DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL

A. VISION AND MISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY

VISION
“A leading research university in the ASEAN region.”

MISSION
Isabela State University is committed to develop globally competitive human,
technological resources and services through quality instruction, innovative research,
responsive community engagement and viable resource management programs for
inclusive growth and sustainable development.

B. QUALITY POLICY

QUALITY POLICY
The Isabela State University endeavors to be a lead university in instruction, research,
extension, and resource generation through continual improvement of services.

C. INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOMES AND GOALS OF THE COLLEGE

INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOMES
ISU Expected Graduate Attributes

 Communicator (Cm)
o Recognizes and values communication as a tool for conveying and
interacting with others and fostering their own learning.

 Inquiry-focused and Knowledgeable (IFK)

o Creates new knowledge and understanding through the process of
research and inquiry.
o Demonstrates comprehensive theoretical and technical concepts related to
their field of specialization with relevant connections to industry,
professional, and regional knowledge.

 Competitive (Cp)
o Initiates and innovates better ways of doing things.
o Promotes quality and productivity.

 Collaborative and Effective Leader (CEL)

o Works in collaboration with others and manages group functioning to meet
common goal.
  Lifelong Learner (LL)
o Acquires new skills and adapts to rapid changes in professional and
personal environment.

GOALS OF THE COLLEGE

In line with the Isabela State University’s vision and mission, the College of Criminal
Justice Education is task to:
1. Provision of broad general education in the College of Criminal Justice that is
geared towards the integral development of the human being.

2. Strengthening of the program of instruction that is designed to enhance

creativeness and competitiveness towards the upliftment of the quality of life;

3. Development of students’ capabilities necessary to nurture this leadership

potential for his role in environmental protection and reservation.

4. To provide opportunities for the individual to think creatively and productively.

5. To develop critical and analytical mind in search of the truth, the good and the
beautiful.

6. To stimulate development of the individuals’ ideas, attitudes, and habits

desirable for the improvement of the quality of his family, community and
country.

D. COURSE OVERVIEW

This course will talk about the different kinds of human vices and the different kinds of
drugs. It will deal on the Sociological, Psychological, and Physiological perspectives and
dimensions on the effects of drug use and abuse, and the social development of vices. It
will also cover on the different laws governing, regulating and prohibiting drugs and
vices. The enforcement of these different laws, relevant jurisprudence, the
investigation, gathering of evidence, arrest and seizure of drugs and vices.

E. UNIVERSITY POLICY
1) Observance of Health Protocols

a. Everybody who is entering the campus and classroom premises is

required to wear a face mask – NO FACE MASK, NO ENTRY POLICY
b. Observe at all times, in all places and in all transactions, social / physical
distancing of at least 1 meter apart as advocated by the Department of
Health.
c. Crowd gathering of more than five (5) persons is restricted.
2) Uniform and Dress code
a. Students should be in proper uniform, wear should ID and appropriate
shoes except during laboratory class.
b. On Wednesday, hip-hop dresses and get-ups are not allowed, e.g. shorts,
slippers, spaghetti strap, earrings for males, etc.
c. PE uniforms should be worn only during PE class.

3) Taking Examination
a. Cheating and copying are strictly prohibited. When caught during quizzes
and long/units exams, deduction of points will be imposed by the teacher
and during midterm or final exam. Means a grade of 5.0 in the subject.
b. Borrowing of calculators and other exam paraphernalia is not allowed
during exam.
c. During prelim, midterm, and final exam, only test papers answer sheets,
permits, calculators, pens, pencils and erasers are allowed on the desk;
other things should be deposited on a place designated by the teacher.
d. Other policies will be imposed as deemed necessary and as agreed upon
between the students and the subject professor.

4) Other Policies
a. Cellphone should be shut-off or in silent mode during class hours.
b. Chairs should be arranged before leaving the classroom.
c. Vandalism is strictly prohibited and punishable.
d. No Smoking within the school premises.
e. Students under the influence of liquor are not allowed inside the school
compound.
f. Any form of deadly weapons should not be brought to school except
cleaning/cutting tolls during cleanup days and laboratory classes.
g. Unnecessary noise to the point of creating disturbances is prohibited.
h. Proper grooming should be observed at all times, e.g. short and undyed
hair for males.
i. Other policies will be strictly imposed as contained in the student manual
 Module 1
OVERVIEW OF VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL
Vice- immoral or wicked behavior.
-A moral failing or a bad habit.
- a practice, behaviour, or habit generally considered immoral, sinful, criminal, rude, taboo,
depraved, degrading, deviant or perverted in the associated society. In more minor usage, vice
can refer to a fault, a negative character trait, a defect, an infirmity, or a bad or unhealthy
habit. 
Example of Common Vices: Anger, Arrogance, Envy, Greed, Lust, Computer games, Cheating,
lying, etc,.
Illegal Vices:
 Prostitution
 Smoking
 Alcoholism
 Gambling
 using Illegal Drugs, etc,.
A. PROSTITUTION
-act or practice of providing sexual services to another person in return for payment.
-the exchange of money for the performance of sexual act.
PROSTITUTE
-customarily used to refer to a female person who engages in sex in exchange for money as
profession.
B. TOBACCO
The use of tobacco is one of the foremost public health problems in the world today.
Tobacco had for centuries been used all over the world as a way of increasing the enjoyment of
life or as an aid in coping with some of its problem.
Effect of Tobacco Smoking
The effects of tobacco smoking consist primarily of ill health and of human suffering.
These necessarily, too, the productivity of the work force, the need for medical care and other
variables. Thus smoking impairs society’s total well-being and possess substantial economic loss
to the nation.
Properties of Tobacco
 Cigarettes smoke contains over 2,000 different chemicals and gasses which can produce
coughing, Broncho spasm, increased mucus secretion.
NICOTINE
- the most important active ingredients in controlled doses. It is an extremely toxix
substance. A typical cigarette contains 1-2 mg of nicotine. When smoked, less than 1 mg from
each cigarette is filtered or not depending on the characteristics of the filter, the depth and
frequency of inhalation and the length of the butt.
C. ALCOHOLISM
Alcohol- it is colorless, tasteless clear liquid which gives a burning sesation to the mouth,
esophagus and stomach. Like many drugs, alcohol is TOXIC. It can poison the human body if
taken in large amounts or in combination with other drugs. Alcohol is a DEPRESSANT not
stimulant.
Kinds of Alcohol
1. Methyl- it is very poisonous and is not in drinks but is use in some industries.
2. Ethyl- is use in alcohol drinks, which are made by breweries. This occurs when germs called
yeast act on sugar in food to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide. Fermented brews and spirits
contain different amounts of alcohol. The amount in beer is less than in other drinks. It varies
from 2.5% to 2.8% in different countries.
D. GAMBLING
-wagering of money or something of material value on an event with an uncertain
outcome with the primarily intent of winning additional money and/or material goods.
Illegal Numbers Game
-any form of illegal gambling activity which uses number or combination as factors in
giving out jackpot.
Jueteng
- illegal numbers game that involves the combination of numbers as a form of local
lottery where bets are placed and accepted per combination.
E. ILLEGAL DRUGS/DANGEROUS DRUGS
- Dangerous drugs’ are those that have high tendency for abuse and dependency, these
substances may be organic or synthetic, and pose harm to those who use them.
 Correspondences: Virtues and Vices
The Four Humours
phlegmatic calm, stolid temperament, unemotional, sluggish, pallid, lazy, corpulent

sanguine benign and gentle, cheerful, optimistic, irresponsible, jolly, red cheeked

choleric easily angered, bad-tempered, irritable, thin, ambitious.

melancolic introspective, thin, sad, love sick.

The Four Elements

Element Virtues Vices

Anger, jealousy and hatred.

Courage, enthusiasm and
Sporadic, breakative, irritable,
Fire willpower.Energetic, strength, creative,
destructive, intemperance, anger,
valor, loyalty, motion, perceptive
caught in illusions

Being centered, patience, truth,

Dullness, laziness,
thorough and dependable.Patients,
inconsiderate.Greed, addictions,
Earth builder, strength, thrift, acquisition,
obsessions, laziness, tired, lack of
conserved, practical, dependable,
control, forgetful, anger, and slow
stable, endurance, and protective

Intelligence, practical, speed, Impulsive, frivolous, easily fooled,

communications, adaptability, Gossiper, thief, dishonest,
Air magnetic, fluid, optimistic, clearness, contemptible, fearful, lacking of
kindness, intellectual, piercing, stability, rude, air headed,
perceptive, inventive unemotional.

Love, compassion, receptivity, Indifference, depression and

flexibility and forgiveness. Receptive,
understanding, empathic, sympathy,
Water
vitality, growth, loving, kind, astrally
aware, divining, intune with cycles,
meditative
instability. Over emotional,
disintegrating, dissolving, secretive,
indifferent, no foundations,
ungrounded, forgetful, lustful,
clouded

BEHAVIORS THAT HAVE LONG BEEN CONSIDERED VICES

1. excessive or habitual indulgence in gambling,
2. certain sexual activities
3. the use of psychoactive drugs such as nicotine, alcohol or opium
Moral Perspective of Vices
Galatians 5:19-21
The acts of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity and debauchery; idolatry and
witchcraft; hatred, discord, jealousy, fits of rage, selfish ambition, dissensions, factions and
envy; drunkenness, orgies, and the like. I warn you, as I did before, that those who live like this
will not inherit the kingdom of God.

Causes of Social Vices or Deviant Behavior

Some causes of social vices or deviant behavior include poverty, mental illness, learned
behaviors, inherited traits, broken home; Social vices or deviant behavior is caused by complex
interactions of psychological, sociological, economic and biological forces that encourage
individuals to rebel against societal norms.

Poverty: the state of being extremely poor; the state of being inferior in quality or insufficient
in amount.

Mental illness: a condition which causes serious disorder in a person's behavior or thinking.

Learned behaviors: are acquired changes in behavior during one's lifetime; Learning or

acquiring someone behavior or character.

Inherited traits: Something you receive from your parents, grandparents, or other family
members is inherited, whether it's a personality trait or a house in the Catskills. Some things are
inherited genetically, like blue eyes, and others are inherited legally, like money or property you
receive as an heir when someone dies.

Peer pressure: influence from members of one's peer group.

Broken home: refers to a family in which the parents are divorced or separated.

Effects of Social Vices or Deviant Behavior

Some of the effects are high rate of unemployment, poverty, hunger, war, injustice, outbreak of
diseases and sickness, madness, street children, neglect, death, and many others.

Government programs against Vices and Illegal drugs

1. The Anti-Drug Strategy

Drug supply reduction efforts involving aggressive law enforcement and prosecution with
strong adherence to the rule of law and observance of human rights, coupled with
comprehensive demand reduction initiatives and supported by strong international ties.

Components of the Anti-Drug Strategy

A. Drug Supply Reduction

Take away drugs from the public through market denial operations and prevention of diversion
from the licit to illicit market; and reduce the proliferation of illegal drugs through sustainable
alternative development programs.

Law Enforcement

In order to fully support the government’s anti-drug campaign, the Philippine National Police
launched its PNP Anti-Illegal Drugs Campaign Plan: Double Barrel. Implemented in a two-
prolonged approach, this is the centerpiece of PNP’s campaign against illegal drugs. The lower
barrel is dubbed as Project Tokhang (ToktokHangyo), a Visayan composite term that stands for
knock (Toktok) and plead (Hangyo). The upper barrel, which is the Project HVT (High Value
Target), is a sustained anti-illegal drugs police operation that includes buy-busts, service of
search and arrests warrants, manhunts, raids, and checkpoints against High Value and Street
Level Targets involved in trafficking and selling of illicit drugs.

Another important government initiative is the provision of financial and technical support for
the implementation of economically-viable and sustainable alternative development projects.
This strengthens the involvement of LGUs, community members, and other concerned agencies
in alternative development project implementation. With the aim of reducing and eliminating
the illicit cultivation of marijuana, the DDB reaches out by initiating project interventions and
encouraging cultivators to engage in alternative livelihood.

The definition of the alternative development program has been expanded to benefit not only
former marijuana cultivators but also recovering drug dependents in urban areas.

Another major part of DDB’s plan is to strengthen the reporting mechanism to facilitate the
monitoring and evaluation of these alternative development programs supported by the Board
through the years.

B. Drug Demand Reduction

Take people away from the lure of drug abuse through policy formulation, preventive
education, research, treatment, rehabilitation and reintegration; provision of alternative
development programs and forging cooperation with regional and international agencies and
counterparts.
Policy Formulation

The Board issued several Board Regulations to respond to the current national drug abuse
situation and directives of President Rodrigo Duterte.

Preventive Education and Capacity-building

The Philippines is adopting the International Standards on Drug Use Prevention which stipulates
that prevention initiatives should target the various developmental stages and settings.

The DDB has a range of educational programs and services designed to cater to the needs of
every sector of society. It has programs that engage the youth, address the needs of parents,
and provide employers, educators, health professionals, policymakers, and other sectors with
information on the prevention and control of drug use.

Treatment, Rehabilitation and Reintegration

As an important facet of drug demand reduction, trends in treatment and rehabilitation as well
as issues and concerns that families and recovering drug dependents face during the process
are continually monitored. These are integrated into existing health and social agencies to
ensure continuum of care. More importantly, services are built on community resources.

2. Alcohol Treatment

The best methods to treat alcohol dependency vary, depending upon an individual's medical
and personal needs.

 Some heavy drinkers who recognize their problem appear to recover on their own.
 Others recover through participation in the programs of Alcoholics Anonymous or
other self-help groups.
 Some alcoholics require long-term individual or group therapy, which may include
hospitalization.
 Treatment can also be done in community setting.
 Prognosis is good even if a person is pressured into treatment.
 Patients who come for voluntary treatment have the best prognosis.
 Voluntary mutual help organizations play a large role in the treatment.
 Effective alcohol control policies are also needed.

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS?

 Strong and persistent desire to drink alcohol despite harmful consequences.

 Inability to control drinking.
 Higher priority given to alcohol than other obligations.
 Tolerance to alcohol and physical withdrawal reaction when alcohol is abruptly
discontinued.

WHAT CAUSES IT?

Medical science has yet to identify the the exact cause of alcohol dependence, but research
suggest that genetic, psychological, and social factors influence its development.  Studies show
that alcoholism runs in families - alcoholics are six times more likely than nonalcoholic to have
blood relatives who are alcohol dependent.  Researchers have long pondered whether these
familial patterns result from gentics or from a common home environment, which oftern
includes alcoholic parents.  Conduct disorders and other childhood disorders increase risk of
alcohol related disorders in adult.
Psychoanalytic theory points to people with harsh superego and self-punitive turn to
alcohol to diminish unconsious stress.

HOW MANY SUFFER?

 WHO estimates that nearly 140 million people worldwide suffer from alcohol
dependence and 78% are not treated.
 Men are three times more likely than women to become alcoholics
 People aged 65 and older have the lowest rates of alcohol dependence.

3. SMOKING CESSATION PROGRAM

The national smoking infrastructure is mandated by the Tobacco Regulations Act which orders
the Department of Health to set up withdrawal clinics. As such DOH Administrative Order No.
122 s. 2003 titled The Smoking Cessation Program to support the National Tobacco Control and
Healthy Lifestyle Program allowed the setting up of the National Smoking Cessation Program.
Vision:                 Reduced prevalence of smoking and minimizing smoking-related health risks.
Mission:            To establish a national smoking cessation program (NSCP).
Objectives:

The program aims to:

1.       Promote and advocate smoking cessation in the Philippines; and

2.       Provide smoking cessation services to current smokers interested in quitting the habit.

Program Components:

The NSCP shall have the following components:

1.       Training
The NSCP training committee shall define, review, and regularly recommend training programs
that are consistent with the good clinical practices approved by specialty associations and the in
line with the rules and regulations of the DOH.

All DOH health personnel, local government units (LGUs), selected schools, industrial and other
government health practitioners must be trained on the policies and guidelines on smoking
cessation.

2.       Advocacy

A smoke-free environment (SFE) shall be maintained in DOH and participating non-DOH

facilities, offices, attached agencies, and retained hospitals. DOH officials, staff, and employees,
together with the officials of participating non-DOH offices, shall participate in the observance
and celebration of the World No Tobacco Day (WNTD) every 31 st of May and the World No
Tobacco Month every June.

3.       Health Education

Through health education, smokers shall be assisted to quit their habit and their immediate
family members shall be empowered to assist and facilitate the smoking cessation process.

4.       Smoking Cessation Services

Investigative Processes and Investigation

RULE 37 of PNP Manual. RULES ON ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS OPERATIONS
37.1 General Policy and Guidelines
a. The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) was mandated by law to carry out the
provisions of RA 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002), serve as the
implementing arm of the Dangerous Drugs Board, and be responsible for the efficient and
effective enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor
and essential chemical as provided in the Act.
b. The PNP, however, still possesses the authority to conduct anti-illegal drug operations,
Provided that the case shall eventually be transferred to the PDEA based on the Supreme Court
Decisions in People of the Philippines vs. Sta Maria (GR No. 171019, February 23, 2007 and
People of the Philippines vs. Rashamia Hernandez et al., (GR No. 184804, June 18, 2009). PDEA
deputation is no longer necessary or required for PNP personnel assigned with anti-drug units.
(PNP Manual on Anti-illegal Drugs Operation and Investigation CY 2010)
c. The PNP is not prevented from conducting warrantless arrest under Section 5, Rule 113 and
search incident to a lawful arrest under Section 13, Rule 126 of the Rules of Court.
37.2 Coordination Requirements
a. PNP units, prior to any anti-drug operations shall, as far as practicable, coordinate with the
PDEA;
b. In any case, the PNP anti-drug units shall coordinate/ inform the PDEA of the anti-drug
operation within 24-hours from the time of the actual custody of the suspects or seizure of said
drugs and substances as well as paraphernalia and transport equipment used in illegal activities
involving such drugs and/or substances and shall regularly update the PDEA on the status of the
cases involving the said anti-drug operation. (Section 86(a) IRR of RA 9165)
c. The word “as far as practicable” means that the prior coordination with the PDEA may be
done, practiced or accomplished as maybe feasible and possible to be performed. Under the
following instances, prior coordination is validly dispensed:
(1) In remote places where coordination is not possible
(2) When coordination will compromise the lives of police operatives, informant and witnesses,
involved in anti-drug operation;
(3) When coordination will prejudice the apprehension of drug suspects and confiscation of
dangerous drugs and CPECs;
(4) When prior coordination will compromise the entire police operation
(In the above instances, post coordination shall be made in lieu of prior coordination)
37.3 Handling, Custody and Disposition of Evidence
a. In the handling, custody and disposition of evidence, the provision of Section 21, RA 9165 and
its IRR shall be strictly observed.
b. The apprehending offi cer/team having initial custody and control of the drugs shall,
immediately after seizure and confi scation, physically inventory and photograph the same in
the presence of the accused or the person/s from whom such items were confi scated and/or
seized, or his/her representative or counsel, a representative from the media and the
Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected public offi cial who shall be required to sign the
copies of the inventory and be given a copy thereof.
c. The physical inventory and photograph shall be conducted at the place where the search
warrant is served; or at the nearest police station or at the nearest offi ce of the apprehending
offi cer/team, whichever is practicable, in case of warrantless seizures; Provided, that non-
compliance with these requirements under justifi able grounds, as long as the integrity and the
evidentiary value of the seized items are properly preserved by the apprehending offi cer/team,
shall not render void and invalid such seizures of and custody over said items.
d. Photographs of the pieces of evidence must be taken upon discovery without moving or
altering its position in the place where it was situated, kept or hidden, including the process of
recording the inventory and the weighing of dangerous drugs, and if possible under existing
conditions, with the registered weight of the evidence on the scale focused by the camera, in
the presence of persons required, as provided under Section 21, Art II, RA 9165.
e. The seizing offi cer must mark the evidence with his initials indicating therein the date, time
and place where the evidence was found and seized. The seizing offi cer shall secure and
preserve the evidence in a suitable evidence bag or in an appropriate container for further
laboratory examination.
f. Where the situation requires urgent action suspected drug evidence acquired may be “fi eld-
tested” using a drug test kit. If the result is positive this will be the basis of the seizure and the
conduct of further drug analysis.
g. Within twenty-four (24) hours upon confi scation/seizure of dangerous drugs, plant sources
of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, as well as
instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment, the same shall be submitted to the
PNP Crime Laboratory for laboratory examination and proper disposition.
h. Containers, packaging, equipment, etc., suspected of containing trace amounts of drugs
including controlled precursors and essential chemicals will be considered drug evidence and
shall be submitted for analysis.
i. In every negotiation operation, a “seizing offi cer” shall be designated who shall be
responsible for the inventory and initial custody of all drug and non-drug evidence during the
anti-drug operations. These will later be turned over to the investigation offi cer or any member
of the apprehending team, as the case maybe, or to the Crime Laboratory for laboratory
examination and proper disposition. (Annex “GG”- Chain of Custody Form)
j. Cellphones, computers/laptops or any other electronic equipment or gadgets shall be
properly preserved for evidentiary purposes and technical exploitation.
k. A certification of the forensic laboratory examination results, which shall be done under oath
by the forensic laboratory examiner, shall be issued within twentyfour (24) hours after the
receipt of the subject item/s: Provided, that when the volume of the dangerous drugs, plant
sources of dangerous drugs, and controlled precursors and essential chemicals does not allow
the completion of testing within the time frame, a partial laboratory examination report shall
be provisionally issued stating therein the quantities of dangerous drugs still to be examined by
the forensic laboratory: Provided, however, that a final certification shall be issued on the
completed forensic laboratory examination on the same within the next twenty-four (24) hours.
4. Prostitution
MODUS OPERANDI
As observed in the last five years, human traffickers employ various dynamic modes in
furtherance of their illicit trade. Identified modes of trafficking in persons are as follows:
A. Illegal Recruitment
This mode of trafficking is used by individuals posing as recruiters and projecting themselves as
representatives or sales agents of a bogus recruitment agency authorized to recruit and deploy
foreign workers to other countries. A case in point is the trafficking of women to Malaysia.
Victims are promised an expense-free recruitment process that includes air tickets, passport
processing, placement fee and miscellaneous fees with the assurance that work permits will be
issued at the country of destination. Once the victims are already transported, most are sold to
prostitution dens and they begin to incur sky-rocketing debts leaving them no choice but to go
out and render sexual services to customers (another way of forced prostitution) to pay said
debts.
B. Illegal Migration
This is usually committed by organized crime groups victimizing Filipino nationals who desire to
permanently live or work abroad. The syndicate is presumed to receive large sums of money
from prospective recruits ranging from PHP60,000 to PHP300,000 (Philippine Pesos).
C. Mail Order Brides
This mode involves foreigners who are either married to Filipinos or those who have contacts
here in the Philippines as prime recruiters. The recruiters target young, single and good-looking
women who are then paired off with foreigners. Pictures of said women are published through
travel and tour agencies and the Internet.
D. Foreign Training or Internship
This is a legitimate means of going out of the country but most people who avail of this
programme refuse to return home and instead prolong their stay in a particular country to
work with the hope of legitimizing their stay therein.
E. Religious Pilgrimage
This scheme victimizes mostly women who join groups for religious tours or pilgrimages and are
promised employment by the traffickers upon arrival in the destination country. Some end up
in bonded labour while others are forced into prostitution.
F. Cultural Exchange/Promotion
This scheme projects a group posing as artists or singers who would enter a country of
destination on a cultural exchange arrangement. After the performances, the group disbands
and erstwhile members are deployed in unstable or insecure jobs. This arrangement is a form
of exploitation, especially of women. Usually, the majority of these women end up in
prostitution dens.
PROSTITUTION INVESTIGATION
Investigations are a principal feature of the role of law enforcement in cases of trafficking in
persons and smuggling of migrants. The following section discusses investigative approaches,
interviewing of adult and child victims of trafficking, as well as of smuggled migrants and
interrogation of a suspect or accused where applicable. It is improtant to note that all measures
must be implemented in compliance with the legislative and procedural requirements of the
law of the country concerned.
Investigative approaches
Investigation of crimes of trafficking in persons can be undertaken using various approaches by
law enforcement, three of which are considered the major investigative approaches by police
agencies globally:
(1) reactive investigation
(2) proactive investigation
(3) disruptive investigation.29
The three approaches are considered to be overlapping and not mutually exclusive. They are
outlined briefly below:
1) Reactive investigation – This approach occurs in response to information received or in
response to a particular incident, where an immediate response is required. In trafficking in
persons, this kind of investigation is also referred to as “victim led” investigation, as it could be
triggered by a victim’s complaint.
2) Proactive investigation – This approach is also referred to as “intelligence generated, police
led” investigation.
3) Disruptive investigation – This approach is police led and often used when reactive and
proactive investigations are not possible.
Reactive investigation
Reactive investigations are generally not the product of an investigative plan. They usually
occur in response to information received or in response to a particular incident. Often a
reactive investigation starts as a rapid intervention based on anonymous reporting or as a result
of information that comes to light by chance e.g. during a routine patrol. An approach using
reactive methods will generally be overt and include the following:

 Obtaining testimony and statements from witnesses (victims)

 Detaining/arresting and interviewing suspects  Visits or raids on suspected premises or

location to recover evidence
 Analysing materials recovered from suspects and premises. Often, the need for an immediate
intervention to protect the lives and health of people, affords little time for proactive
investigations to obtain independent evidence. The result is often that the investigators are left
with suspects but no viable evidence upon which to prosecute them.
Trafficking in persons cases:
Reactive investigation is weaker than proactive investigation for several reasons:
Victims may initially provide information but later refuse to cooperate Informants may provide
information which requires immediate response, enabling those at higher levels of the criminal
organization to evade arrest Reactive measures may mean that evidence is lacking or not able
to be collected
There are three responses which must be applied when the situation of a victim creates the
need for a reactive response:
1. Immediate intervention

 to rescue victims,

 to prevent the procurement of other victims,

 to secure evidence
2. Use of information

 to conduct proactive enquiries,

 to disrupt trafficking practices,

 to develop arrest strategies

3. Use of intelligence

 to plan and commence intelligence-gathering operations,

 to assess premises to gather information about locations, etc.,

 to reduce risks involved in subsequent arrest operations

Guidelines for placing an arrest in reactive investigations:
1. Every suspect against whom there is sufficient evidence to justify the actions should be
arrested, no matter how minor or peripheral his or her role. This will effectively disrupt the
entire network rather than remove minor players in chain;
2. There will always be a possibility in this type of case that an arrest will need to be
implemented at very short notice therefore it is advisable to have a skeleton arrest plan
prepared and ready to be implemented from an early stage of an operation, a plan that can
then be refined as the operation progresses;
3. The arrest phase should be times and coordinated as to maximize the opportunity
simultaneously to arrest as many of the suspects as possible and to rescue as many victims as
possible. In addition, the objective is to execute the plan at a time that will offer the best
prospect of securing further evidence as the arrests are made.

LAWS RELATED
ILLEGAL DRUGS
RA 9165
RA 10640
PROSTITUTION
RA 10158
RA 9208
RA 10364
SMOKING
RA 9211
ALCOHOL DRIVING
RA 10586
GAMBLING
RA 9287

Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2013). Online Toolkit to Combat Trafficking
in Persons. Retrieved at, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/2008/electronic-
toolkit/electronic-toolkit-tocombat-trafficking-in-persons---index.html#5
https://www.unodc.org/documents/centralasia/HTSM/SOP-Manual-UNODC_final_ENG.pdf
https://www.virtuescience.com/zodiacvirtue.html