550 CHAPTER 22 ELECTRIC CHARGE

close. Is the conductor charged positively or negatively, or is it conduction electrons quickly cease? After all, a huge numberof
neutral, if (a) the ball is first taken away and then the ground them are free to move to that far end.
connection is removed and (b) the ground connection is first re- 17. Figure 22-18 shows three small spheres that have chargesof
moved and then the ball is taken away? equal magnitudes and rest on a frictionless surface. Spheresyand
13. (a) A positively charged glass rod attracts an object sus- z are fixed in place and are equally distant from sphere x.If sphere
pended by a nonconducting thread. Is the object definitely nega- x is released from rest, which of the five paths shown willit take?
tively charged or only possibly negatively charged? (b) A posi-
tively charged glass rod repels a similarly suspended object. Is B
tf
the object definitely positively charged or only possibly?
14. You are given two identical neutral metal spheres A and B
mounted on portable insulating supports, as well as a thin con-
ducting wire and a glass rod that you can rub with silk. You can
attach the wire between the spheres or between a sphere and the
ground. You cannot touch the rod to a sphere. How can you gi ve
the spheres charges of (a) equal magnitudes and the same signs
and (b) equal magnitudes and opposite signs')
15. In a simple model of a helium atom, two electrons orbit a
y
nucleus consisting of two protons. Is the magnitude of the force
(j
exerted on the nucleus by one of the electrons greater than, less
than, or the same as the magnitude of the force exerted on that FIGURE 22-18 Question 17.
electron by the nucleus?
16. In Fig. 22-5, the nearby (negatively charged) plastic rod 18. A person standing on an electrically insulated platfonn
causes some of the conduction electrons in the copper rod to touches a charged, electrically isolated conductor. Does thisdis·
move to the far end of the copper rod. Why does the flow of the charge the conductor completely?

EXERCISES & PROBLEMS

SECTION 22-4 Coulomb's Law

IE. In the return stroke of a typical lightning bolt, a current of
2.5 X 104 A exists for 20 p,s. How much charge is transferred in
this event?
2E. What would be the electrostatic force between two 1.00 C
charges separated by a distance of (a) 1.00 m and (b) 1.00 km if
such a configuration could be set up?
The following steps are then taken: A and B are connectedbya
thin wire and then disconnected; B is grounded by the wireand
the wire is then removed; Band C are connected by the wireand
then disconnected. What now are the magnitudes of the electro·
static force (b) between spheres A and C and (c) between spheres
Band C?

3E. A point charge of +3.00 X 10-6 Cis 12.0 cm distant from

a second point charge of -1.50 X 10-6 C. Calculate the magni-
tude of the force on each charge.
4E. What must be the distance between point charge ql =
26.0 p,C and point charge q2 = -47.0 p,C for the electrostatic
force between them to have a magnitude of 5.70 N?
SE. Two equally charged particles, held 3.2 X 10-3 m apart,
are released from rest. The initial acceleration of the first particle
is observed to be 7.0 m/s2 and that of the second to be 9.0 m/s2 If
the mass of the first particle is 6.3 X 10-7 kg, what are (a) the
mass of the second particle and (b) the magnitude of the charge of
each particle?
•.•6E. In Figure 22-19, three identical conducting spheres A, B,
and C form an equilateral triangle of side length d and have initial
charges of -2Q, -4Q, and 8Q, respectively. (a) What is the
magnitude of the electrostatic force between spheres A and C?
FIGURE 22-19 Exercise 6.
7E. Identical isolated conducting spheres 1 and 2 have equal
amounts of charge and are separated by a distance large compared
with their diameters (Fig. 22-20a). The electrostatic force acting
on sphere 2 due to sphere 1 is F. Suppose now that a third identi·
cal sphere 3, having an insulating handle and initially neutral,is
touched first to sphere 1 (Fig. 22-20b), then to sphere 2 (Fig.
22-20c), and finally removed (Fig. 22-20d). In terms ofF, whatis
the electrostatic force F' that now acts on sphere 2?
 EXERCISES & PROBLEMS 551

be zero? (b) Repeat (a) but with the +Q charge now placed at
x = +3aI2.
12P. Two small, positively charged spheres have a combined
charge of 5.0 X 10-5 C. If each sphere is repelled from the other
by an electrostatic force of 1.0 N when the spheres are 2.0 m
(a) (b)
apart, what is the charge on each sphere?
13P. Two identical conducting spheres, fixed in place, attract
-~~ F' each other with an electrostatic force of 0.108 N when separated
~ ~ by 50.0 cm. The spheres are then connected by a thin conducting
wire. When the wire is removed, the spheres repel each other with
an electrostatic force of 0.0360 N. What were the initial charges
on the spheres?
(c) (d)
14P. Two fixed particles, of charges ql = + 1.0 ,..,.,Cand q2 =
FIGURE 22-20 Exercise 7. -3.0,..,.,C, are 10 cm apart. How far from each should a third
charge be located so that no net electrostatic force acts on it?
SP. In Fig. 22-21, three charged particles lie on a straight line
15P. The charges and coordinates of two charged particles held
and are separated by a distance d. Charges ql and q2 are held
fixed in the xy plane are: ql = +3.0 ,..,.,C,XI = 3.5 cm, YI =
fixed.Charge q3 is free to move but happens to be in equilibrium
0.50 cm, and q2 = -4.0 ,..,.,C,X2 = -2.0 cm, Y2 = 1.5 cm. (a)
(no net electrostatic force acts on it). Find ql in terms of q2'
Find the magnitude and direction of the electrostatic force on q2'
8-d-----(l-d-G (b) Where could you locate a third charge q3 = +4.0 ,..,.,Csuch
q] q2 q3 that the net electrostatic force on q2 is zero?
FIGURE 22-21 Problem 8. ~ 16P. Twofree point charges +q and +4q are a distance L apart.
a
A third charge is placed so that the entire system is in equilibrium.
9P. Figure 22-22a shows two charges, ql and q2, held a fixed (a) Find the location, magnitude, and sign of the third charge. (b)
distance d apart. (a) What is the magnitude of the electrostatic Show that the equilibrium of the system is unstable.
forcethat acts on ql ? Assume that ql = q2 = 20.0 ,..,.,Cand d =
17P. (a) What equal positive charges would have to be placed on
1.50 m. (b) A third charge q3 = 20.0 ,..,.,Cis brought in and placed
Earth and on the Moon to neutralize their gravitational attraction?
asshown in Fig. 22-22b. What now is the magnitude of the elec-
Do you need to know the lunar distance to solve this problem?
trostaticforce on q I ?
Why or why not? (b) How many thousand kilograms of hydrogen
would be needed to provide the positive charge calculated in (a)?
18P. A certain charge Q is divided into two parts q and Q - q,
which are then separated by a certain distance. What must q be in
a terms of Q to maximize the electrostatic repulsion between the
Id two charges?
Id 19P. A charge Q is fixed at each of two opposite comers of a
0- square. A charge q is placed at each of the other two comers. (a) If
es the net electrostatic force on each Q is zero, what is Q in terms of
q? (b) Is there any value of q that makes the net electrostatic force
on each of the four charges zero? Explain .
• lOP. In Fig. 22-23, what are the horizontal and vertical compo-
nentsof the resultant electrostatic force on the charge in the lower - 20P. In Fig. 22-24, two tiny conducting balls of identical mass m
leftcorner of the square if q = l.0 X 10-7 C and a = 5.0 cm? and identical charge q hang from nonconducting threads of length
L. Assume that e is so small that tan e
can be replaced by its
+q -q
G-a-e
f r
ual
red
ing
ati-
FIGURE 22-23
Problem 10.
I
G-a-e
+2q
r
-2q
i, is
~ig. HP. Charges qj and q2 lie on the x axis at points x = -a and
It is x = +a, respectively. (a) How must ql and q2 be related for the FIGURE 22·24 q q
net electrostatic force on charge +Q, placed at x = +aI2, to Problem 20.
 552 CHAPTER 22 ELECTRIC CHARGE
approximate equal, sin e. (a) Show that, for equilibrium,
x= (~)1/3,
27TEomg
where x is the separation between the balls. (b) If L = 120 cm,
m = 10 g, and x = 5.0 cm, what is q?
2IP. Explain what happens to the balls of Problem 20b if one of
them is discharged, and find the new equilibrium separation x,
using the given values of Land m and the computed value of q.
- 22P. Figure 22-25 shows a long, nonconducting, massless rod of
length L, pivoted at its center and balanced with a weight W at a
distance x from the left end. At the left and right ends of the rod
are attached small conducting spheres with positive charges q and
2q, respectively. A distance h directly beneath each of these
spheres is a fixed sphere with positive charge Q. (a) Find the
distance x when the rod is horizontal and balanced. (b) What
value should h have so that the rod exerts no vertical force on the
bearing when the rod is horizontal and balanced?
~I:=======-x-_~-_-_L_-_-~~--------~
+q Bearing
h -- 35P. In the basic CsCI (cesium chloride) crystal structure, Cst
t +Q
FIGURE 22-25 Problem 22.
SECTION 22-5 Charge Is Quantized
23E. What is the magnitude of the electrostatic force between a
singly charged sodium ion (Na+, of charge +e) and an adjacent
singly charged chlorine ion (Cl-, of charge - e) in a salt crystal if
their separation is 2.82 X 10-10 m?
24E. A neutron consists of one "up" quark of charge +2e/3
and two "down" quarks each having charge -e/3. If the down
quarks are 2.6 X 10-15 m apart inside the neutron, what is the
magnitude of the electrostatic force between them?
25E. What is the total charge in coulombs of 75.0 kg of elec-
trons?
26E. How many megacoulombs of positive (or negative) charge
are in 1.00 mol of neutral molecular-hydrogen gas (H2)?
,_ 27E. The magnitude of the electrostatic force between two iden-
tical ions that are separated by a distance of 5.0 X 10-10 m is
3.7 X 10-9 N. (a) What is the charge of each ion? (b) How many
electrons are "missing" from each ion (thUS giving the ion its
charge imbalance)?
28E. (a) How many electrons would have to be removed from a
penny to leave it with a charge of + 1.0 X 10-7 C? (b) To what
fraction of the electrons in the penny does this correspond? (See
Sample Problem 22-4.)
29E. Two tiny, spherical water drops, with identical charges of
-1.00 X 10-16 C, have a center-to-center separation of 1.00 cm.
(a) What is the magnitude of the electrostatic force acting be-
tween them? (b) How many excess electrons are on each drop,
giving it its charge imbalance? m,
30E. How far apart must two protons be if the magnitude of the
electrostatic force acting on either one is equal to the proton's
SE
weight at Earth's surface?
31E. An electron is in a vacuum near the surface of Earth. 38
Where should a second electron be placed so that the electrostatic anI
force it exerts on the first electron balances the weight of the first em
electron? tro)
dec
32P. Earth's atmosphere is constantly bombarded by cosmic ray
protons that originate somewhere in space. If the protons were all 39]
to pass through the atmosphere, each square meter of Earth's acti
surface would intercept protons at the average rate of 1500 pro- (a)
tons per second. What would be the corresponding current inter-
cepted by the total surface area of the planet? (b)
33P. A 100 W lamp operated on a 120 V circuit has a current (c)
(assumed steady) of 0.83 A in its filament. How long does it take
for 1 mol of electrons to pass through the lamp? -- 4QE
oft
34P. Calculate the number of coulombs of positive charge in
250 cm3 of (neutral) water (about a glass full).
ions form the corners of a cube and a Cl- ion is at the cube's
center (Fig. 22-26). The edge length of the cube is 0.40 nm. The
Cs+ ions are each deficient by one electron (and thus each hasa
charge of +e), and the Cl- ion has one excess electron (and thus
has a charge of -e). (a) What is the magnitude of the net electro-
static force exerted on the Cl- ion by the eight Cs+ ions at the
comers of the cube? (b) If one of the Cs+ ions is missing, Ihe
crystal is said to have a defect; what is the magnitude of the nel
electrostatic force exerted on the Cl- ion by the seven remaining
Cs+ ions?
FIGURE 22-26 Problem 35.
36P. We know that, within the limits of measurement, the mag-
nitudes of the negative charge on the electron and the positive
charge on the proton are equal. Suppose, however, thai these
magnitudes differ from each other by 0.00010%. With whatforce
would two copper pennies, placed 1.0 m apart, repel each olher?
What do you conclude? (Hint: See Sample Problem 22-4.)
37P. Two engineering students, John with a weight of 200Ib
and Mary with a weight of 100 lb, are 100 ft apart. Suppose each
has a 0.01 % imbalance in the amount of positive and negative
charge, one student being positive and the other negative. Bsli·
 EXERCISES & PROBLEMS 553

materoughly the electrostatic force of attraction between them by 10-15 m from the center of the daughter nucleus 234Th. At this
replacingeach student with a sphere of water having the same instant, (a) what is the magnitude of the electrostatic force on the
massas the student. 4He particle, and (b) what is that particle's acceleration?

SECTION 22-6 Charge Is Conserved ELECTRONIC COMPUTATION

l. 38E. In beta decay a massive fundamental particle changes to 41. In Problem 18, let q = aQ. (a) Write an expression for the
c anothermassive particle, and either an electron or a positron is magnitude F of the force between the charges in terms of a, Q,
it emitted.(a) If a proton undergoes beta decay to become a neu- and the charge separation d. (b) Graph F as a function of a.
tron,which particle is emitted? (b) If a neutron undergoes beta Graphically find the values of a that give (c) the maximum value
decayto become a proton, which particle is emitted? of F and (d) half the maximum value of F.
'y
II 39E. Using Appendix F, identify X in the following nuclear re- 42. Two particles, each of positive charge q, are fixed in place on
s actions: an x axis, one at x = 0 and the other at x = d. A particle of charge
)-
(a) IH + 9Be ----'> X + n; Q is to be placed along that axis at locations given by x = ad.
r- (a) Write expressions, in terms of a, that give the net electrostatic
(b) 12C + lH ----'> X;
force F acting on the third particle when it is in the three regions
(c) 15N + lH ----'> 4He + X. °
x < 0, < x < d, and d < x. The expressions should give a pos-
itive result when F is in the positive direction of the x axis and a
,,40E. In the radioactive decay of238U (see Eq. 22-15), the center negative result when F is in the negative direction. (b) Graph F
of the emerging 4He particle is, at a certain instant, 9.0 X versus a for the range -2 < a < 3.
III

s+.
~'s
he
3a
lUS
[0-
the
the
net
ing

!lag-