D.8.1 §2.9 The Derivative as a D.16.3 3 Review . . . . . . . . 2090
Function . . . . . . . . . 2044 D.17 Supplementary Notes for the Lec-
D.8.2 2 Review . . . . . . . . 2045 ture of November 5th, 2003 . . 2091
D.9 Supplementary Notes for the Lec- D.17.1 §4.1 Maximum and Min-
ture of October 1st, 2003 . . . 2047 imum Values . . . . . . 2091
D.9.1 §3.1 Derivatives of Poly- D.18 Supplementary Notes for the Lec-
nomials and Exponential ture of November 10th, 2003 . 2096
Functions . . . . . . . . 2047 D.18.1 §4.2 The Mean Value The-
D.9.2 §3.2 The Product and Quo- orem . . . . . . . . . . . 2096
tient Rules . . . . . . . 2048 D.19 Supplementary Notes for the Lec-
ture of November 12th, 2003 . 2103
Information for Students in MATH 140 2003 09
1 General Information
Distribution Date: This version, September 11th, 2003
(all information is subject to change)
Pages 1 - 20 of these notes may be considered the Course Outline for this course.
These notes may undergo minor corrections or updates during the term:
the definitive version will be the version accessible at
http://www.math.mcgill.ca/brown/math140a.html
or on WebCT, at
http://www.mcgill.ca/webct or http://webct.mcgill.ca
MATH 139 or CEGEP objective 00UN or equivalent. Not open to students who have
taken or are taking MATH 130 or MATH 131, except by permission of the Department
of Mathematics and Statistics. Each Tutorial section is enrolment limited.) Review
of functions and graphs. Limits, continuity, derivative. Differentiation of elementary
functions. Antidifferentiation. Applications.
In addition to MATH 140, the Department of Mathematics and Statistics offers two other
beginning calculus courses:
http://www.math.mcgill.ca/brown/incoming.htm
3
Note that this year MATH 150/151 is using a different textbook from MATH 140/141; the textbook
is by R. A. Adams [15], [13],[14],[16],[17].
4
This is to ensure that your WeBWorK account is opened, and that your date of entry to the course
is recorded.
each of the tutorials; Table 3 gives the tutors’ coordinates. The information in these
tables is subject to change. We try to publicize changes but sometimes we
are not informed in advance.5
(a) A WeBWorK (see §1.4.2 below) “Precalculus” Assignment (see §1.4.3) which
tests your preparation for the course. Until you pass one of these assignments
with a grade of 75%, your grade on the regular WeBWorK assignments will
count for 0. The Precalculus Assignments will be numbered #P1, . . . , #P6,
and you need pass only one of them with the required grade. The grade itself
will not be used in the computations; but, if you fail to obtain 75% on one
of P1 — P6, your “Regular” WeBWorK assignments (see §1.4.4) will count
for 0/10.
(b) Ten “Regular” WeBWorK homework assignments (cf. §1.4.4) — counting
together for 10%, provided the student has obtained a grade of 75% or better
on one precalculus assignment6 (cf. §1.4.1.1a). The Regular Assignments will
be numbered #R1, . . . #R10.
• Five Written Assignments — counting together for 5%. The Written Assign-
ments will be numbered #W1, . . . , #W5.
• Five Quizzes given at the tutorials — counting together for 15%. The Quizzes
which count will be numbered #Q1, . . . , #Q5. (There will also be a quiz #Q0,
which will be graded, but the grade will not count in your term mark.)
Table 2: Schedule and Locations of Tutorials, as of October 25, 2004 (subject to change)
calculations. It is not planned to permit the examination grade to replace the grades on
WeBWorK assignments or on written assignments.
1.4.2 WeBWorK
We will be using the WeBWorK system, developed at the University of Rochester —
which is designed to expose you to a large number of drill problems, and where plagiarism
is discouraged. WeBWorK is accessible only over the Web. Details on how to sign on
to WeBWorK are contained in Appendix H to these notes, page 4001.
WeBWorK assignments carry a due date and time; only answers submitted by this
date and time will count.
Some of the conditions described below may appear to be strict. They are designed
to reduce the chance that you fail the course, not to impose unreasonably bureaucratic
rules.
the Assignment as early as you can, since the purpose of the assignment is to help you
review precalculus concepts.
BONUS assignment (added September 13th, 2003) It is hoped that there will
be one additional WeBWorK assignment, which will be optional . The grade on this
assignment would replace the grade on any other WeBWorK assignment with a lower
grade, or replace a missed assignment. This assignment will have limits on the numbers
of attempts. Further details will be announced in the lectures or on the WebCT or
WeBWorK sites.
8
The 10 assignments will count equally in your WeBWorK grade, provided you have received a grade
of at least 75% on one Precalculus Assignment; if you have not received that grade on any Precalculus
Assignment by the end of the term, your WeBWorK grade will be 0.
9
Should you find that the system is responding slowly, do not submit your solutions more than once;
you may deplete the number of attempts that have been allowed to you for a problem: this will not be
considered a systems failure.
— the first quiz whose grade “counts” — will be administered during the tutorials
of the week of September 22nd, 2003. Quiz #Q0 is planned to be all or partly a
review of precalculus concepts.
3. The remaining quizzes will be based on current topics in the syllabus of the course,
most10 of which topics will have been discussed in the lectures before the quiz;
the quizzes are not based directly on WeBWorK assignments. To prepare for
a quiz you should be working exercises in the textbook based on the material
currently under discussion at the lectures, and you should have attempted any open
WeBWorK assignments. But, unlike the WeBWorK assignments — where the
emphasis is on correct answers alone — students may be expected to provide full
solutions to some or all problems on quizzes.11
4. You are expected to write the quiz in the tutorial section in which you are registered.
Should the classroom become filled while some registered students still cannot be
seated, the tutor may insist that any students who are not registered in that tutorial
to leave the room.12
6. Your tutors will normally bring graded quizzes and graded assignments submitted
with them to the tutorial to be returned to you. University regulations do not
permit us to leave unclaimed materials bearing names and student numbers in
unsupervised locations; you may be able to recover an unclaimed quiz from the
tutor who graded it, during her/his regular office hours.
10
but possibly not all
11
In Math 140 and Math 141 the general rule is that full solutions are expected to all problems, unless
you receive explicit instructions to the contrary: ALWAYS SHOW YOUR WORK! The solutions in the
Student Solution Manual [3] to the textbook can serve as a guide to what should be included in a “full”
solution.
12
Anyone who is not registered, and who does not leave the room when so requested may forfeit the
right to write quizzes at any tutorial, and could be subject to disciplinary action through their Faculty.
We ask you to respect the prior right of students who have registered for each tutorial.
1.4.10 Plagiarism
While students are not discouraged from discussing methods for solving WeBWorK
assignment problems with their colleagues, all the work that you submit — whether
through WeBWorK or written assignments, or on tutorial quizzes or the final exami-
nation must be your own. It is a violation of University regulations to permit others to
solve your WeBWorK problems, or to extend such assistance to others; you could be
asked to sign a statement attesting to the originality of your work.
The Handbook on Student Rights and Responsibilities states in ¶15(a)13 that
“No student shall, with intent to deceive, represent the work of another person
as his or her own in any academic writing, essay, thesis, research report,
project or assignment submitted in a course or program of study or represent
as his or her own an entire essay or work of another, whether the material so
represented constitutes a part or the entirety of the work submitted.”
13
http://upload.mcgill.ca/secretariat/G1547E.pdf
http://www.mcgill.ca/integrity/studentguide/
The preceding paragraph was prepared before all faculty were advised that the Senate
of the University requires the following message in all course outlines:
“McGill University values academic integrity. Therefore all students must under-
stand the meaning and consequences of cheating, plagiarism and other academic
offences under the Code of Student Conduct and Disciplinary Procedures. (See
http://www.mcgill.ca/integrity for more information).
“L’université McGill attache une haute importance à l’honnêteté académique. Il
incombe par conséquent à tous les étudiants de comprendre ce que l’on entend
par tricherie, plagiat et autres infractions académiques, ainsi que les conséquences
que peuvent avoir de telles actions, selon le Code de conduite de l’étudiant et des
procédures disciplinaires. (Pour de plus amples renseignements, veuillez consulter
le site http://www.mcgill.ca/integrity).”
Table 5: Summary of Course Requirements, as of October 25, 2004 (all dates are subject
to change)
• a “Study Guide”, designed to provide additional help for students who believe
they require it: R. St. Andre, STUDY GUIDE FOR STEWART’S SIN-
Videotapes for Stewart’s Calculus The publisher of Stewart’s Calculus has pro-
duced a series of videotapes, [7] Video Outline for Stewart’s Calculus (Early Transcen-
dentals), Fifth Edition. These will initially be available for reserve loan at the Schulich
Library. There may not be VCR viewing equipment in the library; the intention is that
interested students borrow a tape for viewing on their own equipment at home.
Tools for Enriching Calculus This is a CD-ROM included with new copies of Stew-
art’s Calculus. From [9, Introduction]:“Tools for Enriching Calculus (TEC) enhances a topic
that is covered in the textbook by providing both broader and deeper coverage of those aspects
for which technology is particularly useful. The basic format of most modules is a point-and-
click laboratory environment in which you can easily visualize functions and their derivatives,
experiment with suggested examples and exercises, explore your own choices of examples, and
perhaps even test some of your own conjectures. You need to be a well-prepared and active
player to reap the benefits from these approaches.
14
No one will check whether you have used any of these aids; a student can obtain a perfect grade
in the course without ever consulting any of them. No audio-visual or calculator aid can replace the
systematic use of paper and pencil as you work your way through problems. But the intelligent use of
some of these aids can deepen your understanding of the subject.
“First, you need to read the textbook materials carefully to gain an understanding of the
essential ideas. Next, you need to read the introductory material for each TEC module, which
explains the basic mathematical approaches and describes how to use the module. Each module
has several examples which will familiarize you with its basic features. When you have finished
reviewing this material, and have some paper and pencil in hand, you are ready to get the most
benefit from using the module. You can improve your understanding of the topic by exploring
mathematical questions that you find puzzling, and checking your ideas for solutions using the
module. Try to work through some of the exercises in the module to gauge your understanding
of the topic. Be willing to use pencil and paper to first guess what the answer might be before
seeing an electronic graph...
“Another important TEC feature is the homework15 hints. Hints have been created for
several selected exercises in each section of your textbook to help you understand some key
points in finding solutions for these exercises. Similar to a good instructor or teaching assistant,
these hints ask you questions that will allow you to make progress toward a solution without
giving you the actual answer. You need to actively pursue each hint with pencil and paper and
fill in many of the computations and details. If you can complete the solution after reading
only one or two hints, you can feel proud of your achievements. If you still have questions after
completing all of the hints for a problem, your work should help you to better understand the
solution presented in the Student Solutions Manual.”
of terminology, you are expected to be familiar with the terminology of the textbook.16
In your previous calculus course(s) you may have learned methods of solving problems
that appear to differ from those you find in the current textbook. Your instructors will
be pleased to discuss any such methods with you personally, to ascertain whether they
are appropriate to the present course. In particular, any methods that depend upon
the use of a calculator, or the plotting of multiple points, or the tabulation of function
values, or the inference of a trend from a graph should be regarded with scepticism.
1.5.5 Website
These notes, and other materials distributed to students in this course, will be accessible
at the following URL:
http://www.math.mcgill.ca/brown/math140a.html
The notes will be in “pdf” (.pdf) form, and can be read using the Adobe Acrobat reader,
which many users have on their computers. This free software may be downloaded from
the following URL:
17
http://www.adobe.com/prodindex/acrobat/readstep.html
The questions on some old examinations will also be available as an appendix to these
notes on the Web.18 It is expected that most computers in campus labs should have the
necessary software to read the posted materials.
Where revisions are made to distributed printed materials — for example these in-
formation sheets — we expect that the last version will be posted on the Web.
The notes and WeBWorK will also be available via a link from the WebCT URL:
http://webct.mcgill.ca
1.6 Syllabus
In the following list section numbers refer to the text-book [1]. The syllabus will include
all of Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, with omissions, as listed below.20
Chapter 0: A Preview of Calculus. This is motivational material, and may not all
be discussed in the lectures. Read it.
Chapter 1: Functions and Models. In §1.1, two of the four ways to define a function
are not useful in general: a table of values can be used to define a function only if
its domain is finite, and the value of the function is prescribed for every point in
the domain; it is normally not acceptable to define a function by a graph, unless
the nature of the graph can be described without any ambiguity. §1.2 may not be
discussed in the lectures, but you should read it — in particular the definitions of
various kinds of functions — as this terminology may be used from time to time.
Omit §1.4.
Chapter 2: Limits and Derivatives. §2.4 will be discussed in the lectures, but will
not be examination material; read it! The subsection of §2.6 called “Precise Defi-
nitions” should also be read, but will not be examination material.
Chapter 3: Differentiation Rules. Omit §3.3; but you are encouraged to read the
parts of §3.3 that pertain to your own fields of interest.
Exercises that require technology Students are not expected to be able to solve
exercises that require the use of calculators or computers. You may wish to try
20
If a textbook section is listed below, you should assume that all material in that section is examina-
tion material even if the instructor has not discussed every topic in his lectures; however, the instructors
may give you information during the term concerning topics that may be considered subsidiary.
Do not assume that a topic is omitted from the syllabus if it has not been tested in a
WeBWorK assignment or a quiz, or if it has not appeared on any of the old examinations
in the course! Some topics to not lend themselves to this type of testing; others may have been
omitted simply because of lack of space, or oversight. By the same token, you need not expect every
topic in the course to be examined on the final examination.
such problems, as a challenge, as some of them can be solved with clever use of
paper and pencil.
Problems Plus The exercises and other material that appear in [1, Principles of Prob-
lem Solving, pp. 80-85], and in the “Problems Plus” subsections following the later
chapters are to be omitted.
The following appendices in the textbook contain some prerequisite material for this
course:
Appendix A: Intervals, Inequalities, and Absolute Values. (see information for
Chapters 1 and 3 above)
Appendix D: Trigonometry. You are assumed to be familiar with the material in [1,
pp. A24–A31].
Please do not ask the tutors to provide information as to which topics should be
emphasized. Unless you are informed otherwise by the instructors in the lecture sections
or published notes — printed, or mounted on the Web — you should assume that all
materials listed are included in the syllabus. You are not expected to be able to reproduce
proofs of the theorems in the textbook.
deficiencies on their own might wish to consider MATH 11221 . MATH 112 2003 09 is
scheduled at the same time as Section 1 of MATH 140 2003 09.
Precalculus WeBWorK Assignments and Quiz #Q0 In order to help you de-
termine whether your progress in this course could be jeopardized by poor preparation,
you are being asked to complete a Precalculus WeBWorK Assignment, and you will
be given a Quiz (#Q0) at your tutorial during the week of September 15th, 2003. The
Precalculus Assignment must be passed with a grade of 75% or better22 , and the Quiz
grade will not count at all. You are urged not to minimize the significance of these
diagnostic procedures, as poor preparation is a common cause of failure in Calculus I
and Calculus II.
These tests of preparation are concerned with “precalculus” notions, not with calculus
material: while you are expected to have taken a previous course in calculus, we do not
plan to enforce or evaluate that prerequisite.
1.7.2 Calculators
The use of calculators is not permitted in either quizzes or the examination in this course.
Students whose previous mathematics courses have been calculator-oriented would be
advised to make particular efforts to avoid the use of a calculator in solving problems
in this course, in order to develop a minimal facility in manual calculation. This means
that you are urged to do all arithmetic by hand.
1.7.3 Self-Supervision
This is not a high-school course, and McGill is not a high school. The monitoring of
your progress before the final examination is largely your own responsibility. While the
tutors and instructors are available to help you, they cannot do so unless and until you
identify the need for help. WeBWorK and quizzes are designed to assist you in doing
this.
Time Demands of your Other Courses. Be sure to budget enough time to attend
lectures and tutorials, for private study, and for the solution of many problems. Don’t be
tempted to divert calculus study time to courses which offer instant gratification. While
the significance of the tutorial quizzes in the computation of your grade is minimal, these
21
MATH 112 Fundamentals of Mathematics (3) (Fall. Not open to students who have taken CEGEP
course 201-101. Open only to those students who are deficient in a pre-calculus background.) Equations
and inequalities, graphs, relations and functions, exponential and logarithmic functions, trigonometric
functions and their use, mathematical induction, binomial theorem, complex numbers.
22
in order for your WeBWorK grades to count; otherwise your WeBWorK grade will be 0.
are important learning experiences, and can assist you in gauging your progress in the
course. This is not a course that can be crammed for: you must work steadily through
the term if you wish to develop the facilities needed for a strong performance on the final
examination.
The real uses of WeBWorK and the quizzes. Students often misunderstand the
true significance of WeBWorK assignments and the quizzes. While both contribute
to your grade, they help you estimate the quality of your progress in the course. Take
proper remedial action if you are obtaining low grades on quizzes23 , or if you require
many attempts before being able to solve a problem on WeBWorK. However, while
both WeBWorK and the quizzes have a role to play in learning the calculus, neither
is as important as reading your textbook, working problems yourself, and attending and
listening at lectures and tutorials.
1.7.5 Terminology
Do not be surprised if your instructors and tutors use different terminology from what
you have heard in your previous calculus course, particularly if that course was at a high
school. Sometimes the differences are purely due to different traditions in the professions.
“Negative x” Your instructors and tutors will often read a formula −x as minus x,
not as negative x. To a mathematician the term negative refers to real numbers which
are not squares, i.e. which are less than 0, and −x can be positive if x itself is negative.
23
The worst action is to miss the quizzes, and thereby block out an unwelcome message.
Inverse trigonometric functions A formula like sin−1 x will be read as the inverse
sine of x — never sine to the minus 1 or sine to the negative 1 . However, if we write
sinn x, where n is a positive integer, it will always mean (sin x)n . These conventions
apply to any of the functions sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, csc; they also apply to the hyperbolic
functions, which we will meet in [1, §3.9]: sinh, cosh, tanh, coth.... We will usually not
write exponents on general functions, so a formula like f 2 (x) does not have an obvious
meaning, and we will avoid writing it when f is other than a trigonometric or hyperbolic
function.
Logarithms These days mathematicians rarely use logarithms to the base 10. If you
were taught to interpret log x as being the logarithm to base 10, you should now forget
that. Most often, if your instructor speaks of a logarithm, and writes log x, he will be
referring to the base e, i.e. to loge ; that is, he is referring to the function that calculus
books call ln. When a logarithm to some other base is intended, it will either be denoted
by an explicit subscript, as log2 , or some comment will be made at the beginning of
the discussion, as “all logarithms in this discussion are to the base 2”. Your instructors
try to think like mathematicians even when lecturing to their classes, and so we use the
language and terminology we use when talking to each other.
WeBWorK problems, as it prevents you from developing skill for detecting errors in
manual calculations — a skill that you will need for the quizzes and final examination.
• To access and submit Precalculus (§1.4.3) and Regular WeBWorK (§1.4.4) as-
signments
• To access the web page for the course — also available through WebCT — where
these and other notes will be available in .pdf form; the site also contains notes
and examinations from previous years.
(subject to revision)
Date Instructor Location Starts Ends
Dec. 3, 2003 X. Liu BURN 1204 13:35 14:25
Dec. 3, 2003 X. Liu BURN 1204 14:35 15:25
Dec. 3, 2003 X. Liu BURN 1204 15:35 16:25
Dec. 5, 2003 M. Alakhrass BURN 920 14:00 17:00
The next page will not be distributed until the syllabus has been revised.
MONDAY WEDNESDAY
SEPTEMBER
1 LABOUR DAY 3 §1.1, §1.2°, R §1.3
Tutorials begin the week of September 8th
Use Textbook Appendices A, B, C, D to review prerequisites!
8 §1.5, §1.6 10 §2.1, §2.2
Course changes must be completed by midnight, September 14
15 §2.3, §2.4Q0 17 §2.5Q0
Deadline for withdrawal with fee refund = September 21
22 §2.6R1 Q1 24 §2.7, §2.8Q1
29 §2.9R2
OCTOBER
1 §3.1, §3.2
6 NO LECTURE IN LECTURE 8 §3.3, §3.4Q2
SECTION 2 Q2 R3
Deadline for withdrawal (with W) from course = Oct. 12
13 THANKSGIVING DAY 15 §3.4, §3.5R4
(Canada): Tutorial Sections
003-008 moved to December 1
20 §3.6Q3 R5 22 §3.7Q3
27 §3.8, §3.9R6 29 §3.10
Notation:
Rn = Regular WeBWorK Assignment #Rn due at midnight on Monday this week
°R = Read Only
Qn = Quiz #Qn planned for the tutorials this week
Hand in Written Assignment #Wn (There is no #W0.)
X = reserved for eXpansion or review
Section numbers refer to the text-book.
The next page will not be distributed until the syllabus has been revised.
MONDAY WEDNESDAY
NOVEMBER
3 §3.10, §3.11Q4 R7 5 §4.1Q4
10 §4.2R8 12 §4.3
17 §4.4Q5 R9 19 §4.5 — omit “slant asymptotes”,
(§4.6)Q5
24 §4.7R10 26 §4.10
DECEMBER
Only Tutorial Sections 003–008, 015, 016 meet week of December 1
1 X Tutorial Sections 003-008 meet at 3 X
their regular times.
Notation:
Rn = Regular WeBWorK Assignment #Rn due at midnight on Monday this week
°R = Read Only
Qn = #nth quiz planned for the tutorials this week
Hand in Written Assignment #Wn
X = reserved for eXpansion or review
Section numbers refer to the text-book.
Timetable for Lecture Section 002, November - December, 2003
Supplementary Notes for Students in Lecture Section 002 2003
What goes on the chalkboard? — Should I Take Notes? Your instructor be-
lieves strongly that students should not spend the lecture hour feverishly copying notes
for fear of missing some essential topic; in this course most of what you need to know is
contained in the textbook. You should take notes, but you should be trying to think at
the same time. The chalkboard will be used for
• a scratchpad
Some of this material will be useful to you in learning the material in the course. Even
when the material on the board is equivalent to something in your textbook, the act of
writing may help you remember it.
Graphs Several topics in the syllabus, culminating in [1, §4.5], are concerned with
sketching of curves. Our emphasis here is on qualitative and quantitative properties of
the graphs of functions, but not on the production of extremely precise graphs. You can
expect to see the instructor draw on the chalkboard sketches that are extremely crude
approximations of functions, sometimes even caricatures of the true graph. Mathemati-
cians do not base proofs on sketches of graphs — the role of a sketch is usually only
to assist the reader to visualize the verbal or symbolic reasoning which accompanies it.
Sometimes a graph is used help one discover a phenomenon, but the result would not be
acceptable to a mathematician unless it could be proved in a non-graphical way.
Information for Students in MATH 140A 2003 09 3001
• Do not use a calculator when solving these problems, even for simple arithmetic.
(You may, however, wish to use a calculator afterwards to verify whether your
answers are ‘reasonable’.)
1. (a) Give a right-angled triangle in which one angle is α = π3 , and use the triangle
to determine the values of sin α, cos α, tan α.
(b) Give a right-angled triangle in which one angle is β = π4 , and use the triangle
to determine the values of sin β, cos β, cot β, sec β.
It is not sufficient to state the values: you should explain how you determine them
in terms of the lengths of the sides of your triangle.
Solution:
(a) We take the right half of an equilateral triangle, each of whose sides has length
2. In ∆DBC ∠C = π3 = α. DB bisects ∠ADC and meets AC in its midpoint,
B. Then
√
|BD| 3
sin α = =
|CD| 2
|BC| 1
cos α = =
|CD| 2
√
|BD| 3 √
tan α = = = 3
|BC| 1
|EG| 1
sin β = =√
|F G| 2
D
·T
· T
· T
· T
· T
· T
· √ T
F @
2 · 3 T 2
· T @
· T @
· T @ √
· T 1 @
2
· T @
· T @
· T @
· 1 90◦ 1 60◦T 90◦ 45@
◦
· T 1 @
A B C E G
|EF | 1
cos β = =√
|F G| 2
|EF |
cot β = =1
|EG|
√
|F G| 2 √
sec β = = = 2
|EF | 1
(Note: Some students may have been taught never to leave a surd in the
denominator, as in the fraction √12 above. This convention derives from the
√
difficulties, in the days before calculators, of working with numbers like 2.
While it still is useful, for hand calculations, to confine surds to the numerator,
you may work with fractions like √12 if you are happy with them.)
(a) a formula which expresses sin(x + y) in terms of the sines and cosines of x
and y.
(b) a relationship between sin x and sin(−x), and another between cos x and
cos(−x).
(c) By applying the results of parts 2b, 2a above, determine a formula that ex-
presses sin(x − y) in terms of the sines and cosines of x and y.
The formulæ you state should be valid for all values of x and y.
Solution:
(a)
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y (60)
[21, A-15 (6)]
(b) sin(−x) = − sin x; cos(−x) = − cos x [21, A-15 (4)]
(c) Replacing y by −y throughout (60), one obtains
π π
3. (a) By substituting x = α = 3
and y = β = 4
in the formula in 2c, determine
the value of sin 15◦ .
π
(b) Using the result of 3a, determine the value of cos 12 .
Solution:
(a)
µ ¶
π π
sin = sin − i4
12 3 p
π π π π
= sin cos − cos sin
à √3 ! µ 4 3
¶ µ ¶ µ
4
¶
3 1 1 1
= · √ − · √
2 2 2 2
√ √ √
3−1 6− 2
= √ = .
2 2 4
√ √ √
( 3−1)2
(b) π
cos2 12=1− 8
= 2+4 3 ; hence cos 12
π
is one of the square roots of 2+4 3 .
Since theq
angle is in the first quadrant, the sign is positive. It follows that
√
π 2+ 3
cos 12 = 4
. This can be seen — you were not expected to see this —
√
3+1
that the square root is √
2 2
.
4. State, without proof, formulæ which express cos(x + y) and cos(x − y) in terms of
the sines and cosines of x and y.
Solution:
5. (a) Specialize the formula in Problem 4 (by making a suitable choice for y in
terms of x) to express cos 2x in terms of sin x and cos x.
(b) Use the identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 to express cos 2x in terms of cos x alone;
and in terms of sin x alone.
(c) Apply your formulæ in 5b to determine the values of cos π6 and cos π2 from the
π
sines of 12 and π4 .
Solution:
(b)
(c)
π ³π´ ³π´
2
cos = cos 2 = 1 − 2 sin
6 12√ 12 √ √
2
( 3 − 1) 1+3−2 3 3
= 1−2· =1−2· =
8 8 2
µ ¶2
π π 1
cos = 1 − 2 sin2 = 1 − 2 √ =0
2 4 2
(a) The line through the points (−1, 4) and (−2, 1).
(b) The line through the point (4, −1) which is perpendicular to the line
2x + y = −7 . (67)
1−4
(a) The slope of the line will be (−2)−(−1)
= 3, so an equation is y−4 = 3(x−(−1))
or y = 3x + 7.
(b) The slope of the line we seek will be the negative reciprocal of the line y =
−2x − 7, which has slope −2; thus the line will have slope 21 . One equation
will be y − (−1) = 21 (x − 4), or x − 2y = 6.
7. (a) It is claimed that the equation (2x + y + 7)2 = 0 represents the same points
as the equation 2x + y + 7 = 0. Determine whether the claim is correct.
(b) Determine what is represented by the equation (2x + y)2 = (−7)2 , i.e. by the
equation obtained by squaring both sides of equation (67).
Solution:
(a) The equation of a line is a constraint satisfied by the coordinates of its points,
and satisfied by the coordinates of no other points. As (2x + y + 7)2 may
be zero if and only if 2x + y + 7 = 0, this is another equation for the same
line. (Some authors would, however, say that this is “the equation of two
coincident lines”.)
(b) (The symbol ⇔ means that the statements which it connects are logically
equivalent.)
(2x + y)2 = (−7)2 ⇔ (2x + y)2 − (−7)2 = 0
⇔ (2x + y − 7)(2x − y + 7) = 0
⇔ 2x + y − 7 = 0 or 2x + y + 7 = 0
Thus the given equation is satisfied by the coordinates of the points on either
of the parallel lines 2x + y − 7 = 0 and 2x + y + 7 = 0; the equation represents
the union of the sets of points on the two lines.
8. Determine the centre and radius of the circle x2 + y 2 + 4x − 6y + 3 = 0.
Solution: (This problem is from the 1998 Final examination in 189-112A.) We
complete the squares separately.
x2 + y 2 + 4x − 6y + 3 = 0
⇔ (x2 + 4x) + (y 2 − 6y) + 3 = 0
à µ ¶2 ! µ ¶2 à µ ¶2 ! µ ¶2
4 4 −6 −6
⇔ x2 + 4x + − + y 2 − 6y + − +3=0
2 2 2 2
⇔ (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 4 + 9 − 3 = 10
√
⇔ (x − (−2))2 + (y − 3)2 = 4 + 9 − 3 = ( 10)2
√
Hence the centre of the circle is (−2, 3), and its radius is 10.
(a) The denominator is defined for all x. The numerator is defined for all non-
negative x. The ratio function is defined only for non-zero denominators,
so we must ensure that 2 − sin x is not zero; but this can never happen, as
| sin x| ≤ 1. Thus the largest possible domain for this function is the set of all
non-negative real numbers.
(b) Logarithms are defined only for positive numbers, so we must require that x +
1 > 0, i.e. that x > −1. But the logarithm here appears in the denominator,
which can assume any value except 0. log3 (x+1) = 0 precisely when x+1 = 1,
i.e. x = 0. Thus the largest possible domain for this function is the union of
the set −1 < x < 0 with the set x > 0 of positive real numbers.
Solution: (This problem is from the 1998 Final examination in 189-112A.) Students
were expected to observe that the first summand is a perfect square.
3x − 7y = 1
4x + 3y = 5
Solution: (This problem is from the 1998 Final examination in 189-112A.) Students
will study the systematic solution of systems of linear equations in courses on
linear algebra and matrices. This problem is simply to detect whether you are
able to solve a routine small system, even if your methods are not systematic.
Subtracting 3 times the second equation from 4 times the first equation yields
11
−37y = −11, implying that, if there is a solution, y = 37 ; this, substituted into
38
the first equation, yields x = 37 . (This solution can be verified by substituting
in the second equation. While that is hardly necessary in the present problem,
substitution should be undertaken in large linear systems, unless care has been
taken to avoid the possibility that some constraint has been lost. This is beyond
the present course, but will be studied in courses in linear algebra. What is at
issue is the possibility that a system of equations may have no solutions at all, or
may have infinitely many solutions.)
Solution:
(a)
1
⇔ cos x = or cos x = 2
2
1
⇒ cos x = as | cos x| ≤ 1
µ 2 ¶
1
⇔ x = 2n ± π
3
x2 + x + 1 ≤ 3(x2 − x + 1)
x2 − x + 1 ≤ 3(x2 + x + 1)
The first of these is equivalent to 2(x − 1)2 ≥ 0, which is true because the left side
is a square, hence non-negative; the second is equivalent to 2(x + 1)2 ≥ 0, which is
non-negative for the same reason. In order to pass from these two inequalities to
(70) we need to divide by x2 + x + 1. This is a quadratic polynomial, having no
real roots; its sign is that of the leading coefficient x2 , i.e. it is positive; this can
be shown by observing that x2 + x + 1 = (x + 12 )2 + 34 ≥ 0 + 34 > 0. So dividing
the members of an inequality by this positive quantity preserves the inequalities,
thereby yielding the desired pair of inequalities.
2
A more elegant solution can be found if we define z = xx2 +x+1
−x+1
, and transform this
equation to yield a quadratic equation for x in terms of z:
x2 − x + 1 − z(x2 + x + 1) = 0
⇔ (1 − z)x2 − (1 + z)x + (1 − z) = 0
For this equation to admit a solution for every x, the discriminant must be non-
negative, i.e.
(1 + z)2 − 4(1 − z)2 ≥ 0
This is equivalent to
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
which is equivalent to − z − 13 (z − 3) ≥ 0. For the product z − 31 (z − 3) to
be non-positive, z must lie between the roots, i.e. z must be such as to make one
of the factors negative and the other positive. This can be achieved only with
1
3
≤ z ≤ 3, as required.
1
x+
4. Evaluate lim x2
x→0 2
− 3x2
x2
63
5. Find a value for a so that
µ ¶
x2 + 1
lim 3x + 1 − a
x→∞ x+1
exists as a finite limit, and evaluate that limit.
62
Added 21.09.99: This problem should be omitted. It is based upon [21, §§4.5,4.7], which material
may not have been discussed in the lectures before the due date of the assignment.
63
See footnote 62.
2 when x ≤ −2
6. Sketch the graph of f (x) = x + 4 when −2 < x < 4 .
20 − x2 when 4≤x
Find the values of x for which f (x) is not continuous.
7. Find values of a and b which will make the following function continuous:
2
x + 2a when 0 < x < 1
f (x) = bx + a when 1 ≤ x < 2 .
2b − 3 when
2≤x
x
x2 − 2x − 3
8. Let f (x) = . Determine where f (x) is not continuous, and where
4 − x2
x2 − 2x − 3
f (x) = 0. Then solve the inequality ≥ 0. [Hint: One method to solve
4 − x2
this problem uses the Intermediate Value Theorem.]
3 1 − 4x
9. Solve the inequality ≤ . [Hint: Bring everything to one side of the
x+1 x−1
equation and simplify first.]
7 1
= lim ·q q
h→0 3 7(x+h)−1 7x−1
3
+ 3
7 1
= lim q q
3 h→0 7(x+h)−1 7x−1
3
+ 3
7 1
= q
6 7x−1
3
2. You will find below the definitions for a number of functions. If the domain of
definition is not stated, then you are to assume the domain to be as large as
possible.
√
(d) f4 (x) = − 10x − x2 ; tangent at (1, −3).
Solution: The domain of f4 consists of all real numbers x such that 10x−x2 ≥
0, i.e. where the product x(x−10) is non-positive: that is, all x in the interval
0 ≤ x ≤ 10. The derivative will be defined at every point in the domain except
at the end-points of the interval, at one of which the tangent approaches the
1
vertical; f40 (x) = − 12 (10x − x2 )− 2 (10 − 2x) = √10x−x
x−5
2 . At the point x = 1,
0 1 1
f = − 2 · 3 ·8 = − 3 . The equation of the tangent there is y−(−3) = − 43 (x−1),
4
i.e. 4x + 3y + 5 = 0.
3
(e) f5 (x) = |3 − 2x|; tangent at x = .
2
Solution: The function is defined for all real x. As
½
3 − 2x 3 − 2x ≥ 0
f5 (x) = ,
2x − 3 3 − 2x < 0
½
−2 x < 32
f5 (x) = .
2 x > 32
The derivative does not exist at the point x = 23 , since the difference quotient
approaches +2 on one side of this point, and −2 on the other, so there is no
2-sided limit to the difference quotient.
3
x
when x 6= 0
(f) f6 (x) = |x| ; tangent and normal at (0, 0).
0 when x = 0
Solution: The function has all real numbers in its domain; the only point that
might have caused difficulty would have been 0, as the given quotient is not
defined there; however, the value at x = 0 is given separately. Differentiating
f within each of the defining half-lines gives
½
0 2x when x > 0
f6 (x) =
−2x when x < 0
To determine the value of the derivative at x = 0 we have to appeal to first
h3 h3
−0 −0 h2 −0
principles. f60 (0) = limh→0 |h|
h
. Since lim+ |h|
h
= lim+ h
= lim+ h = 0,
h→0 h→0 h→0
and the limit from the left is also equal to 0, we can assert that the 2-sided
limit exists, so f60 (0) = 0. The line through the origin with slope 0 is the
x-axis, which is tangent to the curve at that point.
½ 2
x − 6x when x < 1
(g) f7 (x) = ; tangent at (1, −5).
−1 − 4x when x ≥ 1
Solution: f7 is defined for all x. The function was created by piecing together
a branch of a parabola for x < 1, and a ray of a straight line for x ≥ 1.
(b) Determine the value of the functions f1 ◦ f4 and f4 ◦ f1 at all points in their
domains. Find the derivatives of these functions in two ways:
i. by differentiation of the formulæ you have determined
ii. by applying the chain rule
and show that the results are the same.
Solution:
√
− 10x − x2
(f1 ◦ f4 )(x) = √
5 − 8(− 10x − x2 )
1
= − 1
8 + 5(10x − x2 )− 2
s µ ¶ µ ¶2
x x
(f4 ◦ f1 )(x) = − 10 −
5 − 8x 5 − 8x
s
x(50 − 81x)
= −
(5 − 8x)2
Both methods of differentiation should lead to the same results:
5(x − 5)
(f1 ◦ f4 )0 (x) = √
5 + 8 10x − x2
205x − 125
(f4 ◦ f1 )0 (x) = p
(5 − 8x)2 x(50 − 81x)
Don’t panic! These computations are much to difficult for an examination!
The purpose was to test your perseverence, under conditions where two meth-
ods had to lead to the same answer, so you could verify your work.
1+s 1 √ dy
(c) Suppose that y = , s = t − , t = x. Determine the value of at
1−s t dx
x = 2.
Solution:
dy dy ds dt
= · ·
dx ds dt dx µ ¶
2 1 1
= 2
· 1− 2 · √
(1 − s) t 2 x
√
When x = 2, t = 2, s = √1 .
Hence
2
µ ¶ √
dy 2 1 1 3 2+4
=³ ´2 · 1 − · √ = .
dx 1 2 2 2 2
1 − √2
4. For each of the following functions, and for the given closed interval,
• find all critical points;
• find all local maxima and local minima;64
• find all global maxima and global minima, or explain why none of either exists.
All claims should be supported by careful reasoning; show all your work.
(a) g1 (x) = (x − 3)5 ; interval [2, 4]
Solution: g10 (x) = 5(x − 3)4 for 2 < x < 4. The derivative is thus defined
at all points in the interior of the interval; we cannot speak of a derivative
at the end points, since the behavior of the function must be known on both
sides of a point where a derivative is to be determined; (we could speak of
1-sided derivatives, but have not done so in this course). The critical points
will be those points where the derivative is zero, i.e. only the point x = 3. To
determine local and global extrema we must consider the value of the function
at the critical point and also at the end-points of the interval. Since g1 (3) = 0,
g1 (2) = −1, and g1 (4) = 1, we see that the global maximum, of value 1, occurs
at x = 4, and that the global minimum, of value −1, occurs at x = 2. The
point x = 3 is neither a local minimum nor a local maximum: for x < 3 the
function value is less than g1 (3), while, for x > 3, the function value is greater
than g1 (3).
· ¸
2 3 5
(b) g2 (x) = 6 − 36x + 15x − 2x ; interval ,5
2
Solution: The function g2 , being a polynomial,
£5 ¤ is defined at all points. As the
definition of g2 has been specified
¡ ¢ as 2 , 5 , the function will have a derivative
at all points in the interval 25 , 5 ; we have no information about g2 for x < 52 ,
nor for x > 5, so we do not have a derivative at either of those end-points.
Where it is defined, g20 (x) = −36 + 30x − 6x2 = −6(x − 2)(x − 3), which
vanishes at x = 2 and x = 3. But x = 2 is not in the domain of definition
of the function, so this point is irrelevant. We thus have just one critical
point, x = 3; there g2 (3) = 6 − 108 + 135 − 54 = −21. At the end-points,
g2 ( 52 ) = − 33
2
, g2 (5) = −49. As g2 ( 52 ) > g2 (3) > g2 (5), the global maximum is
5
at 2 , and the global minimum at 5.
−1
when −1 ≤ x < 0
(c) Solution: g30 (x) = x2 . For h 6= 0, the value of
1
− when 0 < x ≤ 1
x2
64
THIS PROBLEM WAS NOT TO BE GRADED: It was announced in the lectures that this topic
would not be discussed until [21, Chapter 4]; accordingly this part of the question was to be omitted.
5. [25, Examples XLVI.17] (Cambridge Math. Tripos 1930) The graph of the function
ax + b
h(x) = has (2, −1) as a critical point. Determine a and b, and show
(x − 1)(x − 4)
that the critical point is a local maximum. (Note: It is intended that this problem
be solved without using concepts from Chapter 4 of your textbook (involving higher
derivatives.))
2
Solution: For x different from 1 and 4, h0 (x) = a(x −5x+4)−(ax+b)(2x−5)
(x−1)2 (x−4)2
. As the
derivative exists at x = 2, it can be a critical point only because the derivative is
6. Determine values of the constants a, b, c which will cause the curve y = ax3 + bx2 +
cx + d to pass through the points (2, 6) and (−1, 6) and to be tangent to the line
y = 3x + 1 at the point (1, 4).
Solution: We are given four kinds of information: three points through which the
curve passes, and the equation of the tangent at one of these points. Imposing the
condition that the curve pass through the points (2, 6), (−1, 6), and (1, 4) yields
three linear equations:
8a + 4b + 2c + d = 6
−a + b − c + d = 6
a+b+c+d = 4
Finally, as the tangent at x = 1 has slope 3, we know that 3ax2 + 2bx + c|x=1 = 3,
i.e. 3a+2b+c = 3. Solving the 4 linear equations simultaneously yields (a, b, c, d) =
(−1, 3, 0, 2).
7. Find all lines with slope −3 which are normal to the curve 64y = x3 .
1 3 3 2
Solution: At the point (x, 64 x ) on the curve the slope of the tangent is 64 x , so
64
the slope of the normal is − 3x2 . Imposing ¡ the condition
¢ that this equal −3, we
obtain that x = ± 83 . Through
¡ ¢ the point ± 8
3
, ± 8
27
the equation of the line with
8 8 8·28
slope 3 is y ∓ 27 = −3 x ∓ 3 , i.e. 3x + y = ± 27 .
8. Find the volume of the uncovered box of greatest volume that can be made by
cutting equal squares out of the corners of a piece of sheet metal which is 21 cm.
× 5 cm., and turning up the sides.
Solution: If the side of the square cut from each corner is of lengh x, where 0 ≤ x ≤
5
2
, then the volume obtained after the sides are folded up is x · (21 − 2x)(5 − 2x) =
4x3 − 52x2 + 105x. Setting the derivative, 12x2 − 104x + 105 (i.e. (2x − 15)(6x − 7))
equal to zero, we find that x = 15 2
or x = 67 . The second of these is the only critical
point; the first is not in the interval of definition of the function. To determine the
maximum we compare the value of the volume at x = 76 with the volume at the
end-points, both of which give volume 0. At x = 67 the volume is 76 · 56 3
· 83 = 1568
27
3
cm. , which exceeds the value of 0 at the end-points. This is the largest volume.
9. Show that, among all right-angled triangles whose hypotenuse is 10 units long, the
triangle whose area is maximum is isosceles.
Solution: Denote the lengths of the non-hypotenuse sides by a and b. As √ these are
2 2 2 2
constrained by the equation
√ x + b = 10 = 100, we know that b = 100 − a .
1
The area is therefore 2 a 100 − a2 . We may take the domain to be 0 ≤ a ≤ 10.
2
The derivative of the area function is, after reduction, √50−a 2 , which is zero when
√ 100−a
a = ±5 2. Of these two values, only the positive one is in the domain of definition
of the function. At the end-points of the domain the function is zero; while, at
the critical point we have found, the function value is positive; this, then, is the
maximum point. For this value of a, b = a, which was to be proved.
2. Find an equation for the tangent line at x=0 to the graph of y = ex − e−x .
1
3. Find the greatest value of f (x) = ln x .
x2
4. If f (x) = e−x sin x , find the values of x where
(a) f 0 (x) = 0 ;
(b) f 00 (x) = 0 .
dy sin−1 2x
5. (a) Find if y= .
dx sin−1 x
µ ¶
−1 x+1 dz
(b) Show that if z = tan + tan−1 x , then =0.
x−1 dx
6. A picture a metres high is placed on a wall with its base b metres above
an observer’s eye. If the observer stands x metres away from the wall, find
(a) the angle α subtended by the picture at the observer’s eye; and
(b) the distance x which will give the maximum value for α.
(a) ln(0.94) ;
(b) cos−1 (0.47) .
determine all of the information requested below, and sketch a graph of the func-
tion. Show all your work.
(i) Is the graph symmetric under rotation about the origin? (The graph of F is
symmetric under rotation about the origin if the equation remains unchanged
under the transformation (x, y) → (−x, −y); i.e. if F (−x) = −F (x). Such a
function is said to be odd .)
(j) Determine all horizontal and all vertical asymptotes to the graph.
2. (a) Show that at least one of the hypotheses of the Mean Value Theorem fails to
hold for the following functions; show also that the conclusion of the theorem
fails to hold for each function, where the interval is [a, b] = [−1, 1].
½ 1
when x 6= 0
i. f1 (x) = x .
0 when x = 0
2
ii. f2 (x) = x 3 .
(b) [21, Problem 4.3.48] [23, Problem 4.3.48] Show that the function f2 (x) de-
fined in Problem 2(a)ii above does satisfy the conclusion of the Mean Value
Theorem on the interval [−1, 27].
(c) Using the Mean Value Theorem, show carefully that the equation x7 + x − 12
has exactly one real solution. Then show — without using a calculator —
that this solution lies between x = 1 and x = 2.
3. Consider the function f3 (x) = x cos x.
(a) Determine the intercepts of the graph of f3 on the coordinate axes.
(b) Show that the critical points of f3 occur at points of intersection of y = tan x
1
with the curve y = .
x
1
(c) Show that, wherever it is defined, the function tan x − is increasing. Use
x
this
µ fact to show that there
¶ is exactly one critical point of f3 in each interval
(2n − 1)π (2n + 1)π
, , where n is any integer. [Hint: Use a Corollary to
2 2
the Mean Value Theorem.]
(d) Sketch the graph of f3 .
1
4. Use the Second Derivative Test in finding all points on the curve y = 2 which
2x
are closest to the origin.
65
5. In each of the following cases, evaluate the limit, or show that it does not exist.
65
This problem and the next were originally included in Assignment 2, but were subsequently omitted,
because they are based upon [21, §§4.5,4.7], which material had not been discussed in the lectures before
the due date of Assignment 2.
√
3x + 2 x
(a) lim
x→∞ 1−x
|2x − 3|
(b) lim
x→−∞ x + 2
• The basic principle you should follow in any mathematics course is that every statement
should be justified. While it may be that in some cases you are not able to provide a
flawless logical argument, that should always be your goal. Getting the right answer is
always desirable, but will usually not be enough.
• Notwithstanding the preceding comment, you should not spend disproportionately long
amounts of time on any one question. Solutions will be posted on the Web.
• While the textbook in [10, 1.1] describes four different ways in which to represent a func-
tion, we usually regard the representation by an explicit formula as the most desirable.
In particular, graphical representation should be used only to assist you in visualizing a
solution, not as the final solution; it will normally not be acceptable to explain a step in
a proof by reference to a graph — but it is a good policy to make a quick sketch of the
graph of any function you have to work with.
• Do not approximate numbers unless you are asked to do so. Thus, π should not be
replaced by 3.1415926...; of course, you should know the values of the standard trigono-
metric functions at familiar multiples and submultiples of π, and use this information√to
simplify your answers, where applicable. For example, you should replace sin π3 by 23 ,
but not by 0.8660....
It is usually preferable to leave fractions in the form m
n , rather than rewriting as decimal
fractions. This preference applies even when the decimal expansion is finite, as in, for
example, 34 = 0.75. One reason for this preference is that decimal fractions are often
interpreted as approximations, rather than as the exact value; so by writing 0.75 instead
of 34 you could be obscuring the fact that your datum is exact.
• You may assume that, over an interval [c, d], the maximum and minimum values of a
linear function — that is a function of the form f (x) = ax+b, where a and b are constants
— are attained at the end points of the interval.
(a) Find algebraic formulæ which give the value of f (x) without using the absolute
value function. For this purpose it will be necessary to break the domain up
into several parts, as the formula will be different in different subintervals.
(b) Showing all your work, determine the domain and the range66 of f .
(c) Determine whether or not f has an inverse function. If it does, determine a
formula for f −1 (x).
Solution:
(a)
½
−2x when x<0
Since |2x| =
2x when x≥0
½
−2x − 3 when 2x + 3 < 0
and |2x + 3| =
2x + 3 when 2x + 3 ≥ 0
(
−2x − 3 when x < − 23
or, equivalently |2x + 3| = ,
2x + 3 when x ≥ − 23
(b) While the description of the function changes as one moves from one interval
to the next, the function is defined for all x — i.e. the domain is the whole
real line.
For the interval −∞ < x ≤ − 32 , the function value ranges between +∞ and
3; it remains at 3 through the middle interval; and, for − 32 < x < ∞, again
takes on all values which are ≥ 3. Thus the range is [3, ∞).
[How could one prove, rigorously, that the stated intervals do indeed constitute the
range of the function? For example, when x < − 23 , we reverse the inequality when
we multiply by −4, to obtain −4x > 6; adding −3 to both sides of the inequality
yields −4x − 3 > 3, showing that the portion of the range of the function for this
part of the domain is contained in the interval (3, ∞). And, if y is any real number
such that 3 < y, then 6 < y + 3; so, multiplying both sides of the inequality by − 14 ,
y+3 3
and
³ thereby
´ reversing
³ ´the inequality, we obtain − 4 < − 2 . But this tells us that
f − y+34 = −4 y+3 4 − 3 = y. We have thus shown that every number y in the
interval (3, ∞) is in the range: thus the range of the function corresponding to this
portion of the domain is precisely the interval (3, ∞).]
(c) This function is not invertible, since there are values which are attained at
more than one point in the domain. For example, the function takes on the
same value for all x such that − 32 ≤ x ≤ 0.
2. Let a function g be defined by
√
g(x) = 2x − 5 . (71)
Showing your work, answer each of the following questions for g.
(a) Determine the domain.
(b) Determine the range.
(c) Determine whether the function has an inverse function. If it does, find a
formula for g −1 (x), and determine the domain and range.
Solution:
(a) g is the composition of two functions. In the first phase x is mapped on
to 2x − 5. The second function applied is the square root. The mapping
x 7→ 2x − 5 is defined for all x; that is, its domain is the whole real line.
However, the mapping to the square root is not defined for negative numbers.
Thus we cannot proceed unless 2x − 5 ≥ 0, i.e. unless
5
x≥ . (72)
2
Inequality (72) gives the domain of g.
• F is odd.
• F is even.
• the graph of F is symmetric about the x-axis.
• the graph of F is symmetric about the y-axis.
1
(f) F (x) = x3 −
x
2
(g) F (x) = G(x ), where G is any function.
Solution:
Before beginning our solution, we make the following observations:
(a) | sin(−x)| = |−sin x| = | sin x|, so this function is even; (hence, it not being the
0 function, it is not odd). By the preceding comments, its graph is symmetric
about the y-axis, but not about the x-axis.
(b) cos(−x)
¡ π ¢= cos x for all x, so this function is even. It is not odd; for example,
cos − 4 = 2 6= − √12 = − cos π4 .
√1
¡ ¢
(c) By a well-known property of the cosine function, cos x − π2 = cos ¡ x cos ¢π2 +
sin x sin π2 = (cos x) · 0 + (sin
¡ x) π· ¢1 = sin x for all x. Hence cos −x − 2 =
π
(g) G((−x)2 ) = G(x2 ), so this function is even, and its graph is symmetric about
the y-axis. The function is not odd, and the graph is not symmetric about
the x-axis.
4. Let
x2 − 4
f (x) =
x−1
1
g(x) =
f (x − 1)
³ π´
h(x) = sin x −
4
1
k(x) = ³ π´
h x−
4
(a) Determine an explicit formula for (f ◦ g)(x).
(b) Describe the domains of the functions f , g, f ◦ g, h and k.
(c) [BONUS QUESTION] Describe the domain of g ◦ f .
(b) f . Since f is defined as a ratio of polynomials, its domain is the set if all real
numbers where the denominator is not zero; as the denominator is x − 1,
the domain of f is all real numbers except 1.
g.
1 1 1 x−2
g(x) = = 2 = 2 = 2
f (x − 1) (x − 1) − 4 x − 2x − 3 x − 2x − 3
(x − 1) − 1 x−2
The preceding statement is valid wherever g is defined. That will be the
intersection of the set of x such that f (x − 1) is defined, and the set
where the fraction 1f (x − 1) is defined; i.e., it will be the set of x where
f (x − 1) is defined, from which we must remove all points x such that
f (x − 1) = 0. Since f (x) is defined for x 6= 1, f (x − 1) is defined for all
x such that x − 1 6= 1, i.e. such that x 6= 2. And f (x − 1) = 0 precisely
when (x − 1)2 − 4 = 0, equivalently when x − 1 = ±2, i.e. when x = −1
or x = 3. Therefore the domain of g is the set R − {−1, 2, 3}.
f ◦ g. The first function to be applied is g. Its domain consists of R −
{−1, 2, 3}. But the application of f requires, further, that we exclude
f (x) − 2
(g ◦ f )(x) =
f (x)2 − 2f (x) − 3
x2 − 4
−2
= µ 2 x−1
¶2
x −4 x2 − 4
−2 −3
x−1 x−1
((x2 − 4) − 2(x − 1)) (x − 1)
=
(x2 − 4)2 − 2(x2 − 4)(x − 1) − 3(x − 1)2
(x2 − 2x − 2)(x − 1)
= 4
x − 2x3 − 9x2 + 14x + 5
This ratio is not defined at points where the denominator is zero. However,
that denominator is a quartic function of x, and its roots are not obvious.69
Instead, let us attack this problem the same way we dealt with f ◦ g above.
First we have to exclude the points where f is not defined, i.e., the point x = 1.
Next we have to exclude points x such that f (x) is not in the domain of g:
x2 − 4 x2 − 4
these are the solutions to each of the equations = 3, = 2, and
x−1 x−1
x2 − 4
= −1, i.e., the roots of the three quadratic polynomials, x2 − 3x − 1,
x−1
x2 − 2x − 2, and x2 + x − 5. It follows that the domain of g ◦ f is
( √ √ √ √ )
3 + 13 3 − 13 −1 + 21 −1 − 21 √ √
R − 1, , , , , 1 + 3, 1 − 3
2 2 2 2
5. (a) Showing all your work, and without using tables, computers, slide rules, or a
calculator , determine the value of log16 2.
(b) Showing all your work, determine all values of x for which
µ ¶x
x 1
2 = . (73)
2
(c) Showing all your work, determine all values of x for which log2 (ln x) = 1.
(d) Showing all your work, simplify cos(x + y) cos(x − y) − cos2 x − cos2 y, where
x and y are any real numbers.
Solution:
(a) By [10, p. 70]
ln 2 1 1 1 1
log16 2 = = = = =
ln 16 ln 16 log2 16 log2 24 4
ln 2
(b) By the Laws of Exponents [10, p. 58]
µ ¶x µ ¶x
x 1 x 1
1=1 = 2· =2 · ,
2 2
hence µ ¶x
1 1 20
= x = x = 2−x .
2 2 2
69
Although, in fact, this quartic polynomial does factorize into the product of two quadratic polyno-
mials, x2 − 3x − 1 and x2 + x − 5, whose roots can be found in the usual way.
Thus (73)⇔ 2x = 2−x . Applying the inverse function log2 to both sides of this
equation yields the equivalent statement x = −x, which is, in turn, equivalent
to x = 0.
(c) Applying the exponential function (to base 2) to both sides of the hypothesis
log2 (ln x) = 1 yields ln x = 21 = 2. Now apply the exponential function, this
time to base e, to obtain the equivalent statement x = e2 .
6. (a) [10, Exercise 14, p. A34] A circle has radius 10 cm. Showing all your work,
determine the length of the arc subtended by a central angle of 72◦ .
(b) [10, Exercise 34, p. A35] Showing all your work, find the remaining 5 trigono-
4 3π
metric ratios for the angle θ, if it is known that csc θ = − , and < θ < 2π.
3 2
(c) (Adapted from [10, Exercise 70, p. A35]) Find all values of x that satisfy the
equation cos x + sin 2x = 0.
(d) Determine the value of cos(x + y) cos(x − y) − cos2 x − cos2 y, as x and y range
over the real numbers.
Solution:
72
(a) The entire circle has circumference 2π · 10 cm. The angle of 72◦ is 360 = 15
of the central angle subtending the entire circle. Hence the arc has length
1
5
× 20π = 4π cm.
1 3
(b) First observe that sin θ = =− .
csc θ 4
Now, since θ is in the 4th quadrant, the cosine is positive. This resolves the
2 2
sign choice when
r we solve for
√ cos θ in the equation sin θ + cos θ = 1, so we
9 7
have cos θ = + 1 − = . The remaining ratios can now be computed
16 4
without ambiguity:
−3
sin θ 4 3
tan θ = = √ = −√
cos θ 7 7
4
√ √
7 −4 7
cot θ = cos θ · csc θ = · =−
4 3 3
1 4
sec θ = =√
cos θ 7
(c) (There are many ways of approaching problems of this type, so the following
is only one possibility. Of course, all methods lead to the same answers.)
cos x + sin 2x = 0 ⇔ cos x + 2 sin x cos x = 0 (double-angle formula)
(d) (There are several possible approaches to this problem. The following may
not be the simplest.)
cos(x + y) cos(x − y) − cos2 x − cos2 y
= (cos x cos y − sin x sin y)(cos x cos y + sin x sin y) − cos2 x − cos2 y
= cos2 x cos2 y − sin2 x sin2 y − cos2 x − cos2 y
= cos2 x cos2 y − (1 − cos2 x)(1 − cos2 y) − cos2 x − cos2 y
= cos2 x cos2 y − (1 − cos2 x − cos2 y + cos2 x cos2 y) − cos2 x − cos2 y = −1
for all x and for all y.
7. (a) [10, Exercise 8, p. A-23] Show that the following equation represents a circle,
and determine its centre and radius:
16x2 + 16y 2 + 8x + 32y + 1 = 0
(b) [10,
¡ 1 Exercise
¢ 36, p. A-15] Find an equation of the line through the point
2
2
, − 3
which is perpendicular to the line 4x − 8y = 1.
Solution:
(a) We first group the terms in x and y separately, as quadratic functions. Then
we scale to arrange for the coefficients of x2 and of y 2 to be 1, and complete
the square in each of these:
which simplifies to 2x + y = 31 .
8. (a) [10, Exercise 84(a), p. A36] Showing all your work, determine the exact value
of arctan(−1).
(b) [10, Exercise 86(b), p. A36] Showing all your work, determine the exact value
of arcsin 1.
(c) [10,¡Exercise 92, p. A36]
¢ Showing all your work, determine the exact value of
sin arcsin 31 + sin−1 32 .
(d) (Adapted from [10, Exercise 96, p. A36]) Simplify sin (−2 cos−1 x).
Solution:
Now sin−1 23 is in the first quadrant, so its cosine is positive, and equal to
q √
+ 1 − 49 = 35 ; arcsin 13 is also in the first quadrant, so its cosine is also
√
2 2
positive, and is equal to 3
. Substituting these values gives
µ ¶ µ ¶ √ √
1 −1 2 1 2 5+4 2
· cos sin + cos arcsin · = .
3 3 3 3 9
(d)
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
sin −2 cos−1 x = − sin 2 cos−1 x
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
= −2 sin cos−1 x · cos cos−1 x
We know that, for all x, cos cos−1£x =¤x. Also, since the inverse cosine function
takes its values in the interval 0, π2 , and the sine function is non-negative
√
throughout that interval, we also know that sin cos−1 x = + 1 − x2 . It follows
that ¡ ¢ √
sin −2 cos−1 x = −2x 1 − x2 .
1. For the curve y = 2x3 , find the slope MP Q of the secant line through the points
P = (1, 2) and Q = (2, 16), i.e. the points with x = 1 and x = 2.
2·23 −2·13
Solution: The slope of the line joining P and Q is 2−1
= 14.
2. Given
x3 + 2 if x ≤ −1
2
f (x) = x + x + 1 if −1 < x < 1
x4 + 2 if x≥1
find the following limits, if they exist; or explain why the limit does not exist.
Justify your answers.
Solution:
(a) For x to the right of −1 (but to the left of +1) f (x) = x2 + x + 1; hence
lim + f (x) = (−1)2 + (−1) + 1 = 1.
x→−1
(b) For x to the left of −1, f (x) = x3 + 2; hence lim − f (x) = −13 + 2 = 1
x→−1
(c) Since the one-sided limits from both left and right exist at −1 and have the
same value, lim f (x) exists, and its value is the common value of the one-
x→−1
sided limits, i.e. 1.
(d) For x to the right of 1, f (x) = x4 + 2; hence lim+ f (x) = 14 + 2 = 3.
x→1
(e) For x to the left of 1 (but to the right of −1) f (x) = x2 + x + 1; hence
lim− f (x) = 12 + 1 + 1 = 3.
x→1
(f) Since the one-sided limits from both left and right exist at 1 and have the
same value, lim f (x) exists, and its value is the common value of the one-
x→1
sided limits, i.e. 3.
3. Given that lim f (x) = 5, lim g(x) = 0, and lim h(x) = −8, find the following
x→3 x→3 x→3
limits, if they exist. If a limit does not exist, explain why.
Solution:
(a) lim (f (x) + h(x)) = lim f (x) + lim h(x) = 5 + (−8) = −3. (We have used the
x→3 x→3 x→3
Sum Law.)
(b) Since we know that the limit of x as x → 3 is 3, we can use the Product Law:
³ ´2
2
lim (x f (x)) = lim x · lim f (x) = 32 · 5 = 45.
x→3 x→3 x→3
(c) Again by the Product Law, the limit of a square is the square of the limit:
³ ´2
lim (f (x))2 = lim f (x) = 52 = 25.
x→3 x→3
(d) First we use the Constant Multiple Law to determine the limit of the de-
nominator. Then we use the Quotient Law, since the limit of the denom-
inator exists, and is not zero, and the limit of the numerator also exists:
f (x) 5 5
lim = =− .
x→3 2h(x) 2(−8) 16
g(x) 0
(e) Again by the Quotient Law, lim = = 0.
x→3 f (x) 5
(f) But, in this case, the limit of the denominator is 0. Since the limit of the
numerator exists and is non-zero, the limit of the quotient does not exist.
(g) The Difference Law is used for the denominator; then the Constant Multiple
2h(x) 2(−8) 16
Law and the Quotient Law: lim f (x)−h(x) = 5−(−8) = − 13 .
x→3
p √
(h) By the Root Law, lim 3 h(x) = 3 −8 = −2.
x→3
4. Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that there is a solution to the equation
x3 + 2x2 − 42 = 0 in the interval (0, 3).
Solution: Let f (x) = x3 + 2x2 − 42. This function is continuous everywhere on
R. Since f (0) = −42, and f (3) = 33 + 2(9) − 42 = 3, and since −42 < 0 < +3,
the function must assume the intermediate value 0 at a point in the open interval
0 < x < 3.
5. Given
2x3 + 16 if x ≤ −2
2
f (x) = x + bx + c if −2 < x < 2
3x4 − 48 if x≥2
determine values for b and c so that f is continuous everywhere. Justify your
answer.
Solution: In each of the intervals (−∞, −2], (−2, 2), [2, ∞) the function is a poly-
nomial, and is therefore continuous at all points. The only possibly problematic
points are x = −2 and x = +2. We will determine limits from the left and right at
each of these two points; then we equate the two one-sided values, and obtain con-
ditions on b and c which we attempt to satisfy. lim − 2x3 + 16 = 2(−2)3 + 16 = 0,
x→−2
lim + x2 + bx + c = (−2)2 + b(−2) + c = 4 − 2b + c; lim− x2 + bx + c = 22 + b(2) + c =
x→−2 x→2
4 4
4 + 2b + c, lim+ 3x − 48 = 3(2) − 48 = 0. We solve the equations 0 = 4 − 2b + c
x→2
and 4 + 2b + c = 0, to obtain b = 0, c = −4. With this pair of values — and only
these values — f is continuous everywhere.
x3 + 8 lim (x3 + 8) 23 + 8
x→2
Solution: lim = = = 16. (Problem: Find the limit
x→2 x + 2 lim (x + 2) 2+2
x→2
3
of the given quotient as x → −2. Solution: lim x +8 = lim x2 − 2x + 4 =
x→−2 x+2 x→−2
22 + 2 · 2 + 4 = 12.)
¡ 1 ¢
10. Find the value of lim x+2 + x24−4 .
x→−2
¡ 1 ¢
Solution: lim x+2 + x24−4 = lim (x+2)(x−2)
x+2
= lim 1
= 1
= − 14 .
x→−2 x→−2 x→−2 x−2 −2−2
(x+1)2
13. At what value of x does the function x2 −1
have a removable discontinuity?
(x+1)2
Solution: x2 −1 = x+1
x−1
for all x except x = −1, where the ratio is not defined
because both numerator and denominator of the fraction become 0 there. Every-
where except at x = 1 this is a ratio of continuous functions, and the denominator
provided x is distinct from 1, −1, and −2. As x → 1, and also as x → −3, this
ratio becomes infinite; so the limits as we approach these two points are infinite;
in fact the function approaches +∞ from one side of each of these points, and −∞
from the other side. So 1 and −3 are infinite discontinuities. But, as x → −2, the
ratio does not become infinite: the limit is 13 from either side. Nor, as x → −1,
does the ratio become infinite: the limit is 14 from either side; but the function is
not defined at either x = 2 or x = −1. We can “remove” these discontinuities by
defining a new function which takes on the values 13 at x = −2, 14 at x = −1, and,
elsewhere, behaves like f (x).
½
−3x if x ≤ 1
18. Find the real number(s) c for which the function f (x) =
(x − c)(x + c) if x > 1
is continuous on (−∞, +∞).
Solution: For x < 1 the function is defined by the upper line of the array; as
x → 1− , f (x) approaches the value (−3) · 1 = −3. For x > 1 it is the second
line of the array which defines the function. Here, as x → 1+ , (x − c)(x + c) →
(1 − c)(1 + c). To make the function continuous at x = 1 it is necessary and
sufficient that −3 = (1 − c)(1 + c), i.e. that c = 2 or c = −2.
r
8x + 3x2
19. Evaluate lim .
x→∞ 13x2 − 9
Solution:
r s
2 1
8x + 3x x2 8x + 3x2
lim = lim 1 ·
x→∞ 13x2 − 9 x→∞
x2
13x2 − 9
s
1
x2
(8x + 3x2 )
= lim 1
x→∞
x2
(13x2 − 9)
s
8
x
+3
= lim
x→∞ 13 − x92
q
8
x
+3
= lim q
x→∞
13 − x92
q
lim x8 + 3
x→∞
= q (Quotient Law)
lim 13 − x92
x→∞
q ¡ ¢
lim x8 + 3
x→∞
= q ¡ ¢ (Root Law)
lim 13 − x92
x→∞
√
0+3
= √ (Sum Law)
13 − 0
√ r
3 3
= √ =
13 13
20. Determine whether there exists a real number x which is exactly 10 more than its
5th power.
Solution: (cf. [12, Solution to Exercise 2.6.59]). The problem may be paraphrased
as asking whether there exists a solution x to the equation x5 + 10 = x; or, equiv-
alently, whether the function f (x) = x5 − x + 10 is ever zero. Now f is continuous
everywhere; f (0) = 10 > 0, and f (−2) = −32 + 2 + 10 < 0. By the Intermediate
Value Theorem there will exist a point in the interval (−2, 0) at which f (x) = 0.
¯
d ¯
(b) (f (t) + g(t))¯¯
dt t=2
µ ¶¯
d 1 ¯
(c) ¯
dx g(x) ¯x=3
µ ¶
d 0
(d) (f (x) + g (x)) (2)
dx
µ x ¶¯
d e ¯
(e) ¯ (Do not attempt to approximate e.)
dx f (x) ¯x=1
µ ¶¯
d f (x) ¯¯
(f)
dx f (x) ¯ x=2
Solution:
d
(f (x) + g(x)) (2) = f 0 (2) + g 0 (2) = 0 + 2 = 2 .
dx
1
(c) Since g(3) = 0, the function is not defined at x = 3. The derivative of
g(x)
g at x = 3 is defined in terms of g(3); so, if g is not defined there, it cannot
have a derivative there either.
(d) We do not know whether the function g 0 has a derivative at x = 2 — equiv-
alently, whether the function g has a second derivative at x = 2. Without
this information, and the actual value of that derivative if it exists, we cannot
evaluate the derivative of the sum.
(e) By the Quotient Rule,
µ ¶¯ d x¯
¯
d ex ¯¯ dx
e x=1· f (1) − e1 · f 0 (1)
=
dx f (x) ¯x=1 f (1)2
e1 (f (1) − f 0 (1))
= = e(1 − 4) = −3e
f (1)2
(f) This case can also be attacked using the Quotient Rule, and we find that
µ ¶
d f (x) f 0 (2) · f (2) − f (2) · f 0 (2) 4·1−1·4
(2) = 2
= = 0.
dx f (x) f (2) 12
f (x)
Alternatively, one can observe that the function is defined wherever
f (x)
f (x) 6= 0; in particular, it is defined at x = 2; wherever it is defined, its value
is 1. Thus this is a constant function! The derivative of any constant function
is zero.
2. Suppose that a particle moves in a straight line with its position at time t given
by the formula f (t) = et (sin t + cos t).
(a) Find the velocity, the speed, and the acceleration of the particle at time t.
(b) Determine the average velocity during the time interval from t = 0 to t = 2π.
(c) Determine the smallest positive value of t — if any — when the particle
returns to the origin.
(d) Determine the smallest positive value of t — if any — when the particle is
stationary — i.e. the velocity is 0.
(e) Determine whether there is a maximum distance that the particle attains
away from the origin. If there is a maximum distance, determine what it is.
[The velocity is given by the derivative of f (t) (which is called the displacement;
the speed is the magnitude of the velocity. The acceleration is the derivative of the
velocity with respect to time.]
Hints: You may wish to use the identities:
³ π´ 1
sin x + = √ (sin x + cos x)
4 2
³ π´ 1
cos x + = √ (− sin x + cos x)
4 2
which are consequences of the addition formulæ and the known values for the sine
and cosine of π4 . Do not attempt to simplify complicated formulæ involving π.
Solution:
(a) The velocity at time t is f 0 (t) = et (cos t − sin t) + et (sin t + cos t) = 2et cos t.
The speed is the magnitude of the velocity, i.e., 2et | cos t|. (We may remove
the exponential factor outside the absolute signs since exponentials are always
d 0
positive.) The acceleration is the derivative of the velocity, i.e. f (t) =
¡ t ¢ dt
2 e (− sin t) + et cos t = 2et (− sin t + cos t).
√ ¡ ¢
(b) Using one of the given identities, we see that f (t) = 2 · et · sin x + π4 . The
average velocity from t = 0 to t = 2π is
f (2π) − f (0)
2π − 0
1 ³√ 2π ³ π´ √ ³ π ´´
= 2e · sin 2π + − 2 · e0 · sin
2π 4 4
1 √ ¡ ¢ π 2π
e −1
= 2 e2π − 1 sin =
2π 4 2π
√ ¡ ¢
(c) We seek the smallest positive value t when f (t) = 0, i.e. when
¡ et 2¢sin t + π4 =
0. Since et is never zero, this equation is equivalent to sin t + π4 = 0, whose
solutions are t + π4 = nπ, where n is any integer. The smallest positive value
will then be 34 π.
(d) 2et cos t will be zero precisely when the cosine is zero, i.e. when t is an odd
integer multiple of π2 .
t
(e) We have
√ seen above that f (t) ¡ is πa¢product of e (which is never 0), the con-
stant 2, and the factor sin t + 4 , which oscillates in value between +1 and
−1. Because of the exponential factor et the amplitude of the oscillations is
increasing as t becomes large. The limit lim f (t) does not exist. We can see
t→∞
this by exhibiting values of t where the function is arbitrarily large positively,
and others where it is arbitrarily large negatively. For example, if we take
π
t = 2nπ + , we find the values oscillating between et and −et , and we know
4
that the exponential function approaches infinity.
3. Determine the derivative of each of the following functions. You may not use the
Chain Rule, but you may use any of the Rules and Theorems in [10, §§3.1–3.4],
including the General Power Rule.
µ ¶
1
(a) 21 ex + x
e
1
(b) 2
(ex − e−x )
x4 + 2x2 − x − 5
(c) √
x
(d) xe − ex
Solution:
(a)
µ µ ¶¶ µµ ¶¶
d 1 x 1 1 d x 1
e + x = e + x Constant Multiple Rule
dx 2 e 2 dx e
µ ¶
1 dex 0 · ex − 1 · ex
= + Quotient Rule
2 dx e2x
ex − e−x
=
2
ex + e−x
(b) Analogously to the preceding, .
2
(c)
x4 + 2x2 − x − 5 7 3 1 1
√ = x 2 + 2x 2 − x 2 − 5x− 2
x
µ 4 ¶
2
d x + 2x − x − 5 d ³ 7 3 1 1
´
⇒ √ = x 2 + 2x 2 − x 2 − 5x− 2
dx x dx
µ ¶
7 5 3 1 1 −1 1 3
= x 2 + · 2x 2 − x 2 − − 5x− 2
2 2 2 2
7 5 1 1 1 5 3
= x 2 + 3x 2 − x− 2 + x− 2
2 2 2
d e
(d) (x − ex ) = e · xe−1 − ex , by the Generalized Power Rule and properties of
dx
the exponential.
4. Showing all your work, determine the derivative of each of the following functions
from first principles: that is, you are to evaluate a limit in each case, and are not
to use any of the “Rules” for evaluating derivatives.
(a) f (x) = 4x − 6
√
(b) g(x) = 2x + 3
1
(c) h(x) = 3 . [Hint: Remember the factorization a3 − b3 = (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 ).]
x
Solution:
(a) For all x,
(4(x + h) − 6) − (4x − 6) 4h
f 0 (x) = lim = lim =4
h→0 h h→0 h
Solution: The function is a polynomial in each of the intervals (−∞, −1], (−1, 0),
(0, 2), and (2, ∞). As polynomials are differentiable [10, §3.1], the only places
where differentiability can fail is at the points x = −1, 0, 2. We check each of them
separately.
f (x) − f (−1)
x = −1: We have to determine whether the limit lim exists. By
x→−1 x − (−1)
[10, Theorem 2.3.1, p. 107], the two one-sided limits must exist and be equal.
But
f (x) − f (−1) (−x − 2) − (1 − 2)
lim − = lim −
x→−1 x − (−1) x→−1 x − (−1)
−x − 1
= lim − = −1 while
x→−1 x+1
f (x) − f (−1) −x2 − (1 − 2)
lim + = lim +
x→−1 x − (−1) x→−1 x − (−1)
−x2 + 1
= lim + = lim + (−x + 1) = 2 6= −1
x→−1 x+1 x→−1
As the one-sided limits are not equal, the function is not differentiable at this
point.
2
x = 0: Here we have to consider the existence of lim f (x)−fx
(0)
, that is lim −xx−1 .
x→0 x→0
But this limit cannot exist, since the ratio becomes infinitely large close to
0, as the numerator approaches −1, but is divided by an arbitrarily small
denominator. Thus the limit does not exist, and the function fails to be
differentiable at x = 0.
We could have argued this alternatively by appealing to [10, Theorem 2.9.4,
p. 169], since the function is discontinuous at x = 0, so it cannot possibly be
differentiable there.
f (x)−f (2)
x = 2: This time we have to consider the existence of lim x−2
. We observe
x→2
2
from the definition that f (2) is defined to be −2 = −4. Then
As the limits from the left and right are equal, the function is, indeed, differ-
entiable at the point x = 2.
6. The curve y = 3x5 − 20x3 − 675x + 12 has some points with horizontal tangents.
Showing all your work, find all such points.
d ¡ 5 ¢
Solution: Setting 3x − 20x3 − 675x + 12 equal to zero, we find that 15x4 −
dx
60x2 − 675 = 0, or, equivalently, (x2 )2 − 4x2 − 45 = 0. This is a quadratic equation
(in x2 ), and its solutions are x2 = −5 and x2 = 9. There are no real solutions to
x2 = −5, so we may confine ourselves to the second equation, whose solutions are
x = ±3. Thus there are exactly 2 points with horizontal tangents: (3, −1824) and
(−3, 1848).
7. Determine the value of each of the following limits, or explain why they do not
exist. Do not use l’Hôpital’s Rule.
tan3 πx
(a) lim
x→0 x3
(b) lim(cot 5θ)2 · (sin 3θ) · tan(−2θ)
θ→0
Solution:
(a)
õ ¶3 ³ !
tan3 πx sin πx π ´3
lim = lim ·
x→0 x3 x→0 πx cos πx
µ ¶3
sin πx ³ π ´3
= lim lim (Product Rule)
x→0 πx x→0 cos πx
µ ¶3 µ ¶3
sin πx limx→0 π
= lim (Quotient Rule)
x→0 πx limx→0 cos πx
µ ¶3 µ ¶3
sin y limx→0 π
= lim (where y = πx)
y→0 y limx→0 cos πx
³ π ´3
3
= 1 · = π3
1
(b)
¡ ¢
lim (cot 5θ)2 · (sin 3θ) · tan(−2θ)
θ→0
à µ ¶2 µ ¶ µ ¶ !
1 5θ sin 3θ tan(−2θ)
= lim cos2 5θ · · · · 3θ · · 2θ
θ→0 25θ2 sin 5θ 3θ −2θ
õ ¶2 µ ¶ µ ¶!
6 5θ sin 3θ sin(−2θ) 1
= − lim cos2 5θ · lim · · · lim
25 θ→0 θ→0 sin 5θ 3θ −2θ θ→0 cos(−2θ)
6 6
= − · 1 · 12 · 1 · 1 · 1 = −
25 25
8. Determine all points (x, cos2 x) on the graph of the function cos2 x (i.e. cos x · cos x)
at which
(a) the tangent to the curve is parallel to the line y = x + 1.
(b) the tangent to the curve is horizontal
(c) the tangent to the curve is vertical
(d) the tangent to the curve is parallel to the line y = 2x − 3
(e) the normal to the curve passes through the origin, and |x| > 1.
[Hints: The first and last parts of the problem are more difficult than the others.
Remember the identities involving sin 2x and cos 2x. The normal to the curve at
a point is the line through the point which is perpendicular to the tangent.]
Solution:
(a) The derivative of (cos x)2 is cos x·(− sin x)+(− sin x)·cos x = −2 sin x·cos x.70
We impose the condition that this be equal to the slope of the line y = x + 1,
i.e., that
−2 sin x · cos x = 1 (74)
The points we seek will be the solutions to equation (74). A simple attack is
to observe that this equation is equivalent to
sin 2x = −1 . (75)
¡3 ¢
The general solution ¢ last equation is 2x = 2 + 2n π, where n is any
¡ to the
integer; hence x = 43 + n π, where n is any integer. Thus there are infinitely
many points where the tangent¡ has¢ slope11: the x-coordinates are as indicated;
the y-coordinates are cos 4 + n π = 2 . But note that the line y = 21 cuts
2 3
the curve also in infinitely many points where the tangent has slope −1.
(b) We have to solve the equation −2 sin x·cos x = 0, or, equivalently, −2 sin 2x =
0. The solutions to this equation are 2x = nπ, i.e. x = nπ 2
, where n is any
integer.
(c) The function is differentiable everywhere; that means that the derivative has
a (finite) value at every point, and so the tangent cannot be vertical. There
are no such points on the curve.
(d) The value of the derivative is −2 sin x · cos x, or − sin 2x. As a sine cannot
have magnitude exceeding 1, the slopes of tangents to this curve can never
equal 2. There are no points of this type!
70
We are avoiding using the Chain Rule, as the assignment was due before the Rule had been fully
discussed in the lectures.
1
(e) The slope of the normal at the point (t, cos2 t) is − . The equation of
− sin 2t
the normal is
1
y − cos2 t = (x − t)
sin 2t
The normal will pass through the origin if the coordinates of the origin satisfy
the equation, that is if t = cos2 t sin 2t. But this implies that t is the product
of two factors, neither of which can exceed 1 in magnitude, so there are no
points with this property outside the interval −1 ≤ t ≤ 1.
(a) In [12, Exercise 3.5.3, p. 82] the derivative is shown to have value − sin tan x ·
sec2 x. ³π ´ √ 2
(b) The slope of the tangent at , cos 1 is − sin 1 · 2 . Hence an equation of
4
the tangent is ³ π´
y − cos 1 = −2 sin 1 · x − .
4
µ ¶
5π √
(c) The slope of the tangent at , cos(1) is − sin(1) · (− 2)2 = −2 sin 1;
4
1
hence the slope of the normal is . An equation of the tangent is
2 sin 1
µ ¶
1 5π
y − cos 1 = · x− .
2 sin 1 4
5π
or x − 2 sin 1 · y = − sin 2 + .
4
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
(a) Two different approaches are given in [12, Exercise 3.6.11, p. 86].
8. (cf. [10, Exercise 3.7.53, p. 239]) Find constants ci (i = 0, 1, 2) such that the
function f ( t) = c2 t2 + c1 t1 + c0 has the properties that f (−1) = 0, f 0 (−1) = 7,
f 00 (−1) = 10.
Solution: Imposing the given conditions yields the three equations
c2 − c1 + c0 = 0
−2c2 + c1 = 7
2c2 = 10
from which we conclude that c0 = 22, c1 = 27, c2 = 5.
9. [10, Exercise 3.8.27, p. 246] Find the domain of the function f , and determine its
derivative, where f (x) = x2 ln(1 − x2 ).
Solution: [12, Exercise 3.8.27, p. 94]
10. Determine the first and second derivatives of the function f (x) = | ln(sec x+tan x)|.
Solution:
d 1 d
ln(sec x + tan x) = · (sec x + tan x)
dx sec x + tan x dx
1
= · (sec x · tan x + sec2 x) = sec x
sec x + tan x
d2 d
2
ln(sec x + tan x) = sec x = sec x · tan x
dx dx
The problem referred to the derivatives of f (x) = | ln(sec x + tan x)|; the logarithm
will be negative precisely when sec x+tan x < 1; this last inequality may be shown,
using trigonometric identities, to be equivalent to
³x π ´ ³x´
cos + · sin < 0.
2 4 2
For the range 0 < x < 4π, we find, examining the signs of the two factors as
0 < x2 < π4 , ... 7π
4
< x2 < 2π, that the product is negative except when ¡0 < x2 < π
¢ 4
x 5π 1
or π < 2 < 4 . Thus, if we define s(x) to be +1 when 2nπ < x < 2n + 2 π,
where n is any integer, and −1 everywhere else, f 0 (x) = s(x) · sec x, and f 00 (x) =
s(x) · sec x tan x; neither function is defined at odd integer multiples of π2 .
11. Using “logarithmic differentiation”, or otherwise, determine the derivative of
sin2 x · tan4 x
(a) [10, Exercise 3.8.37, p. 246] y = .
(x2 + 1)2
(b) y = xln x
Solution:
(a) [12, Exercise 3.8.37, p. 95]
1 1
(b) Since ln y = (ln x)2 , · y 0 = 2 ln x · . Hence y 0 = 2x(ln x)−1 ln x.
y x
12. (a) [10, Exercise 3.7.19, p. 238] Find the first, second, and third derivatives of
g(t) = t3 e5t .
(b) [10, Exercise 3.7.13, p. 238] Find the second, third, and fourth derivatives of
x
.
1−x
(c) [10, Exercise 3.7.29, p. 238] Find y 00 where y is defined implicitly by the
equation x3 + y 3 = 1. Simplify your answer as much as possible.
Solution:
(b) [12, Exercise 3.7.13, p. 90] This problem can be attacked naı̈vely, with re-
peated applications of the Quotient Rule. Another approach is to observe
x 1
that = −1 + . Hence
1−x 1−x
d x d ¡ ¢
= 0+ (1 − x)−1
dx 1 − x dx
d
= (−1) · (1 − x)−2 · (1 − x) = (1 − x)−2
dx
d2
x d ¡ ¢
2
= (1 − x)−2 = (−2) · (1 − x)−3 · (−1) = 2 · (1 − x)−3
dx 1 − x dx
d3 x d ¡ −3
¢
= 2 (1 − x) = 2(−3) · (1 − x)−4 · (−1) = 3 · 2 · (1 − x)−4
dx3 1 − x dx
d4 x d ¡ ¢
4
= 3·2 (1 − x)−4 = 3 · 2 · (−4) · (1 − x)−5 · (−1)
dx 1 − x dx
= 4 · 3 · 2 · (1 − x)−5
õµ ¶m ¶2 !
1
= lim 1+
m→∞ m
µ µ ¶m ¶2
1
= lim 1 + Product Law
m→∞ m
= e2
m
(b) Define m = −3n, so n = − . Then
3
µ ¶n r³
1 x ´m
lim 1− = lim 3 1 −
n→∞ 3n m→−∞ m
r ³ x ´m
= 3
lim 1 − Root Law
m→−∞ m
r ³
3 x ´−t
= lim 1 + (t = −m)
t→∞ t
s
1
= 3 lim
¡ ¢
t→∞ 1 + x t
t
1 1 x
= r ³ ´ = √3 x
= e− 3
3 x t e
lim 1 +
t→∞ t
Solution:
4
2. [10, Exercise 3.9.21, p. 251] If tanh x = , find the values of the other 5 hyperbolic
5
functions at x.
Solution: [12, Exercise 3.9.21, p. 96]. (The problem could also be solved by using
the given information to show that e2x = 9, hence ex = +3, and thence determining
the values of the other functions.)
3. Use the definitions of the hyperbolic functions to find the following limits:
(a) [10, Exercise 3.9.23(b), p. 252] lim tanh x
x→−∞
(b) The man extends his arms horizontally so that the distance between his fin-
gertips is 6 feet. What is the rate of increase of the shadow of his extended
arms on the ground when his feet are 40 feet from the base of the pole? You
may assume that his shoulders are 5 feet above the ground.
Solution:
(a) [12, Exercise 3.10.7, p. 99]
(b) We can consider two sets of similar triangles similar to the triangles considered
in part (a). Let A denote the top of the lamppost, and B its foot; let C be
a point on the man, at shoulder-height, and let D be a point on the man’s
feet; let G be the point where the line through A and C meets the ground.
15 |AB| |AG| |BG|
Then triangles ABG and CDG are similar, so = = = ,
5 |CD| |CG| |DG|
so |BG| = 3|DG|, |AG| = 3|CG|, and |BD| = 2|DG|.
Now let E be the end of the man’s horizontally-extended left arm, and let F
be the end of the shadow cast by that arm on the ground. Here triangles AGF
|AG| |GF | |GF | 3
and ACE are similar, so = , so, since |AG| = 3|CG|, = ;
|AC| |CE| |CE| 2
9
since |CE| = 3, |GF | = . The shadow of the extended arms is 2 × 29 = 9
2
feet long. As this shadow is of constant length, its rate of change is 0.
6. [10, Exercise 3.10.25, p. 258] Boyle’s Law states that, when a sample of gas is
compressed at a constant temperature, the pressure P , and volume V satisfy the
equation P V = C, where C is a constant depending on the sample. Suppose that,
at a certain instant, the volume is 600 cm3 , the pressure is 150kPa, and the pressure
is increasing at a rate of 20 kPa/minute. At what rate is the volume decreasing at
this instant?
Solution: [12, Exercise 3.10.25, p. 100]
7. Use differentials (or, equivalently, a linear approximation) to estimate the following
numbers:
(a) [10, Exercise 3.11.34, p. 265]
(b) [10, Exercise 3.11.35, p. 265]
(c) [10, Exericse 3.11.36, p. 265]
Solution:
(a) Let y = f (x) = x6 , so dy = 6x5 dx. (1.97)6 = (2 − 0.03)6 = f (2 − 0.03) ≈
f (2) + f 0 (2) · (−0.03) = 26 + 6 · 25 · (−0.03) = 58.24.
0; note that we have used the hypothesis that x > 0. Hence, by [10, Theorem 4.2.5,
p. 291], f (x) =constant. We can determine the value of the constant by select-
π
ing a “convenient” value; for example, take x = 1: then, since arcsin 1 = , and
2
arccos(−1) = π, we find that the constant is equal to 0.
Note that this argument does not hold for x = 0. There, however, we can simply
observe that f (0) = 2 arcsin 0 − arccos 1 = 2 · 0 − 0 = 0.
9. [10, Exercise 4.2.6] Let f (x) = (x − 1)−2 . Show that f (0) = f (2), but there is no
number c such that 0 < c < 2 and f 0 (c) = 0. Why does this not contradict Rolle’s
Theorem?
Solution: f (0) = (−1)−2 = 1; f (2) = 1−2 = 1. Since f 0 (x) = −2(x − 1)−3 ,
wherever it is defined, the value of the derivative ranges, as 0 ≤ x < 1, from 2 to
∞; similarly, as 1 < x ≤ 2, the derivative ranges between −∞ and −2. Thus the
derivative never takes values between −2 and 2.
This is not a counterexample to Rolle’s Theorem, since that theorem requires
that the function be differentiable throughout the open interval, and the present
function fails to be differentiable at one point in the interval — namely the point
x = 1. That failure to be differentiable, even though it is only at a single point,
renders Rolle’s Theorem inapplicable.
10. [10, Exercise 4.2.17, p. 293] Show that the polynomial x5 + 10x + 3 has exactly one
real root.
Solution: f (0) = 3 > 0, but f (−1) = −12 < 0; by the Intermediate Value Theorem
this function — which, being a polynomial, is continuous everywhere, in particular
in the interval −1 < x < 0 — must take on the value 0 at least once between −1
and 0. However, the Intermediate Value Theorem does not exclude the possibility
that there is more than one place where f = 0. If, however, f were to vanish at
distinct points x1 and x2 , then, by Rolle’s theorem, f 0 would be zero somewhere
between x1 and x2 . But f 0 (x) = 5x4 + 10; being the sum of a square and a positive
number, this cannot be zero.
Solution:
µ ¶ µ ¶
3 3
(a) (cf. [12, Exercise 4.3.39, p. 132]) Since f1 (x) = x 1 + , and since 1 + →
x x
1 as either x → ∞ or x → −∞, lim f1 (x) = ±∞, so there are no horizontal
x→±∞
asymptotes. All limits of f1 (x) as x approaches any (finite) point are finite,
so there are no vertical asymptotes either. (However, the graph of f1 does
have a vertical tangent at x = −3.)
(b) [12, Exercise 4.3.43, p. 133]. The derivative is defined everywhere in the
domain of the function, and vanishes when x = 0, so x = 0 is the unique
“critical number”.
(c) [12, Exercise 4.3.45, p. 134]. The derivative is defined everywhere, and never
vanishes, so there are no “critical numbers”.
(d) [12, Exercise 4.3.47, p. 134]. The derivative is defined everywhere in the
domain of the function, and never vanishes, so there are no “critical numbers”.
(e) [12, Exercise 4.3.49, p. 134]. The derivative is defined everywhere in the
domain of the function, and never vanishes, so there are no “critical numbers”.
Solution: We shall follow the notation of the Student Solution Manual [12], and
H
write = when we are applying l’Hôpital’s Rule.
lim ex e0
x→0
= = =1
lim cos x cos 0
x→0
ex − 1 ex − 1 x
lim = lim ·
x→0 sin x x→0 x sin x
ex − e0 x
= lim · lim (Product Law)
x→0 x x→0 sin x
¯
d x ¯¯
= e ·1
dx ¯x=0
= e0 = 1
2−1 1
= =
2+1 3
It is possible to avoid the Rule, but the result looks very much like what we
have proved above:
arcsin x − arcsin 0
2x − arcsin x 2−
lim = lim x−0
x→0 2x + arctan x x→0 arctan x − arctan 0
2+
x−0
arcsin x − arcsin 0
2 − lim
=
x→0 x−0
arctan x − arctan 0
2 + lim
x→0 x−0
¯
d ¯
2− arcsin x¯¯
dx
= ¯ x=0
d ¯
2+ arctan¯¯
dx x=0
1
2− √
1 − 02 1
= =
1 3
2+ 2
1+1
2. Discuss each of these functions under the following headings, using the guidelines
of the same names in [10, pp. 315–316]
A. Domain
B. Intercepts
C. Symmetry
D. Horizontal or Vertical Asymptotes. (Do not attempt to investigate slant as-
ymptotes.)
E. Intervals of Increase or Decrease
F. Local Maximum and Minimum Values
G. Concavity and Points of Inflection
Solution:
3. Before attempting these problems, try [10, Exercise 4.7.7, p. 335]; then compare
your solution with that in [12, Exercise 4.7.7, p. 162].
(a) [10, Exercise 4.7.11, p. 335] If 1200 cm2 of material is available to make a box
with a square base and an open top, find the largest possible volume of the
box.
(b) [10, Exercise 4.7.15, p. 335] Showing all your work, use the calculus to find
the point on the line y = 4x + 7 that is closest to the origin. (Use the calculus,
even though you may know methods for solving this problem that require no
calculus.)
(c) [12, Exercises 4.7.25 and 4.7.27, p. 162] A right circular cylinder is inscribed in
a sphere of radius r. Showing all your work, find the largest possible volume
and the largest possible surface area of such a cylinder. (You may assume
that the cylinder has been inscribed so that its axis passes through the centre
of the sphere.)
Solution:
(c) The solutions in [12, Exercises 4.7.25 and 4.7.27, p. 164] use, as the variable,
either the half-height or the radius of the base of the inscribed cylinder. You
might wish to try to solve the problem another way, using, as your variable,
the angle subtended at the centre of the sphere by the radius of the base.
4. Showing all your work, find the most general antiderivative of the following func-
tions. Check your answer by differentiation.
Solution:
5. Showing all your work, find the functions that have the listed properties. Check
your answers by differentiation and substitution in the differential equation.
(a) A rectangle inscribed in the semicircle must have its upper side parallel to the
x-axis, so the coordinates of the upper vertices
√ may be taken to be (±x, y);
as x2 + y 2 = 4, and y √
is non-negative, y = 4 − x2 . Thus the vertices of the
rectangle will be (±x, 4 − x2 ) and (±x, 0). The area, which we may denote
by A(x) is then given by
√
A(x) = |(2x) · 4 − x2 | .
(The absolute signs are needed since the intention of the problem is that
the area should be non-negative.) We can now approach the problem in two
equivalent ways.
i. We may√ take the domain of A(x) to be −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, since the circle has
radius 4 = 2. Differentiating yields
√ 1 1
A0 (x) = 2 4 − x2 + 2x · √ · (−2x)
2 4 − x2
4 − 2x2
= √
4 − x2
However, this is valid only for x > 0, because of the absolute signs; for
x<0
2x2 − 4
A0 (x) = √ .
4 − x2
Note that there is no derivative at x = 0.
Thus the critical points are
sin(x2 − 1)
lim .
x→1 (x − 1)
dy 2
2. Find if y = 3x .
dx
1
3. 72
Find an equation for the tangent line to the graph of exy = x − +e at the
¡ 1¢ y
point e, e .
72
corrected, 7 November 2000
T04, T06
Distribution Date: Monday, October 23rd, 2000 — 15:30 to 16:30 h.
dy 2
2. Find if y = sec(5x ) .
dx
3. If the line y = 3x − 1 is tangent to the graph of y = f (x) at the point
with x = 1 , find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = [f (x)]2
at the point with x = 1 .
T07
Distribution Date: Wednesday, October 25th, 2000 — 13:30 to 14:30 h.
dy 1
2. Find if y = 2 2x .
dx
3. If g(x) = 2x · f (x2 − 2x + 2) and f (1) = 3 , find g 0 (1) .
T16
Distribution Date: Wednesday, October 25th, 2000 — 16:30 to 17:30 h.
1. Use the limit definition of the derivative to find f 0 (0) for f (x) = sec x .
µ ¶
dy −1 2x
2. Find if y = tan .
dx 1 − x2
3. Find equations(s) of the line(s) through the origin, tangent to the graph of
y = x2 + 9 .
T13
Distribution Date: Thursday, October 26th, 2000 — 16:00 to 17:00 h.
1. Use the limit definition of the derivative to find f 0 (0) for f (x) = ex sin x .
µ x ¶
dy −1 e − e−x
2. Find if y = tan .
dx 2
3. Find the equations(s) of the line(s) through the origin, tangent to the graph of
2
y = ex .
T14
y = e2x .
dy x
1. Find dx if y = x x−1 .
2. Water is pouring into a leaky tank at the rate of 10m3 /h. The tank
is a cone with the vertex down, 9m deep and 6m in diameter at the
top. The surface of the water is rising at a rate of 0.2m/h when the
depth is 6m. How fast is the water leaking out at that time?
T04, T06
Distribution Date: Monday, November 13th, 2000 — 15:30 to 16:30 h.
dy √
1. Find dx if y = ( x + 1)x .
2. A ferris wheel you are riding has diameter 20m and is rotating at 1
revolution per minute. How fast are you rising or falling when you
are 6m horizontally away from the vertical line through the centre of
the wheel?
T07
Distribution Date: Wednesday, November 13th, 2000 — 13:30 to 14:30 h.
dy
1. Find dx if y = (x2 + 1)1/x .
2. A policeman stationed at a fixed distance from a highway aims a
radar gun at a car. When the gun is pointing at an angle of 45◦ to
the highway, the radar gun records the rate at which the distance of
the car from the gun is increasing at 100km/h. How fast is the car
travelling?
T16
1
dy
1. Find dx if y = x 2x .
2. A spherical balloon is being inflated so that its volume is increasing
at the rate of 5m3 /min. At what rate is the surface area increasing
when the radius is 6m?
(Volume = 43 πr3 , Area = 4πr2 , where r is the radius.)
T13
dy
1. Find dx if y = (x2x + 1)1/3 .
2. A 10m long ladder has one end on the ground, and is supported part
way along its length by a fence 3m high, so that part of the ladder
projects past the fence. If the end on the ground is 4m from the base
of the fence and is being dragged away at 0.2m/sec, how fast is the
vertical height of the other end of the ladder changing?
T14
dy
¡ 1 ¢x
1. Find dx if y = 2x .
2. A light shines from a pole 50ft high. A ball is dropped from the same
height from a point 30ft away from the light. In t secs the ball falls
16t2 ft. How fast is the shadow of the ball moving along the ground
after 0.5 secs?
2. [5 MARKS] Determine all horizontal asymptotes and all vertical asymptotes of the
graph of f .
3. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f increases, and the intervals where it
decreases.
5. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where the graph is concave upwards, and the
intervals where it is concave downwards.
2. [5 MARKS] Determine all horizontal asymptotes and all vertical asymptotes of the
graph of f .
3. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f increases, and the intervals where it
decreases.
5. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where the graph is concave upwards, and the
intervals where it is concave downwards.
T04, T06
2. [5 MARKS] Determine all horizontal asymptotes and all vertical asymptotes of the
graph of f .
3. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f increases, and the intervals where it
decreases.
5. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where the graph is concave upwards, and the
intervals where it is concave downwards.
T07
2. [5 MARKS] Determine all horizontal asymptotes and all vertical asymptotes of the
graph of f .
3. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f increases, and the intervals where it
decreases.
5. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where the graph is concave upwards, and the
intervals where it is concave downwards.
2. [5 MARKS] Determine all horizontal asymptotes and all vertical asymptotes of the
graph of f .
3. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f increases, and the intervals where it
decreases.
5. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where the graph is concave upwards, and the
intervals where it is concave downwards.
2. [5 MARKS] Determine all horizontal asymptotes and all vertical asymptotes of the
graph of f .
3. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f increases, and the intervals where it
decreases.
5. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where the graph is concave upwards, and the
intervals where it is concave downwards.
T16
2. [5 MARKS] Determine all horizontal asymptotes and all vertical asymptotes of the
graph of f .
3. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f increases, and the intervals where it
decreases.
5. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where the graph is concave upwards, and the
intervals where it is concave downwards.
T13
2. [5 MARKS] Determine all horizontal asymptotes and all vertical asymptotes of the
graph of f .
3. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f increases, and the intervals where it
decreases.
5. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where the graph is concave upwards, and the
intervals where it is concave downwards.
T14
Let f (x) = ln |x + 2| − 4 ln |x − 1| .
2. [5 MARKS] Determine all horizontal asymptotes and all vertical asymptotes of the
graph of f .
3. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f increases, and the intervals where it
decreases.
5. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where the graph is concave upwards, and the
intervals where it is concave downwards.
2. Listed below are only the texts of the problems on most of the examinations from
1996-2003; the actual formats of most of the examinations can be seen at the
following URL:
http://www.math.mcgill.ca/brown/math140a.html
3. It is likely that the form and format of the examination in MATH 140 will undergo
changes in December 2003. Further information may be given at the lectures.
4. The syllabus on which the following examinations was based has undergone only
minor changes over the years. Some changes derive from the use of different text-
books. Notwithstanding such changes, the examinations can serve as a useful
indication of what a student in Math 140 should know by examination time.
4. [5 MARKS] Find an equation for the straight line which is normal to the graph of
f (x) = x2 at x = −3 .
6. [8 MARKS] Show that the equation 6x4 − 7x + 1 = 0 does not have more than
two distinct real roots.
7. [10 MARKS] A right circular cylinder is inscribed in a right circular cone of height
H and radius R. Determine the dimensions of the cylinder with the largest possible
volume. What is that largest volume?
1
8. [8 MARKS] Show that the function f (x) = 2 + (1 − x3 ) 5 has an inverse. Deter-
mine f −1 (x) .
10. [8 MARKS] Use the mean value theorem to show that, when
x>1,
x−1
< ln x < x − 1 .
x
µ ¶
x4
11. Let f (x) = ln .
x−1
(a) [3 MARKS] Specify the domain of f .
(b) [3 MARKS] Determine the interval(s) where f increases, and the interval(s)
where f decreases.
(c) [3 MARKS] Determine the concavity of the graph of f , and find the points
of inflection.
(d) [3 MARKS] Sketch the graph, using the information determined above.
13. [7 MARKS] Given the curve x3 + y 3 = 1 + 3xy 2 , verify that the point (x, y)
dy d2 y
= (0, 1) is on the curve. Find and 2 at (x, y) = (0, 1) .
dx dx
A B C D E
2
=0 = =1 does not exist (or = is a real number r dif-
3 2
∞, or = −∞). ferent from 0, , 1.
3
5. [8 MARKS] Determine an equation for the straight line that passes through the
point (1, 5) and is tangent to the curve y = x3 .
x − 4 tan x
lim
x→0 sin x
A B C D E
2
=0 = =1 does not exist (or = is a real number r dif-
3 2
∞, or = −∞). ferent from 0, , 1.
3
7. [8 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine the maximum area of a rectangle
with a base that lies on the x-axis, and with two upper vertices that lie on the
graph of the equation y = 4 − x2 .
8. [8 MARKS] A tank is in the shape of an inverted right circular cone of height 800
cm., whose top is a disk of radius 160 cm. Water is running out of a small hole
at the vertex (apex) of the cone, which is at the bottom. Showing all your work,
determine the rate of change of volume V with respect to height h, at a time when
the height is 600 cm. (Hint: You may assume that the volume of a right circular
cone of height h, whose base has radius r, is 31 πr2 h.)
9. [2 MARKS] Multiple Choice: Circle the correct answer (A, B, C, D, or E.)
dy π
If y = sin 2x cos 3x , the value of when x = is
dx 2
A B C D E
2 2
0 1 −1 different from 0, , 1, −1.
3 3
10. [8 MARKS] A covered rectangular box is to be constructed with volume 576 cubic
centimetres, with its bottom twice as long as it is wide. Determine the dimensions
of the box that will minimize its total surface area (including the cover).
11. [5 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine the maximum and minimum values
of f (x) = 3 − |x − 2| on the interval [1, 4] .
12. [5 MARKS] Multiple Choice: Circle the correct answer (A, B, C, D, or E.)
¡ ¢
The function f (x) = 2x2 − 3x e−x has a global maximum on the half-line x ≥ 0 .
The maximum value is
A B C D E
√ 1 9 9 −3
− e −√ e 4 none of the preceding
e e2 8
4 values.
13. [8 MARKS] Showing all your work, sketch the graph of the function
e2x
f (x) = ,
e2x + 3
identifying asymptotes, critical points, and inflection points. Show clearly where
the graph is concave upward and where it is concave downward.
14. [8 MARKS]
15. [2 MARKS] Multiple Choice: Circle the correct answer (A, B, C, D, or E.)
dy
If x5 − y 5 = 2x2 y 2 , the value of when (x, y) = (1, −1) is
dx
A B C D E
5 5 5 5
−1 1 − none of −1, 1, − , .
3 3 3 3
16. [10 MARKS] Showing all your work, sketch the graph of the function
x2 − x − 2
f (x) = − 1,
(1 − x)2
identifying asymptotes, critical points, and inflection points. Show clearly where
the graph is concave upward and where it is concave downward.
|f (x) − 2| ≤ (x − 1)2 ,
4. [8 MARKS]
√ Find equations for all straight lines which are both normal to the curve
y = x − 3 and parallel to the straight line y = −2x + 11.
(x + y)2 − (x − y)2 = x4 + y 4
at all point(s), other than the origin, where the curve meets the line x = y.
10. [10 MARKS] A closed box with a square base is to have a volume of 2, 000 cubic
centimetres. The material for the top and bottom of the box costs $3 per square
centimeter, while the material for the sides costs $1.50 per square centimetre.
Determine the dimensions of the least expensive box.
12. It is given that the function f , defined by f (x) = x + x3 has an inverse, denoted
by f −1 .
m(x) = xx .
2. Find the derivative of each of the following functions. (You need not simplify your
answers.)
sin(2x2 − 1)
(a) F (x) =
(x2 + 1)3
µ ¶
−1 1
(b) G(x) = tan √
x3 + 1
(c) H(x) = x2 e−2x ln x
5. Find the area of the largest rectangle which can be inscribed in a semicircle of
radius 1, where one side of the rectangle lies on the diameter of the semicircle, and
the other two vertices lie on the semicircle.
6. Consider the function h(x) = 4x3 − 15x2 + 12x + 7, with domain −∞ < x < ∞.
(a) Find all points at which h has a local maximum, a local minimum, or a point
of inflection. Justify all of your answers.
(b) Find the global (absolute) maximum and the global (absolute) minimum of h
on the interval [0, 3].
2x2
7. Sketch the curve y = 2 , indicating any horizontal or vertical asymptotes.
x −1
8. Let the function u be defined by u(x) = ln(2x + 1).
6. [8 MARKS] Use the Intermediate Value Theorem and/or the Mean Value Theorem
1
and/or properties of G0 (x) to show that the function G(x) = x2 − e 1+x assumes
the value 0 for exactly one real number x such that 0 < x < 2. Show all your work.
1
[Hint: You may assume that e 3 < 2.]
7. [8 MARKS] Triangle OBC, in the first quadrant, has vertex O at the origin, vertex
B on the x-axis, and vertex C on the y-axis. If the vertices are constrained so that
the line joining B and C passes through the point (2, 3), determine the minimum
area for triangle OBC. Show all your work.
8. Showing all your work, evaluate the following limits, if they exist:
√ √
(a) [8 MARKS] lim ( x2 + x − x2 − x).
x→∞
tan x − sin x
(b) [8 MARKS] lim .
x→0 x3
9. [8 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine all lines with slope 3 which are
normal to the curve 64y + x3 = 0, (i.e. which are perpendicular to the tangent at
each point where they meet the curve).
10. [9 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine the (global) maxima and minima
of the function R(x) = 3x4 + 4x3 − 6x2 − 12x on the closed interval −2 ≤ x ≤ 2.
[Hint: x3 + x2 − x − 1 = (x2 − 1)(x + 1).]
5. [10 MARKS] The volume of a sphere is increasing at a rate of 10 cubic metres per
hour. At what rate is the surface area increasing, when the radius is 2 metres?
(Note: The volume of a sphere of radius r is 34 πr3 ; the surface area is 4πr2 .)
6. [10 MARKS] Show that the equation 3x4 − 28x + 8 = 0 does not have more than
two distinct real roots.
dy d2 y
7. [10 MARKS] Determine the value of and 2 at the point (x, y) = (1, −1) when
dx dx
x and y are related by the equation x3 + xy + y 4 = 1.
8. [10 MARKS] A box with a square base and an open top is to have volume 62.5
cubic centimetres. Neglect the thickness of the material used to make the box, and
find the dimensions that will minimize the amount of material used.
µ ¶
x3
9. Let f (x) = ln .
x2 − 1
x2 + y sin x + tan2 y = 1
4. [10 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine the domain of the following func-
tion, and all vertical or horizontal asymptotes to its graph.
2x + 5
f (x) = √ .
x2 − 36
5. [10 MARKS] Let f (x) = |2x + 5|. Show that there is no value of c such that
Explain why this does not contradict the Mean Value Theorem.
6. [10 MARKS] A farmer wants to fence an area of 20,000 square metres in a rectan-
gular field, and then divide it into three parts by fences parallel to one of the sides
of the rectangle. What shape of field will minimize the cost of the fencing? Show
all your work.
7. For the function h(x) = x2 e2x , showing all your work
(a) [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where h is increasing, and where it is
decreasing.
(b) [5 MARKS] Determine all local maxima, and all local minima.
(c) [5 MARKS] Determine intervals of concavity, and all inflection points.
(d) [5 MARKS] Sketch a graph of the function.
8. (a) [5 MARKS] Find the function f that satisfies all of the following conditions:
f 00 (x) = 3ex + 5 sin x , f (0) = 1 , f 0 (0) = 2 .
(b) [5 MARKS] Determine all values of the constant c that will make the
following function continuous everywhere:
½
cx + 1 if x < 5
f (x) =
cx2 − 1 if x ≥ 5
(a) [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f is increasing, and those where it
is decreasing.
(b) [5 MARKS] Determine all local maxima, and all local minima.
(c) [5 MARKS] Determine intervals of concavity, and all inflection points.
(d) [5 MARKS] Sketch a graph of the function.
1
8. (a) [5 MARKS] If f 0 (x) = x − 1 and f (1) = , find f (x).
5
1
(b) [5 MARKS] If f 0 (x) = and f (0) = 0, use the Mean Value Theorem
1 + x3
to show that
2
f (2) − f (0) =
1 + c3
2
for some c such that 0 < c < 2, and deduce that < f (2) < 2. (Use the
9
Mean Value Theorem — do not determine an exact formula for f (x).)
1. In each of the following cases evaluate the limit, or explain why the limit does not
exist. Show all your work. Do not use l’Hôpital’s Rule.
x−2
(a) [5 MARKS] lim−
x→2 |x − 2|
sin x − sin(3x)
(b) [5 MARKS] lim
x→0 x2 + 6x
x+4
(c) [5 MARKS] lim
x→−4 x2 + 5x + 4
2. In each of the following cases evaluate the limit, or explain why the limit does not
exist. Show all your work. If you wish, you may use l’Hôpital’s Rule.
2
ex − 1
(a) [10 MARKS] lim .
x→0 sec x − 1
sinh(x + 1)
(b) [5 MARKS] lim . (Hint: Express the functions in terms of
x→∞ cosh(x)
exponentials.)
3. Showing your work, find the derivative of each of the following functions at the
points indicated, or explain why the function fails to be differentiable there. In
all cases you are expected to simplify your answers as much as possible, but the
examiners are aware that you do not have a calculator.
π
(a) [5 MARKS] a(x) = ex sin x at x = − .
2
√
x+5
(b) [5 MARKS] b(x) = √ at x = 4 .
x−5
eln(2x)
(c) [5 MARKS] c(x) = at x = 4.
ln(e3x )
4. A function K(x) is defined as follows, where α and β are constants to be evaluated:
½
α + x − x2 if x < 2
K(x) = 2
x − β(x − 2) − 4 if x ≥ 2
(a) [8 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine all values of α and β — if any
— that will make K continuous at x = 2.
(b) [7 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine all values of α and β — if any
— that will make K differentiable at x = 2.
5. Suppose that y = 1 − xy 4 .
dy
(a) [10 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine the values of and
dx
2
dy
when x = 0 .
dx2
(b) [5 MARKS] Find an equation for the tangent to the curve y = 1 − xy 4
at the point where x = 0 .
1 1
6. Let f (x) = − − 1.
x x−1
(a) [3 MARKS] Determine the domain of f .
(b) [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f is increasing, and the intervals
where it is decreasing.
(c) [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where the graph of f is concave upwards,
and the intervals where it is concave downwards.
(d) [5 MARKS] Determine the local extrema of f , or prove that there are no
local extrema.
(e) [5 MARKS] Determine the inflection points of the graph of f , or prove that
there are no inflection points.
(f) [4 MARKS] Determine the horizontal asymptotes (if any) and the vertical
asymptotes (if any) to the graph of f .
(g) [3 MARKS] Sketch the graph of f .
7. A line ` with positive slope m is drawn through the point (−4, 9) in the plane.
sec x
(c) [4 MARKS] h(x) =
arctan x
2. Suppose that the function f satisfies
f (x) − 3
lim =4
x→1 x2 − 1
3. The equation
y 5 + xy 2 + x3 = 4x + 3
defines y implicitly as a function of x near the point (2, 1).
6. A rectangle is inscribed with its base on the x-axis, its upper left vertex on the
y-axis and its upper right vertex on the graph of the function y = e−2x .
(a) [6 MARKS] Find the dimensions of the rectangle that maximize its area. Fully
justify your answer!
(b) [6 MARKS] Find the dimensions of the rectangle that minimize its circum-
ference. Fully justify your answer!
8. In each of the following problems, find the function that satisfies all the stated
conditions:
1. In each of the following cases evaluate the limit, or explain why the limit does not
exist. Show all your work. Do not use l’Hôpital’s Rule.
5+u
(a) [5 MARKS] lim .
u→−5 u2 − 25
x2
(b) [5 MARKS] lim
x→0 sin2 3x
2. In each of the following cases evaluate the limit, or explain why the limit does not
exist. Show all your work. If you wish, you may use l’Hôpital’s Rule.
2 − x2 − 2 cos x
(a) [7 MARKS] lim .
x→0 x4
(b) [8 MARKS] lim x (2 arctan x − π) .
x→∞
3. In each of the following problems you are expected to show your work, and to
simplify your answer as much as possible. The examiners are aware that you do
not have the use of a calculator.
(a) [12 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine an equation for the tangent
to the curve at A .
(b) [8 MARKS] A point P is moving along the curve C . Let t represent time.
dy
Determine the value of when P is at position A on the curve, if it is
dt
known that, at that moment,
dx
= 4 m/s.
dt
1
5. Let f (x) = x(4 − x2 ) 2 .
(b) [7 MARKS] Use your solution to question 6.(a) to determine the value of
h(−5) . Only a solution using the previous result will be accepted. Reduce
your answer as much as possible; the examiners are aware that you do not
have the use of a calculator.
√
7. Let f (x) = sin3 x + 3 · cos3 x .
(a) [10 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine all local maxima (= relative
maxima) and all local minima (= relative minima) x of f such that
π π
− <x< .
2 2
(c) [5 MARKS] Showing all your work, use a linear approximation to estimate
the value of √
sin3 62◦ + 3 · cos3 62◦ .
√
◦ 1 ◦ 3
You may assume that the sine of 30 is , and that the sine of 60 is .
2 2
6. [10 MARKS] Use the Mean Value Theorem to prove that x = 0 is the only solution
of the equation sinh x = x. Carefully explain your reasoning!
8. [10 MARKS] A rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes has one vertex
at the origin, one on the positive x-axis, one on the positive y-axis, and its fourth
1
vertex in the first quadrant on the curve y = . What is the maximum
1 + x2
possible area of such a rectangle? Fully justify your answer!
H WeBWorK
H.1 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
H.1.1 Where is WeBWorK?
WeBWorK is located on Web servers of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics,
and is accessible at the following URL’s:
http://msr01.math.mcgill.ca/webwork/m140f03
or
http://msr02.math.mcgill.ca/webwork/m140f03
If your student number ends with 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9, you should use the URL
http://msr01.math.mcgill.ca/webwork/m140f03;
http://msr02.math.mcgill.ca/webwork/m140f03.
If you access WeBWorK through WebCT, the link on your page will have been pro-
grammed to take you to the correct WeBWorK server automatically.
Your user code. Your user code will be your 9-digit student number.
Your password. Your initial password will be your 9-digit student ID number. You
will be able to change this password after you sign on to WeBWorK.73
Your e-mail address. The WeBWorK system requires each user to have an e-mail
address. After signing on to WeBWorK, you should verify that the e-mail address
shown is the one that you prefer. You should endeavour to keep your e-mail address up
to date, since the instructors may send messages to the entire class through this route.
We suggest that you use either your UEA74 or your po-box address. You may forward
your mail from these addresses to any other convenient address, (cf. §1.8.1.)
73
If you forget your password you will have to send a message to your instructor so that the system
administrator may be instructed to reset the password at its initial value.
74
Uniform E-mail Address
H.1.6 May I assume that the distribution of topics on quizzes and final
examinations will parallel the distribution of topics in the WeBWorK
assignments?
No!
characters may fail to print properly; the lowest quality is text mode, which is essentially
the way the author of the problem entered his data into the system. If your computer has
difficulty displaying in typeset2 75 mode, you may have to use one of the other modes.
Typeset mode is related to the TEX and LATEX systems that mathematicians use in
typesetting their documents; the notes that you are reading here were prepared using
LATEX; it contains formatting instructions in a “markup” language, and is difficult for
inexperienced readers.
http://ww2.mcgill.ca/icc/webct/browserCheck/browser.html#recommend
You will need to learn how to enter algebraic expressions into WeBWorK as it is coded
to read what you type in a way that may different from what you expect. For exam-
ple, the symbol ^ is used for writing exponents (powers). If you type 2^3, WeBWorK
will interpret this as 23 = 8. However, if you type 2^3+x, WeBWorKwill interpret
it as 23 + x, i.e. as 8 + x; if you wish to write 23+x , you have to type 2^(3+x). You
may obtain more information from the List of Available Functions, available online, or at
http://msr01.math.mcgill.ca/webwork_system_html/docs/available_functions.html
appear at the top of each assignment. The odd numbered assignment is intended to
prepare you for a painless completion of the subsequent even numbered assignment.
H.1.16 Will all Regular WeBWorK assignments have the same length? the
same value?
The numbers of problems on the various assignments may not be the same, and the
individual problems may vary in difficulty. But all 10 Regular assignments will count
equally in the 10% of the final grade allocated to them. TO REITERATE: You will
receive credit for both the grade you obtain on the odd-numbered assignment (with
unlimited attempts) and your grade on following even-numbered assignment (with re-
stricted attempts).
(The coverage extends to part of the material for Math 141 as well.)
J References
J.1 Stewart Calculus Series
[1] J. Stewart, Single Variable Calculus (Early Transcendentals), Fifth Edition. Thom-
son*Brooks/Cole (2003). ISBN 0-534-39330-6.
[2] J. Stewart, Calculus (Early Transcendentals), Fifth Edition. Thom-
son*Brooks/Cole (2003). ISBN 0-534-39321-7.
[3] D. Anderson, J. A. Cole, D. Drucker, Student Solutions Manual for Stewart’s Single
Variable Calculus (Early Transcendentals), Fifth Edition. Thomson*Brooks/Cole
(2003). ISBN 0-534-39333-0.
[4] J. Stewart, Single Variable Calculus (Early Transcendentals), Fifth Edition.
Thomson*Brooks/Cole (2003); bundled with Student Solutions Manual for Stew-
art’s Single Variable Calculus (Early Transcendentals), Fifth Edition. Thom-
son*Brooks/Cole (2003). ISBN 0-534-42976-9.
[5] J. Stewart, Calculus (Early Transcendentals), Fifth Edition. Thom-
son*Brooks/Cole (2003); bundled with Student Solutions Manual for Stew-
art’s Single Variable Calculus (Early Transcendentals), Fifth Edition. Thom-
son*Brooks/Cole (2003). ISBN 0-534-10307-3.
[6] R. St. Andre, Study Guide for Stewart’s Single Variable Calculus (Early Transcen-
dentals), Fifth Edition. Thomson*Brooks/Cole (2003). ISBN 0-534-39331-4.
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5th Edition. Thomson*Brooks/Cole (2003). ISBN 0-534-39326-8.
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ISBN 0-534-36298-2.
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Toronto (2003). ISBN 0-201-79805-0.
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man, Toronto (2003). ISBN 0-201-79802-6.
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man, Toronto (2003). ISBN 0-201-79131-5.
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Fifth Edition. Addison, Wesley, Longman, Toronto (2003). ISBN 0-201-79803-4.
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Addison, Wesley, Longman, Toronto (2003). ISBN 0-131-30565-4.
[18] Calculus Instructional DVD Program, for use with (inter alia) Lar-
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tions, Third Edition [19]. Houghton Mifflin (2003). ISBN 0-618-25097-2.
[20] C. H. Edwards, Jr., and D. E. Penney, Single Variable Calculus, Early Transcen-
dentals, Sixth Edition. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (2002). ISBN 0-13-
041407-7.
[21] C. H. Edwards, Jr., and D. E. Penney, Calculus with Analytic Geometry, Early
Transcendentals Version, Fifth Edition. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1997).
ISBN 0-13-793076-3.
[22] C. H. Edwards, Jr., and D. E. Penney, Student Solutions Manual for Calculus with
Analytic Geometry, Early Transcendentals Version, Fifth Edition. Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1997). ISBN 0-13-079875-4.
[23] C. H. Edwards, Jr., and D. E. Penney, Single Variable Calculus with Analytic
Geometry, Early Transcendentals Version, Fifth Edition. Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ (1997). ISBN 0-13-793092-5.
[24] C. H. Edwards, Jr., and D. E. Penney, Student Solutions Manual for Single Variable
Calculus with Analytic Geometry, Early Transcendentals Version, Fifth Edition.
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1997). ISBN 0-13-095247-1.