English 8

English – Grade 8
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Parallel Structure
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that no copyright shall subsist in
any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the
exploitation of such work for a profit. Such agency or office may, among other
things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Janette M. Timula

Editor: Analyn De Leon
Layout Artist: Marisol Aspuria Baguisi
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Aurelio G. Alfonso EdD
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Victor M. Javeña EdD
Chief, School Governance and Operations Division and
OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

Education Program Supervisors

Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE)

Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP)
Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS)
Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS)
Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports)
Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM)
Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang)
Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP)
Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE)
Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM)

Printed in the Philippines by the Department of Education – Schools Division of Pasig City
 English 8
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 1
Parallel Structure
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the English 8 Self-Learning Module on Parallel Structure.

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed, and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st-century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:

Welcome to the English 8 Self-Learning Module on Parallel Structure.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an
active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the

lesson at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from

the entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

This is your self-instructional learner module in English 8. All

the activities provided in this lesson will help you learn and
understand Parallel Structure.

PRETEST

Directions: Write PS if the sentence is parallel in structure and NP if

the sentence is not parallel in structure. Write your answer on the
space provided.

_____1. Reading books and listening to inspirational messages are the

best ways to prevent boredom in this time of the pandemic.

_____2. Deciding to stay at home and to keep ourselves healthy can

make us avoid COVID-19.

_____3. Many parents don‘t want their children to go to school due to

the current situation.

_____4. Our frontliners were always ready to help and to care for the
needy.

_____5. God wants us to humble ourselves and to turn from our

wicked ways.
 RECAP

Can you recall the term for the pandemic we are having in our
country? Yes, you are correct! We have the COVID-19 pandemic. This
lesson is related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Study the picture.

Question: What can you say about the words in the picture?

Choices and matching of words are important in constructing

a sentence, paragraph, or an essay. A great sentence expresses
ideas clearly and effectively. Using the same grammatical form to
express parallel ideas is called a parallel structure. Writers use
parallel structure to add clarity to their writing and to make it
easier to understand. It also adds value to a writer's overall
composition and shows that their writing is structurally and
grammatically correct.
 LESSON

Parallel structure, or parallelism, means using the same

pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of
equal importance.

Let us first read this passage:

―…that this nation, under God, shall

have a new birth of freedom — and that
the government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish
from the earth.‖
-Abraham Lincoln

An example of parallelism is ‗of the people, by the people, for the

people’ by Abraham Lincoln from his speech in Gettysburg Address.
This expression has echoed through the ages and is powerful
because it uses the parallel structure.

Now let‘s proceed to other grammatical forms that help achieve

parallelism; these are the verbals, gerund, and infinitive.

What is a gerund? A gerund is a noun formed from a verb. A gerund

contains the ending -ing. It will always be used as a noun and does not
replace the progressive form of the verb.

Let us try some examples.

1. read/reading
I read every day. / I like reading.
In the first sentence, ‘read’ is used as a verb. I am doing the action to read.
In the second sentence, ‗reading‘ is used as a gerund (noun), and ‘like’ is the
verb.

2. draw/drawing
Crizea draws. / Drawing makes Crizea happy.

In the first sentence, ‘draws’ is used as a verb. Crizea is doing the action to
draw. In the second sentence, ‗drawing’ is used as a gerund and ‘makes’ is
the verb.

What is an infinitive? An infinitive is a verbal form consisting of the

word to plus a verb and functioning as a noun, adjective, or adverb. The
term verbal indicates that an infinitive, like the other two kinds of verbals, is
based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. An
infinitive is easy to locate because of the to + verb form. Here are some
examples:

Verb Infinitive Sentence

(to + verb)
go to + go Ana needs to go to the grocery.
read to + read Grace loves to read books.
learn to + learn The baby wants to learn how to walk.

Guided Practice No. 1

Before we proceed to the next part of our lesson, let us first have practice
exercises on gerund and infinitive. Identify whether an infinitive or gerund
should be used in the sentences. Choose the best answer.

1. He delayed (to get, getting) out of bed.

- The gerund ‗getting’ is the correct answer.

 2. Bree loves (to walk, walking) to the beach.

- The infinitive to ‘walk’ is the answer.

3. Joshua wants (to be, being) a basketball player.

- The infinitive ‗to be’ is the correct answer.

What exactly is a parallel structure? Parallel structure (also called

parallelism) is the repetition of a chosen grammatical form within a
sentence. It‘s simply the practice of using the same structures or forms
multiple times making sure the parts are parallel to each other. Now let‘s use
gerund and infinitive in a sentence with correct parallel structure.

Here is an example:
Brianna loves running, to swim, and biking.
Brianna loves running, swimming, and biking.

Was the second sentence easier to comprehend than the first? The second
sentence uses parallel structure — all three verbs are gerunds, whereas in
the first sentence two are gerunds and one is an infinitive.

The application of parallelism improves writing style and readability, and it

makes sentences easier to process.

Compare the following examples:

Lacking parallelism: Star likes cooking, jogging, and to read.
Parallel: Star likes cooking, jogging, and reading.

Lacking parallelism: Charmaine likes to swim and running.

Parallel: Charmaine likes to swim and to run.
Parallel: Charmaine likes swimming and running.
Once again, the examples above show a parallel structure using gerunds and
infinitives.

Guided Practice No. 2

Let‘s do these together. Once again, do the thumbs up  if you think the

sentence uses correct parallel structure and thumbs down  if not.

1. Clarence likes to jog, to swim, and to jump rope.

Correct! The sentence is parallel in structure, using the infinitive.

2. Athena likes to dance and to sing.

You are right! The sentence is parallel in structure.

3. My friends enjoy relaxing and sitting out in the sun.

Okay, good job! The sentence is parallel in structure.

 ACTIVITIES

I. Write (✓) if the statement is correct and (✗) if the statement is

incorrect. Write your answer on the space provided.

_____1. A great sentence expresses ideas clearly and

effectively.
_____2. Parallel structure, or parallelism, means using the
same pattern of words to show that two or more
words or ideas are of equal importance.
_____3. A gerund is a verb formed from a verb.
_____4. A gerund will always contain the ending –ing.
_____5. An infinitive is a verbal form consisting of the word to
plus a verb and functioning as a noun, adjective, or
adverb.

II. Staying at home is said to be the new normal at this pandemic

time. Give at least five sentences that you prefer to do at home to
make yourself productive. Please observe the proper parallel
structure in your sentences.

1. _____________________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________________________________

5. _____________________________________________________________________
 WRAP-UP

To wrap everything up, let us always remember that:

Parallel structure, or parallelism, means using the same pattern of

words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance. It
also adds value to a writer's overall composition and shows that their writing
is structurally and grammatically correct.

A gerund is a noun formed from a verb. A gerund will always contain

the ending –ing.

An infinitive is a verbal form consisting of the word to plus a verb

and functioning as a noun, adjective, or adverb. An infinitive is easy to
locate because of the to + verb form.

VALUING

God is our refuge and strength, always ready to protect and to

help in times of trouble. So, we must not fear this pandemic period.
 POSTTEST

Multiple Choice: Give the appropriate parallel structure of the following

sentences. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided.

1. Clarisa loves __________ .

a. to sing, to dance c. to sing and to dance
b. to dance and singing d. to singing and to dance

2. Gian‘s pastime is to __________.

a. jogging and playing c. jog in the park and to play golf
b. jog on the park and playing golf d. jogging and playing and jog.

3. Kaylee is fond of __________.

a. read books and listen
b. reading books and listening to soft music
c. reading and listen to soft music
d. to read books and listening to soft music

4. Best ways to prevent COVID-19 infection is __________.

a. wearing mask, washing hands and staying at home
b. to wear a mask, washing hands, and staying at home
c. wearing mask, washing hands, and to stay at home
d. wearing mask, to washing hands and staying at home.

5. In this pandemic time, we all need __________ that things will be back
to normal
a. hope and to pray c. to hope and to pray
b. to hoping and to pray d. hope and praying
 KEY TO CORRECTION

5. c 5. c 5. PS
4. a 4. a 4. PS
3. b 3. b 3. NP
2. c 2. c 2. PS
1. c 1. c 1. PS
Posttest Activity 1 Pretest

References
(https://www.wilx.com/content/news/Doctors-in-support-of-stayat-home-order-
extension-569930371.html)

(https://www.iup.edu/writingcenter/writingresources/grammar/parallel-
structure/)

(Michaela Navarro. Eloquence Grade 8. 1624-1626 Espaňa Blvd. cor. Don Quijote
St. Sampaloc Manila: St. Augustine Publications, Inc.)

(https://examples.yourdictionary.com/parallel-
structureexamples.html?fbclid=IwAR0AmDGv2CaZVVWP70cCvCdJIQlYJKIeIi4JIX0
efJeX_uoeqn8vcc0rzE)

(https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/abrahamlincoln-birthday-
gettysburg-address-civil-war-us-president-trumpa8206946.html)

(https://writingexplained.org/grammar-dictionary/gerunds )

(https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/mechanics/gerunds_p
articiples_and_infinitives/infinitives.html)

(https://www.evergreen.edu/sites/default/files/writingcenter/hando
uts/grammar/parallel.pdf)

(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-styleguide/chapter/parallelstructure/)