CLAVICLE

ONLY LONG BONE LYING HORIZONTALLY;MEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION [ENDOCHON]

NO MEDULLARY CAVITY

TRANSMITS WEIGHT OF LIMB TO STERNUM-----CORACOCLAVICULAR LIGAMENT

LATERAL END IS FLAT AND MEDIAL END IS FRACTURE WHILE FALLING IN OUTSTRECHED
QUADRILATERAL;LARGE HAND.COMMON PNT IS JUNC BW MEDIAL 2/
CONVEX FORWARDS IN MEDIAL 2/3RD AND LATERAL 1/3

CONCAVE FORWARDS IIN LATERAL 1/3RD

INF SURFACE HAS SUBCLAVIAN GROOVE IN MIDDLE 1/3RD

INF SURFACE HAS CONOID TUBERCLE AND TRAPEZOID RIDGE

NUTRIENT FORAMEN---AT LATERAL END

1ST TO START OSSIFYING;HAS TWO 1. CENTERS FOR OSSIFICATION

ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT---ACROMION PROCESS OF SCAPULA

STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT----CLAVICULAR NOTCH OF MANUBRIUM STERNI

CARPAL BONES

SHORT BONES-----ENDOCHONDRIAL OSSIFICATION

PROXIMAL ROW
SCAPHOID ----BOAT SHAPED

LUNATE---HALF MOON SHAPED

TRIQUETRAL-----PYRAMIDAL;3CORNERED

PISIFORM----PEA SHAPED----SESAMOID BONE------FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS

DISTAL ROW
TRAPEZIUM----QUADRANGULAR

TRAPEZIOD-----BABY SHOE

CAPITATE-----LARGEST CARPAL---ROUNDED HEAD

HAMATE------WEDGE SHAPED WITH HOOK

FRACTURE OH SCAPHOID COMMON;OSTEOARTRITIS

CARPAL TUNNEL SYN—ANT DISLOC OF LUNATE

PATELLA
LARGEST SESAMOID BONE

DEVP IN TENDON OF QUADRICEPS FEMORIS

SITUATED IN FRONT OF LOWER END OF FEMUR

APEX DIRECTED DOWNWARDS;ROUGH AND VERT.

RIDGED;SEP FROM SKIN BY PREPATELLAR BURSA

3 BORDERS ---SUP;MED;LAT

2 SURFACES—ANT;POST

ANT SURF---NON ARTICULAR

POST SURF—ART @UPPER 2/3RD;VERT RIDGE / INTO

LARGE LATERAL AND SMALL MEDIAL
TARSALS
PROXIMAL
TALUS ABOVE—SECOND LARGEST TARSAL

CALCANEOUS BELOW---LARGEST TARSAL---PROMINENCE OF HEEL

DISTAL
MEDIAL CUNEFORM—LARGEST CUNEFORM----WEDGE SHAPED

INTERMEDIATE CUNEFORM

LATERAL CUNEFORM

CUBOID

INTERPOSED—BW PROXIMAL AND DISTAL

NAVICULAR—BOAT SHAPED
.

SHOULDER JNT
THE SHOULDER JOINT IS A BALL-AND-SOCKET TYPE OF SYNOVIAL JOINT

LIGAMENTS
 CAPSULAR LIGAMENT (JOINT CAPSULE):  ATTACHED MEDIALLY TO SCAPULA BEYOND SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE AND
LATERALLY TO THE ANATOMICAL NECK OF THE HUMERUS.INF THE ATTACH EXTENDS DOWN THE SURGICAL NECK;SUP
DEFECIENT FOR PASSAGE OF TENDON OF LONG HD OF BICEPS BRACHII.ANT REINFOCED BY GLENOHUMERAL LIGAMENT

CORACOHUMERAL LIGAMENT: EXTEDS FROM ROOT OF CORACOID PROCESS TO NECK OF HUMERUS .GIVES STRENGTH
TO CAPSULE
TRANSVERSE HUMERAL LIGAMENT:BRIDGES UPPER PART BICIPITAL GROOVE OF HUMERUS.TENDON OF LONG HEAD OF
BICEPS BRACHII PASSES DEEP TO THIS LIG.

GLENOID LABRUM:FIBROCARTILAGINOUS RIM COVERING MARGINS OF GLENOID CAVITY;INCREASES DEPTH OF CAVITY

ARTERIAL SUPPLY

 ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR CIRCUMFLEX HUMERAL ARTERIES.

 SUPRASCAPULAR ARTERY.

SUBSCAPULAR ARTERY

NERVE SUPPLY
 AXILLARY NERVE.

 SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE.

MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE.

Movements Main muscles (prime movers)

FLEXION  PECTORALIS MAJOR (CLAVICULAR PART)

 DELTOID (ANTERIOR FIBRES)

EXTENSION DELTOID (POSTERIOR FIBRES)

 LATISSIMUS DORSI

ADDUCTION  PECTORALIS MAJOR (STERNOCOSTAL

PART)

 LATISSIMUS DORSI

ABDUCTION  DELTOID (MIDDLE/LATERAL FIBRES)

 SUPRASPINATUS

MEDIAL ROTATION SUBSCAPULARIS

LATERAL ROTATION DELTOID (POSTERIOR FIBRES)

DISLOCATION OF THE SHOULDER JOINT: DISLOCATION OF SHOULDER JOINT MOSTLY OCCURS INFERIORLY BECAUSE THE
JOINT IS LEAST SUPPORTED ON THIS ASPECT. IT OFTEN INJURES THE AXILLARY NERVE BECAUSE OF ITS CLOSE RELATION
TO THE INFERIOR PART OF THE JOINT CAPSULE.CLINICALLY, IT PRESENTS AS-- HOLLOW IN ROUNDED CONTOUR OF THE
SHOULDER-- PROMINENCE OF SHOULDER TIP

FROZEN SHOULDER (ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS): IT IS A CLINICAL CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY PAIN AND UNIFORM
LIMITATION OF ALL MOVEMENTS OF THE SHOULDER JOINT, DUE TO SHRINKAGE OF THE JOINT CAPSULE

HIP JNT
BALL AND SOCKET VARIETY OF SYNOVIAL JOINT

ARTICULAR SURFACE
HEAD OF FEMUR ARTICULATES WITH ACETABULUM OF HIP BONE

THE HEAD OF FEMUR  FORMS MORE THAN HALF OF A SPHERE. IT IS COVERED BY THE ARTICULAR HYALINE CARTILAGE
EXCEPT FOR A SMALL PIT – THE FOVEA CAPITIS  FOR LIGAMENTUM TERES.

 THE ACETABULUM (LATIN ACETABULUM  = SHAPED LUNATE – VINEGAR CUP) PRESENTS THREE FEATURES: A
HORSESHOE-SHAPED LUNATE SURFACE, ACETABULAR NOTCH AND ACETABULAR FOSSA. OUT OF THESE, ONLY LUNATE
SURFACE IS ARTICULAR AND COVERED BY AN ARTICULAR CARTILAGE. THE DEPTH OF THE ACETABULUM IS INCREASED
BY THE ACETABULAR LABRUM.

LIGAMENTS
 CAPSULAR LIGAMENT (JOINT CAPSULE).

 ILIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT (STRONGEST).

 PUBOFEMORAL LIGAMENT.

 ISCHIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT.

 TRANSVERSE ACETABULAR LIGAMENT.

 ACETABULAR LABRUM.

 LIGAMENT OF THE HEAD OF FEMUR

Movements Muscles producing movements

FLEXION  PSOAS MAJOR AND ILIACUS (CHIEF FLEXOR)

 SARTORIUS, RECTUS FEMORIS, AND PECTINEUS

EXTENSION GLUTEUS MAXIMUS (CHIEF EXTENSOR)

 HAMSTRING MUSCLES

ABDUCTION  GLUTEUS MEDIUS AND MINIMUS (CHIEF ABDUCTORS)

Movements Muscles producing movements
 TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE AND SARTORIUS

ADDUCTION  ADDUCTOR LONGUS, ADDUCTOR BREVIS, AND ADDUCTOR MAGNUS (CHIEF ADDUCTORS)

 PECTINEUS AND GRACILIS

MEDIAL  ANTERIOR FIBRES OF GLUTEUS MINIMUS AND MEDIUS (CHIEF MEDIAL ROTATORS)
ROTATION
TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE

LATERAL PIRIFORMIS, OBTURATOR EXTERNUS, OBTURATOR INTERNUS AND ASSOCIATED GEMELLI,

ROTATION QUADRATUS FEMORIS (THESE MUSCLES ARE GENERALLY TERMED SHORT ROTATORS)

 DISLOCATION OF THE HIP JOINT :

 CONGENITAL DISLOCATION : THE CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP JOINT IS MORE COMMON THAN ANY OTHER
JOINT IN THE BODY. IT OCCURS DUE TO TWO REASONS:

 THE JOINT CAPSULE IS LOOSE AT BIRTH.

 HYPOPLASIA OF THE ACETABULUM AND FEMORAL HEAD  BECAUSE THE -UPPER MARGIN OF THE ACETABULUM IS
DEVELOPMENTALLY DEFICIENT.

ACQUIRED DISLOCATION: THE ACQUIRED DISLOCATION OF THE HIP JOINT IS UNCOMMON BECAUSE THIS JOINT IS VERY
STRONG AND STABLE. HOWEVER, IT MAY OCCUR DURING AN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT

KNEE JNT
TYPE
CONDYLAR SYNOVIAL JNT—MODIFIED HINGE TYPE

LATERAL AND MEDIAL FEMOROTIBIAL ARTICULATIONS  OF CONDYLAR VARIETY  BETWEEN THE CONDYLES OF THE FEMUR
AND TIBIA.

INTERMEDIATE FEMOROPATELLAR ARTICULATION OF SADDLE -VARIETY  BETWEEN THE FEMUR AND PATELLA

ARTICULAR SURFACES
 ARTICULAR SURFACES OF MEDIAL AND LATERAL CONDYLES OF THE FEMUR.

 TROCHLEAR SURFACE OF THE FEMUR.

 ARTICULAR SURFACE OF THE PATELLA.

 ARTICULAR SURFACES OF MEDIAL AND LATERAL CONDYLES OF THE TIBIA.

LIGAMENTS
CAPSULAR LIGAMENT.
 LIGAMENTUM PATELLAE.

 TIBIAL AND FIBULAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS.

 ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS.

 MEDIAL AND LATERAL MENISCI.

OBLIQUE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT.

 ARCUATE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT.

 TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT.

 CORONARY LIGAMENTS.

LOCKING OF THE KNEE UNLOCKING OF THE KNEE JOINT

JOINT
 MEDIAL ROTATION  LATERAL ROTATION OF THE FEMUR ON TIBIA DURING INITIAL PHASE OF THE
OF THE FEMUR ON TIBIA FLEXION
DURING TERMINAL PHASE
OF EXTENSION

 IT IS BROUGHT  IT IS BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE POPLITEUS MUSCLE

ABOUT BY QUADRICEPS
FEMORIS

 LOCKED KNEE BECOMES  UNLOCKED KNEE CAN BE FURTHER FLEXED

ABSOLUTELY RIGID

ALL LIGAMENTS ARE ALL LIGAMENTS ARE RELAXED

STRECHED

MOVEMENTS CHIEF MUSCLES

FLEXION  SEMIMEMBRANOSUS

SEMITENDINOSUS

BICEPS FEMORIS

EXTENSION QUADRICEPS FEMORIS

MEDIAL ROTATION  SEMITENDINOSUS

 SEMIMEMBRANOSUS

 POPLITEUS
LOCKING OF THE KNEE UNLOCKING OF THE KNEE JOINT
JOINT
LATERAL ROTATION  BICEPS FEMORIS