In order to establish first-mode SDF system properties for each building, the global hysteretic

behavior of buildings is described by the cyclic pushover curves [Han et al., 2004; Chopra and
Bobadilla, 2007] as shown in Figure 5.8. These were determined by nonlinear static analysis of
the buildings subjected to the modal force distribution ( s1  mφ1 ) with its magnitude varied and
reversed to cause the cyclic roof displacement described by Figure 5.9. Comparison of the cyclic
and monotonic pushover curve in Figure 5.10 indicates cycle-to-cycle deterioration of stiffness
due to P-Δ effects.

The force-deformation relation for the first-mode SDF system is determined from the base
shear – roof displacement relation defined by modal pushover curve by utilizing Fs1/L1= Vb1 / M 1*

and D1 = ur1 / 1r1. The hysteretic force-deformation relation is idealized by the peak-oriented
model [Ibarra and Krawinkler, 2005; Ibarra et al., 2005], with the monotonic curve idealized as
tri-linear (Fig. 5.10). In the hysteretic model, the cyclic behavior is described by a series of
deterioration rules. These deterioration parameters are determined from the cyclic force
deformation relation FS1 / L1 − D1 obtained from the cyclic pushover curve (Fig. 5.8) by an iterative
trial-and-error procedure to obtain a best fit of the model to the actual cyclic curve. The associated
hysteretic model provides reasonable representation of the global cyclic behavior of the buildings
as shown in Figure 5.11.

4-Story 6-Story 13-Story

0.4 0.3 0.15
Base Shear / Weight

0 0 0

-0.4 -0.3 -0.15

-4 -2 0 2 4 -2 -1 0 1 2 -4 -2 0 2 4
Roof Disp. / Bldg. Height (%)

Figure 5.8 First-mode cyclic pushover curve (solid line) and monotonic pushover curve
(dashed line), for 4-, 6-, and 13-story buildings.
 6

4
Displacement    y
2

-2

-4

-6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Cycle Number

Figure 5.9 Description of roof-displacement amplitudes for cyclic pushover analysis.

4-Story 6-Story 13-Story

0.3 0.12

0.3

0.2 0.08
FS1 / L1 (g)

0.2

0.1 0.04
0.1

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 50 100 150
D1 (cm)

Figure 5.10 Comparison of first-mode pushover curve (solid line) and its idealized
trilinear model (dashed line) for 4-, 6, and 13-story buildings.

4-Story 6-Story 13-Story

0.5 0.4 0.15
FS1 / L1 (g)

0 0 0

-0.5 -0.4 -0.15

-50 0 50 -40 0 40 -150 0 150
D (cm)
1

Figure 5.11 Comparison of first-mode cyclic pushover curve (solid line) and its
hysteretic model (dashed lines), for 4-, 6-, and 13-story buildings.