Name-JITENDER SINGH

Roll no. -207220013

EXPERIMENT 1

Conventional buck converter design and simulation

AIM-
Design a buck converter operating in CCM mode to meet the following specifications: Vin =
28V, Vo = 12V, Io(max)= 10A, switching frequency (fs)= 20kHz, output voltage ripple is 1%.
The converter should slip into DCM mode of operation below 30% of the full load. Simulate
the designed circuit and validate the design. Obtain the simulation results in CCM mode with
following waveforms:

a) Steady state output voltage

b) Voltage across the inductor

c) Current through the inductor

d) Voltage across the MOSFET

e) Current through the MOSFET

f) Diode voltage and current

Also obtain the above mentioned waveforms for DCM mode of operation.

THEORY-
A step-down converter produces a lower average output voltage than the dc input voltage Vs.
Its main application is in regulated dc power supplies and dc motor speed control. The
average output voltage can be calculated in terms of the switch duty ratio.

By varying the duty ratio ton/Ts of the switch, Vo can be controlled.

This analysis assumes that the diode remains forward-biased for the entire time when the switch
is open, implying that the inductor current remains positive. An inductor current that remains
positive throughout the switching period is known as continuous current. Conversely,
discontinuous current is characterized by the inductor current’s returning to zero during each
period.

Buck converters and dc-dc converters in general, have the following properties when
operating in the steady state:

1. The inductor current is periodic.

2. The average inductor voltage is zero.

3. The average capacitor current is zero.

4. The power supplied by the source is the same as the power delivered to the load.

Buck Converter with Discontinuous Current

Figure4 shows the inductor and source currents for discontinuous-current operation for the
buck converter. The relationship between output and input voltages is determined by first
recognizing that the average inductor voltage is zero for periodic operation.

From the inductor voltage shown in Fig.4c,

(𝑉𝑆 - 𝑉0) DT –𝑉0 (𝐷1 ) T = 0

which is rearranged to get

(𝑉𝑆 - 𝑉0) D =𝑉0 (𝐷1 )

𝑉0 𝐷
=
𝑉𝑆 𝐷+𝐷1

FOR CONTINOUS CONDUCTION 𝐷1 = (1-D)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM-

Figure1 (a) Buck dc-dc converter; (b) Equivalent circuit for the switch closed; (c)
Equivalent circuit for the switch open.
 EXPECTED WAVEFORMS-
C0NTINUOUS CURRENT MODE WAVEFORMS-

Figure2: Buck converter waveforms: (a) Inductor voltage; (b) Inductor current; (c)
Capacitor current.

Figure3: Buck converter waveforms. (a)Capacitor current (b)Capacitor ripple voltage.

DISCONTINUOUS CURRENT MODE WAVEFORMS-

Figure4: Buck converter discontinuous current. (a)Inductor current (b)Source current

(c)Inductor voltage.

IMPORTANT FORMULAS-
CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE-

❖ The buck converter produces an output voltage that is less than or equal to the input.
𝑉0 𝐷
=
𝑉𝑆 𝐷+𝐷1
FOR CONTINOUS CONDUCTION 𝐷1 = (1-D)
𝑉0 𝐷
=
𝑉𝑆 𝐷+1−D

𝑉0 = D𝑉𝑠 ,
𝑇𝑜𝑛
D= Duty ratio = 𝑇
𝑜𝑛 +𝑇𝑜𝑓𝑓
❖ The average inductor current must be the same as the average current in the load resistor,
𝑉0
𝐼𝐿 =𝐼0 =
𝑅

❖ Mean to peak ripple value of inductor current,

𝑉𝑠 (1−𝐷)×𝐷𝑇𝑠
𝑖𝐿 =
2𝐿
❖ The maximum and minimum values of the inductor current are computed as,
Imax =𝐼𝐿 +𝑖𝐿
Imin =𝐼𝐿 - 𝑖𝐿
❖ Output Voltage Ripple,
𝑖𝐿 𝑇𝑠
𝑉0 =
8𝐶

DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE-

❖ The relationship between output and input voltage,

𝑉0 𝐷
=
𝑉𝑆 𝐷+𝐷1

❖ The average inductor current equals the average resistor current because the average
capacitor current is zero,
𝑉0
𝐼𝐿 =𝐼0 =
𝑅
❖ On solving for D1,
−𝐷+ √𝐷2 +8𝐿/𝑅𝑇𝑠
𝐷1 = 2

PROCEDURE-
1. Start MATLAB and run Simulink.

2. From library browser search all the following required components-

DC voltage source, MOSFET, Inductor, Capacitor, Resistor, Diode, Demux, Current

measurement blocks, Voltage measurement blocks, Scope, Display, Powergui, Pulse
generator, Go to blocks & From blocks.

3.Connect all the components as shown in the below circuit diagram.

4. After forming the circuit set required parameters to all the components with the help of
given data and calculated values.

5. Now click on the RUN symbol.

6. Then check on Display and scope the output value and all the waveforms.
 SIMULATION CIRCUIT

CALCULATIONS-

Given data –
Input voltage, 𝑉𝑆 = 28V

Output voltage, 𝑉0= 12V

Output current, Io(max) = 10A

Switching frequency, fs = 20kHz

1
Output voltage ripple, 𝑉0 = 1% of output voltage = 100 × 12 = 0.12

DCM mode operation 𝐼𝐿 below 30% of full load

In continuous conduction mode,

𝑉 12
Duty ratio, D = 𝑉0 = = 0.428
𝑠 28

𝑉0 12
Load resistance, R = = 10 = 1.2Ω
𝐼0
 DURING BUNDERY CONDITION MODE (BCM) i.e., at 30%of full load
30
Output current = Io = 10× = 3A
100

Inductor current is same as output current i.e. 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼0

At boundary condition, mean to peak ripple current of inductor = average output current

𝑖𝐿 = 𝐼𝐿 = Io = 3A

𝑉𝑠 (1−𝐷)×𝐷𝑇𝑠
We have, 𝑖𝐿 =
2𝐿
𝑉𝑠 (1−𝐷)×𝐷𝑇𝑠 12(1−0.428)
𝐿= =
2𝑖𝐿 2∗3∗20000

L= 57.143 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 H
𝑖𝐿 𝑇𝑠
We have, 𝑉0 =
8𝐶

𝑖𝐿 𝑇𝑠 3
𝐶= = = C = 156.25× 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 F
8 𝑉0 8∗20000∗0.12

Load resistance , R(critical)= 12/3

𝑹𝒄𝒓 = 𝟒 Ω
 RESULTS (WAVEFORMS)-
CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE-

Steady state output voltage

Voltage across the inductor

Current through the inductor

Voltage across the MOSFET

Current through the MOSFET

Diode voltage

Diode current
DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE-

Figure8: Output voltage, inductor voltage, inductor current & Voltage across MOSFET
during discontinuous conduction mode.

Figure9: Current through the MOSFET, diode voltage and current during
discontinuous conduction mode.
OBSERVATIONS-
1.The value of average output voltage through simulation is nearly equal to the given output
voltage in continuous conduction mode.

2. In discontinuous conduction mode, the average output voltage gets increased when the load
resistance is increased beyond its critical value i.e. 4ohms (Boundary conduction mode).

3. Accurate waveforms are obtained for both continuous and discontinuous conduction mode.