印度尼西亚哥伦打洛 2×50MW 燃煤电站

Indonesia General SULBAGUT-1(2×50MW)

Coal fired Power Station

汽机运行规程（初版）
Turbine operation procedure（1st version）

Compiled by: 编写：

Reviewed by:审核：

Approved by:批准：
 目录
Contents

目 录 Contents---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1 机组启动前的准备工作 Preparation before Start-up--------------------------------------------------3
1-1 机组启动必备条件 Essential Conditions for Start-up-----------------------------------------------3
1-2 机组启动前的检查和准备 Inspection and Preparation before Start-up-----------------------4
1-3 机组禁止启动范围 Prohibitive Start-up Scope------------------------------------------------------ 6
2 机组启动 Start-up--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
2-1 原则性启动参数及定义 Principled Start-up Parameters and Definition --------------------7
2-2 冷态滑参数启动 Cold start sliding parameters ----------------------------------------------------8
2-3 温态滑参数启动 Warm start sliding parameters --------------------------------------------------11
2-4 热态、极热态滑参数启动 Hot and Extremely Hot Sliding Parameters Start-up------------13
2-5 轴系临界转速数据 Shafting Critical Speed Data --------------------------------------------------16
3 运行和维护 Operation and maintenance --------------------------------------------------------------16
3-1 运行和维护的基本要求 The basic requirements for operation and maintenance---------29
3-2 机组启动运行的限制值 Limiting Values for Start-up and Operation ------------------------22
3-3 蒸汽参数的允许变化范围 Allowable variation range of steam parameters --------------25
3-4 偏周波运行限制值 Limiting Operating Values for the Frequency Differential--------------26
3-5 定期检查试验 Periodic inspection test-------------------------------------------------------------- 26
3-6 变负荷运行 Variable load operation -----------------------------------------------------------------27
3-7 异常运行 Abnormal operation ------------------------------------------------------------------------28
4 停机 Shutdown -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
4-1 正常停机前的准备工作 Preparation work before normal shutdown -----------------------31
4-2 滑参数正常停机 Sliding Parameters for Normal Shutdown -----------------------------------31
4-3 额定参数正常停机 Rated parameter normal shutdown ---------------------------------------34
4-4 紧急停机 Emergency Shutdown ----------------------------------------------------------------------34
5 附录
附表 1：饱和压力对应饱和温度表
附表 2 水蒸汽饱和压力、温度对照表
附表 3 饱和蒸汽温度、压力、真空对应表

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说明 Compilation Description
1 本机组采用高压抗燃油数字电液控制系统（简称 DEH）。此系统能独立地控制机组
完成从启动、升速到并网带负荷运行及停机的全过程。本说明书规定了保证汽轮机安全
启动、带负荷运行和停机的基本要求。
1 The Digital Electro-Hydraulic control system, DEH for short is used for the unit. The
system can independently control the whole process that is from the start-up, speed up to the
synchronization and operation with load and shutdown. The instruction specifies the basic
requirements that ensure the steam turbine safe start-up, operation with load and shutdown.
2 本说明书供电厂编制启动运行规程时参考，机组启动详细操作规程及启、停、运行
中的一般注意事项，电厂可根据本说明书及有关技术文件，结合电厂实际运行经验另行
制定。
2 The Instruction is as the reference for preparing the regulation of start-up and operation of
the unit by power plant. The detailed operation regulation of the unit and the precaution of
start-up, operation and shutdown shall be established according to the Instruction, the related
technical documents and combine the practical operating experience of the power plant.
3 本说明书提供的汽轮机冷、温、热、极热态启动曲线仅供汽轮机首次启动时参考，
以后可根据多次启动经验对该曲线进行修正。启动应以规定的各项控制指标为依据。
3 The start-up curve of the cold, warm and hot working conditions for the steam turbine
provided in the Instruction is only for reference when the steam turbine start-up; the curve
could be amended according to the several start-up experiences in future. The start-up should
be on the basis of the various control indexes that is stipulated.
4 有关汽轮机的技术特性，结构特点等可参阅随机供给电厂的有关技术文件、图样及
说明书。
4 The related technical documents, drawings and instruction manuals supplied with the unit
to the power plant can be referred for related technical characteristics and the structure
features of the steam turbine
5 本书中的蒸汽压力为绝对压力，油压为表压。
5 The steam pressure in the instruction is absolute pressure; the oil pressure is gauge
pressure.
6 本说明书中的真空值按标准大气压换算得出：
6 The vacuum value in the instruction is calculated according to the
standard atmospheric pressure:
真空水银柱（mmHg）=760(mmHg)-排汽压力（MPa）×7500（mmHg/MPa）
用户应参照当地大气压进行修正。
The vacuum mercuric column (mmHg)=760(mmHg) –steam exhaust pressure
(MPa) x 7500 (mmHg/MPa),
The user should amend it according to the local atmospheric pressure.

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1 机组启动前的准备工作
1 Preparation before Start-up

机组启动前，应按电力行业的有关规定，作好机组启动前的准备和检查。
Before the start-up of the steam turbine, the preparation and inspection activities should be
carefully done according to the stipulation of the instruction. Besides executing the stipulation of
the instruction, the user should carry out the preparation and the inspection before the start-up
of the unit according to the other technical documents provided by the manufacturer and the
related stipulation of the Power Industry

1-1 机组启动必备条件
1.1 Essential Conditions for Start-up

1 机组各部套齐全，且各部套、各系统已按制造厂提供的技术文件和图样要求安装、
冲洗、调试完毕。各部套、各系统应安装准确、联接牢固、无松动和泄漏。各运动部件
应动作灵活、无卡涩。各部套、各系统清洁度必须达到 JB/T4058《汽轮机清洁度标准》
有关规定要求。
1 All parts of the unit are available, and it is required that all the parts and systems have been
installed, purged and tested according to the technical documents and the drawings provided by
the manufacturer. The installation of all the parts and systems should be accurate, firmly
connected, non-loose and non-leakage. All the active components should be flexible and without
any blocks. The cleanliness of all the parts and systems must meet the requirements of the
related stipulation of JB/T4058 The Standard of the Cleanliness of the Steam Turbine.

2 新机组安装完毕或运行机组检修后投运前油系统必须进行冲洗，润滑系统用油必须
清洁。汽轮机新品油质必须符合 GB11120《涡轮机油》的技术要求，汽轮机运行过程中
油的质量必须符合 GB/T 7596《电厂运行中汽轮机油质量》的有关规定。抗燃油系统验
收须符合《调节保安系统说明书》的有关规定。
2 The oil system must be flushed after new unit having been installed or before the operated unit
put into operation after the overhaul, the oil used for the lube oil system must be clean, and the
new oil quality of turbine must be accordance with the GB11120 Turbine Oil specification, the oil
quality when turbine operation must be accordance with the GB/T7596 Turbine Oil Quality in
Power Plant Operation. Acceptance check fire resistant fluid system must be accordance with the
Regulating and safety system manuals.

3 新机组安装完毕或运行机组检修后投运前水汽品质必须符合 GB/T 12145《火力发电

机组及蒸汽动力设备水汽质量》有关规定。
3 The water quality for new turbine unit and run unit maintenance must be accordance with
GB/T 12145 The Water Quality for Thermal Generator Set and Energy Power Equipment.N60-
8.83-3 型 汽 轮 机 启 动 运 行 说 明 书 （ WEX ） D60W-000106ASM Start-up and Operation
Instruction Manual for N60-8.83-3Turbine

4 需作单独试验的部套与系统必须按各相关说明书或规程的要求试验合格，动作应灵

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活、准确，并按试验要求做好有关记录。
4 All the parts and systems that are necessary to be solely tested must be up to the standard
according to the related instructions and regulations, which shall be flexible and exact, and the
data shall be recorded according to the test requirements.

5 机组配备的所有仪表、仪器、测点必须齐全，安装、接线应正确牢固。所有仪表、
仪器和电缆应检验合格。
5 All the meters, instruments and measuring points provided with the unit must be available, the
installation and wiring should be correct and firm. All the meters, instruments and cables should
be acceptable after tested.

6 机组必须保温良好，本体部分应按制造厂提供的《汽轮机保温设计说明书》进行保
温。管道及辅助设备等应按电力行业有关规定进行保温。保温层不得有未干、开裂、脱
壳、水浸、油浸等现象。保温层与基础等固定件之间应留有足够的膨胀间隙。
6 The unit must be well insulated，the steam turbine body should be insulated according to the
Thermal Insulation Instruction for Turbine provided by the manufacturer. The piping and the
auxiliary equipment should be insulated according to the related stipulation of the power
industry. There should not be the situation that the insulation is moist, crack, shelled, water
soaked and oil soaked etc. The expansion clearance between the insulation layer and the fixed
parts of foundation etc. should be reserved enough.

7 机组投运前蒸汽吹管验收要合格。现场不得有任何妨碍操作、运行的临时设施。
7 Before putting the unit into operation, the acceptance for steam blowing for the piping should
be acceptable. There should not be any temporary facilities that affect the operation and
running.

8 机组运行人员和维修人员必须经过专门培训，应熟悉各分管设备的位置、结构、原
理、性能、操作方法及紧急状态下的应急处理措施。
8 The operation and maintenance personnel must be trained specially, who should be familiar
with the position, structure, principle, performance and operation method of the equipment, and
the emergency treatment measure for accidents

1-2 机组启动前的检查和准备
1.2 Inspection and Preparation before Start-up

1 接通全部监视、检测仪表，检查各仪表能否正常工作。
1 After switching on all the monitoring and measuring instruments, and to check every
instrument whether it normally operates or not.

2 检查油箱油位，油位指示器应显示在最高油位。
2 Check the oil level of the oil tank. The oil level indicator should be displayed at the highest oil
level.
3 检查各辅助油泵，必须工作正常。电气控制系统必须保证各油泵能正常切换。
3 Check all auxiliary oil pumps, they must work normally. The electrical control system must

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 ensure the normal switching of each oil pump.

4 油管路系统新安装或经拆卸后必须仔细进行清洗，启动前必须充分进行油循环，放
尽滤油器内空气。
4 After new installation or disassembly, the oil line system must be cleaned carefully. Before
starting, the oil cycle must be fully carried out and the air in the oil filter must be exhausted.

5 机组启动前先启动交流润滑油泵，对润滑油系统进行油循环，排出系统中的空气，
同时观察各轴承回油管中回油的流动和温升情况。油管中油位应处于半充满状态。
5 Before putting the unit into operation, start AC lube oil pump, circulate the lube oil system,
exhaust the air from these systems, meanwhile, and observe the return oil flow and
the temperature rises in the return oil pipe of every bearing. The oil level in the oil pipe
should be about in the state of the half-filled.

6 启动排烟风机，油箱内的负压应维持在 196~245Pa。轴承箱内负压应维持在
98~196Pa。油箱内负压不宜过高，否则易造成油中进水。
6 Start the oil smoke exhaust fan, the negative pressure in the oil tank should be kept at
-196~ -245Pa (gauge pressure). And the negative pressure in the bearing box should be kept
at -98~ -196Pa (gauge pressure). The negative pressure in the oil tank should not be too high.
Otherwise, it is easy to cause that the water enters to the oil.

7 冷油器出口油温应为 40~45℃（32#）或 45~50℃（46#），具体润滑油牌号详见工

程技术协议。
7 The oil temperature at the outlet of the oil cooler should be 40~45ºC（32#）or 45~50ºC
(46#), The specific lube grades refer to Engineering and Technology Agreement

8 进行盘车装置的投入及甩开试验。详见《盘车装置使用说明书》。
8 Put the turning gear into operation and make the load discharge test. See Instruction
Manual for Turning Gear.

9 投盘车后，检查并记录转子偏心度，并与转子同一位置的原始值相比较，若变化值
小于 0.03mm，则可确认转子没有发生弯曲。同时应监听通流部分有无摩擦声。
9 After putting the turning gear into operation, check and record the degree of eccentricity
of the rotor and compare it with the original value of the same position. If the variable value is
less than 0.03mm, it is confirmed that there is no deformation of the rotor; meanwhile,
monitoring should be carried out to check whether there is frication noise or not in the steam
path.

10 检查疏水系统各电动截止阀能否正常工作，并进行系统正常开关试验。
10 Check the electric stop valves in water drainage system whether they are normally
operated or not, and do the normal opening and closing test in the system.

11 在确保汽封蒸汽管道中无水后，机组冲转前应对汽封系统管道进行暖管，并将汽封
管道的疏水排掉，防止疏水进入汽缸及汽封腔室。

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11. After ensuring that there is no water in the steam pipe of the steam seal, the steam pipe
of the steam seal system shall be warmed up before the unit's flushing, and the steam drain of
the steam seal pipe shall be drained to prevent the steam drain from entering the cylinder and
the steam seal chamber.

12 机组启动前，所有抽汽、排汽止回阀、快关阀必须进行联动试验，检查各阀门操纵
装置动作是否灵活、可靠，不允许有任何卡涩现象。
12 Before starting the unit, all the steam extraction, steam exhaust check valves and quick
closing valves must be linkage tested to check whether the operation of each valve control
device is flexible and reliable, and no jam is allowed.

13 必须按有关技术文件规定做好调节、保安系统的静态试验，要求各部套动作平稳、
灵活、无卡涩、无突跳或摆动现象。
13 The static test of the regulation and security system must be done according to the relevant
technical documents, and the operation of each part should be smooth, flexible, without
jamming, jumping or swinging.

14 给 DEH 系统供电，检查各功能模块性能是否正常，I/O 接口通讯是否正常。

14 Energize the DEH system, check whether the performance of every function pack is normal or
not, and whether the I/O interface communication is normal or not.
15 检查 TSI 系统功能是否正常。
15 Check whether the function of TSI system is normal or not.
以上各项检查试验按各相关说明书进行。
All kinds of the inspection and test mentioned should be done according to the related
instructions.
1-3 机组禁止启动范围
1-3 Prohibitive Start-up Scope
机组在启动前或冲转带负荷过程中若出现下列情况之一时禁止启动或停机进行检
查：
Before start up the unit or in the course of steam admission with the load, if there is the
following one of the conditions, it is forbidden to start up the unit or it is required to shut
down the unit and check it:
1 任一安全保护装置或系统失灵；
1 Any protection or system is in failure;
2 汽轮机调速系统不能维持空负荷运行，机组甩负荷后不能控制转速在电超速保护转
速以下；
2 The speed control system of the turbine cannot keep up the operation with the unload,
after the load rejection of the unit, the speed cannot be controlled below the acting speed of
the emergency governor;
3 主汽阀、调节阀、抽、排汽止回阀卡涩或关不严；
3 Main steam valve, regulating valve, extraction and exhaust check valve stuck or loosely
closed;
4 汽轮机转子弯曲值相对于原始值变化大于 0.03mm；
4 The bending value of the turbine rotor compared with the original value is more than

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0.03mm;
5 盘车时听到清楚的金属摩擦声、盘车电流明显增大或大幅度摆动；
5 During turning gear, there is a clear metal friction noise in it, the current value of the
turning gear is obviously increased or swung with big range;
6 润滑油和抗燃油油质不合格、轴承进油温度低于 35℃或排油高于 65℃（32#）或进
油温度低于 40℃或排油温度高于 70℃（46#）、油箱油位在最低报警油位以下；
6 The lubrication oil and anti-abrasion oil is not up to the qualification, the oil inlet
temperature of the bearing is less than 35ºC or the return oil temperature is higher than 65ºC
(32#) or the oil inlet temperature is less than 40 ºC or the return oil temperature is higher than
70 ºC (46#), the oil level in the oil tank is under the lowest alarm level;
7 主要仪表（如测转速、振动、轴向位移、相对膨胀等的传感器、调节及润滑油压、
冷油器出口油温、轴承回油温度、新蒸汽压力、温度等的显示仪表、测汽缸金属温度的
热电偶及显示仪表）失灵；
7 The main instruments (such as the sensors for measuring the speed, the vibration, the
axial displacement and the relative expansion etc; the instruments for measuring the control
oil pressure, the lube oil pressure, the outlet temperature of the oil cooler, the return oil
temperature of the bearings, the initial steam pressure and the temperature, the vacuum of the
condenser; the thermocouples and the display meters for measuring the metal temperature of
the cylinder) are failed;
8 油系统故障或盘车装置失常；
8 Oil system failure or wrong turning device;
9 汽轮机进水；
9 The water enters into the steam turbine;
10 机组保温不完善；
10 The insulation of the unit is not perfect;
11 电站其他配套设备或系统工作失常。
11 The auxiliary equipment and the system matched with the power plant are in failure;
12 水汽品质不符合要求；详见 GB/T12145《火力发电机组及蒸汽动力设备水汽质量标
准》。
12 The quality of the water and steam is not accordance with the requirements; to see
GB/T12145-2008 The Water and Steam Quality Standard of the Thermal Power Plant and
the Steam Power Equipment;
13 机组启动、运行过程中，各监测参数超过其限制值。
13 During unit startup and operation, each monitoring parameter exceeds its limit value.
2 机组启动
2 Start-up
机组启动前，首先应确定机组启动状态，选择好启动方式，然后按本章规定进行启
动。
Before start up the unit, firstly confirm the start-up status, select the start-up mode, and
then start up according to the stipulation of the chapter
2-1 原则性启动参数及定义
2-1 Essential Conditions for Start-up
1 原则性启动参数及定义：
1 Principled Start-up Parameter and Definitions:

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启动状态 定义 启动时间
Start-up Definitions Start-up
status time
冷态 大修后启动或调节级后汽缸下半内壁温度低于 200℃。 ～240min
Cold （停机 72 小时以上）
Overhaul start or regulating stage after the second half of the
cylinder wall temperature below 200 ℃.
(stop for more than 72 hours)
温态 调节级后汽缸下半内壁温度在 200~350℃之间 ～130min
Warm （停机 10~72 小时）
Regulating stage after the second half of the cylinder wall temperature
is between 200 ~ 350 ℃
(stop for 10~72 hours)
热态 调节级后汽缸下半内壁温度在 350~450℃之间 ～80min
Hot （停机 10 小时以内）
Regulating stage after the second half of the cylinder wall
temperature is between 350 ~ 450 ℃
(stop for less than 10 hours)
极热态 调节级后汽缸下半内壁温度在 450℃以上 ～60min
Extremely （停机 1 小时以内）
Hot Regulating stage after the second half of the cylinder wall
temperature above 450 ℃
(stop for less than 1 hour)

2 汽轮机主要零部件在 30 年寿命期内，能承受下列工况的次数为：
2 The times that the main parts of the turbine can bear start-up in its life of 30 years under
the following conditions：
工况 Conditions 允许次数 Permitted times
冷态启动 Cold start-up ＞300
温态启动 Warm start-up ＞1200
热态启动 Hot start-up ＞5000
极热态启动 Extremely hot start-up ＞300
负荷阶跃变化（10%THA/min） ＞12000
Step load change(20% THA/min)
3 本机组采用滑参数启动，定参数运行的方式。
3 The unit adopts the mode of starting with sliding parameters and running with fixed
parameters.
2-2 冷态滑参数启动
2-2 Cold Rated Parameters Start-up
1 机组冲转条件
1 Conditions that must be ready before start-up
1.1 机组符合第 1 章的全部要求。
1.1 The unit should meet all the requirements in chapter 1.

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1.2 连续盘车 2h 以上，并继续盘车。
1.2 Continuous turning gear more than 2 hours and keeping on turning gear.
1.3 建立凝汽器真空，要求凝汽器压力达到 0.02MPa 以下。
1.3 Establishing vacuum and the pressure in the condenser should be less than 0.02MPa.
1.4 在确保汽封管道中无水后，新蒸汽来汽经气动调节阀后，进入均压箱，保持均压箱
内蒸汽压力为 0.118~0.129MPa(a)，分别向前、后轴封供汽，后汽封供汽温度控制为
160~200℃；严格防止水进入汽封系统。
1.4 After ensure gland duct without water, new steam to steam after pneumatic control valve,
into the closet, keep the steam pressure inside the closet for 0.118 ~ 0.129 MPa (a), forward,
back axle seal steam supply, after the gland steam temperature control is 160 ~ 200 ℃;
Strictly prevent water from entering the gland seal system.
1.5 油系统运行正常
1.5 The oil system operates normally
润滑油压 0.12~0.16MPa
Lubrication oil pressure 0.12~0.16MPa
润滑油温 40~45℃（32#）/45~50℃（46#）
Lubrication oil temperature 40~45℃（32#）/45~50℃（46#）
油箱油位 正常
Which request about lubrication oil level in oil tank, Reference to Instruction
Manual for the Lubrication Oil Pipe System.
1.6 打开各段抽汽管、阀门、汽缸、导汽管疏水门。
1.6 Open of each extraction pipes, valves and drain valves of guide steam pipe.
2 冲转蒸汽参数：
2 Steam parameters for steam admission:
主蒸汽压力 1.96MPa
Main steam pressure 1.96MPa
主蒸汽温度 280±10℃ （50℃以上过热度）
Main steam temperature 280±10 ℃ （50℃ m ore over heat）
3 冲转、升速及并网带负荷
3 Steam admission, speed-up and synchronization with load.
3.1 全开电动主闸门，通过 DEH 操作画面按“挂闸”按钮，使机组挂闸。机组挂闸后，
按“运行”按钮，使系统投入运行，并全开主汽阀。通过 DEH 设置目标转速及升速率后，
按“进行”按钮，通过 DEH 发出指令控制伺服阀，开启调节阀进行机组冲转（具体操作
见有关说明书）。
3.1 fully open the electric main gate, press the "lock" button through the DEH operation
screen to make the unit lock.
After the unit is locked, press the "run" button to put the system into operation and fully open
the main steam valve.
After setting the target speed and rise rate through DEH, press the "proceed" button, and then
issue the command through DEH to control the servo valve, and open the regulating valve for
unit flushing (see the relevant instructions for specific operation).
3.2 机组冲转后，当转速大于盘车转速时，盘车装置应自动脱开，否则应立即停机。
3.2 After the unit turns, when the speed is greater than the turning speed, the turning device
should be automatically off, otherwise it should stop immediately.

9
3.3 以 100r/min/min 的升速率将汽轮机转速提升至 500r/min，在该转速下对机组进行全
面检查，停留时间不得超过 5min。
3.3 The steam turbine speed shall be increased to 500r/min at the rate of 100r/min, and the
overall inspection of the unit shall be carried out at this speed, and the residence time shall not
exceed 5min.
3.4 确信机组一切正常后，继续以 100r/min/min 的升速率提升转速至 1200r/min，停顶
轴装置，在此转速下中速暖机 15~20min。
3.4 After the proper operation of the unit is confirmed, go on increasing the speed to
1200r/min by the rate of 100r/min/min, and warming up turbine for 15-20min at this speed.
3.5 中速暖机结束后，以 100~150r/min/min 升速率升速至 2300r/min，在此转速下高速
暖机 10~20min。
3.5 Speed up to 2300r/min by the rate of 100~150r/min/min after warming up at the
middle speed, then warming for 10~20min at the high speed of 2300r/min.
3.6 在升速过程中，应保持汽轮机蒸汽和金属温度限制值及各监控仪表的限制值在规定
范围内。
3.6 In the process of raising speed, steam turbine steam and metal temperature limits and
limits of monitoring instruments should be kept within the specified range.
3.7 特别注意在升速过程中迅速、平稳地通过临界转速，通过临界转速时以
300~400r/min/min 的升速率提升转速，此时大轴振动位移（峰—峰）值不应大于 0.15mm。
3.7 Special attention should be paid to passing through the critical speed rapidly and
smoothly in the process of rising speed. When passing through the critical speed, the speed
should be raised at the rate of 300~400r/min/min. At this time, the vibration displacement
(peak-to-peak) value of the large shaft should not be greater than 0.15mm.
3.8 高速暖机结束后，继续以 100r/min/min 升速率升速至额定转速 3000r/min。在升速
过程中，应注意调节系统的正常投入；此时排汽温度应不高于 80℃，凝汽器压力应小于
12KPa，否则投低真空保护。
3.8 Go on speeding up with 100r/min/min after warming up finished. Continue to speed up
to the speed of 3000r/min and keep this speed steadily, at this time the steam exhaust
temperature should not be higher than 80℃ and the pressure in the condenser should be less
than 12kPa. Or do low vacuum protection,
3.9 定速后对机组进行全面检查，确信一切正常后按有关技术文件要求进行各项试验
（此时暂时不能进行超速试验）。试验合格后，及时并网带负荷。
3.9 After speeding up to 3000r/min it is necessary to take a full examination of the unit. If
the operation goes on properly, the unit tests can be done according to the relative technical
documentation. If the tests can meet the relative requirements, the unit should be
synchronized with load in time.
3.10 机组并网后，按冷态滑参数启动曲线以 1MW/min 升负荷率升负荷至 6MW，并在
该负荷下稳定运行 20~30min，进行低负荷暖机。然后以~0.5MW/min 升负荷率按冷态滑
参数启动曲线升温、升压加负荷至额定负荷，参见图 2-2-1。
3.10 After synchronization, increase the load to 6MW by the rate of 1MW/min according
to the curve of cold slide parameter start and make the unit operation stably with this load for
20~30min so as to warm up the unit. After that, raise the steam temperature, pressure and
increase to the rated load by the rate of ~0.5MW/min according to the curve of cold slide
parameter start, reference to the figure 2-2-1.

10
3.11 当机组负荷达到 25%额定负荷（15MW）时，分别关闭各段疏水阀门。
3.11 When the load of the unit approaches 25% of rated load (namely 15MW), close every
drainage valves separately.
3.12 在升速或加负荷过程中，如出现异常振动应立即打闸停机，或者稍降转速，或稍减
负荷，直至振动正常为止，并应在此转速或负荷下稳定运行，查明引起振动的原因，待
消除缺陷后再继续升速或加负荷，否则应打闸停机。
3.12During the process of increasing of speed or load, if the abnormal vibration occurs, it
should be launched to trip and shut down the unit, or decrease the speed or load slightly until
vibration turns into normal condition, and it’s necessary to hold the unit at the speed or the
load steadily so as to find out the reasons of the vibration. Go on to increase speed or load
after eliminating the faults, otherwise, it shall be tripped and shut down.

图 2-2-1 冷态滑参数启动曲线
Figure 2-2-1 Cold slide Parameter Start-up Curve
2-3 温态滑参数启动
2-3 Warm Sliding Parameters Start-up
1 机组冲转条件
1 Conditions of Steam Admission
1.1 启动前机组处于连续盘车状态，冲转前至少连续盘车 2h 以上。
1.1 The unit is in the condition of continuous turning gear before start-up, it shall be with
continuous turning gear at lest 2 hours before steam admission.
1.2 转子弯曲值相对于原始值变化不大于 0.03mm。
1.2 The bending change value of rotor compared with the original value should not be
greater than 0.03mm.
1.3 汽缸前部上、下半壁温温差不大于 50℃。
1.3 The differential temperature of the upper and lower half of the front cylinder should
not be greater than 50℃.
1.4 胀差在正常运行指标以内。
1.4 The differential expansion should be in the normal scope.

11
1.5 汽封送汽：
1.5 Supply steam for the gland sealing:
1.5.1 先汽封送汽，后抽真空，以免冷空气吸入汽缸而引起转子、汽缸变形。
1.5.1 Supply steam for the gland sealing first, then vacuumize to prevent cold air from
being sucked in that may cause rotor and cylinder deformed.
1.5.2 在确保汽封管道中无水后，新蒸汽来汽经气动调节阀后，进入均压箱，保持均压
箱内蒸汽压力为 0.118~0.129MPa(a)，分别向前、后轴封供汽，后汽封供汽温度控制为
160~200℃；严格防止水进入汽封系统。
1.5.2 After ensure gland duct without water, new steam to steam after pneumatic control
valve, into the closet, keep the steam pressure inside the closet for 0.118 ~ 0.129 MPa (a),
forward, back axle seal steam supply, after the gland steam temperature control is 160 ~
200 ℃;Strictly prevent w ater from entering the gland seal sys tem .
1.6 机组冲转前开启汽缸、导汽管、阀门及各抽汽管道疏水门。
1.6 Opening drainage valves that on the casing, valve and every extraction pipeline.
2 冲转蒸汽参数：
2 Steam parameters for steam admission:
主蒸汽压力 3MPa
Main steam pressure 3MPa
主蒸汽温度 400±10℃
Main steam temperature 400±10℃
3 冲转、升速及并网带负荷
3 Steam admission, speedup and synchronization with load
3.1 全开电动主闸门，通过 DEH 操作画面按“挂闸”按钮，使机组挂闸。机组挂闸后，按
“运行”按钮，使系统投入运行，并全开主汽阀。通过 DEH 设置目标转速及升速率后，
按“进行”按钮，通过 DEH 发出指令控制伺服阀，开启调节阀进行机组冲转（具体操作
见有关说明书）。
3.1 Fully open the electric main gate, press the "lock" button through the DEH operation
screen to make the unit lock.
After the unit is locked, press the "run" button to put the system into operation and fully open
the main steam valve.
After setting the target speed and rise rate through DEH, press the "proceed" button, and then
issue the command through DEH to control the servo valve, and open the regulating valve for
unit flushing (see the relevant instructions for specific operation).
3.2 机组冲转后，当转速大于盘车转速时，盘车装置应自动脱开，否则应立即停机。
3.2 During steam admission, the turning gear should release automatically when the turbine
speed is higher than the turning gear speed, otherwise, the turbine must be shut down
immediately.
3.3 以 150r/min/min 升速率将机组转速提升至 500r/min 时，对机组进行检查，但停留时
间不得超过 5min。确认机组一切正常后，以 150~200r/min/min 的升速率升至额定转速
3000r/min，此时凝汽器压力应小于 12KPa，排汽温度不高于 80℃。定速后机组无异常
即可通知电气并网并带上初始负荷，并按温态滑参数启动曲线升温、升压、加负荷：先
以~1.5MW/min 升荷率升负荷至 12MW，并在该负荷下稳定运行 20~30min，进行低负荷
暖机，然后以 0.5~1MW/min 升荷率升负荷至额定负荷，参见图 2-3-1。
3.3 When the unit speed is increased from 150r/min/min to 500r/min, the unit shall be

12
inspected, but the residence time shall not exceed 5min.After confirm the unit normal, with 150
~ 200 r/min/min rate of up to rated speed 3000 r/min, the condenser pressure should be less
than 12 kpa, exhaust temperature is not higher than 80 ℃.After the speed is fixed, the unit can
notify the electrical grid-connection and take on the initial load if there is no abnormality, and
start heating, boosting and loading according to the temperature state and sliding parameters
starting curve: firstly, the load shall be raised to 12MW by the lifting rate of ~ 1.5mw /min, and
then run steadily for 20~30min under this load for low-load warm-up, and then the load shall be
raised to the rated load by the lifting rate of 0.5~1MW/min, as shown in figure 2-3-1.
3.4 当负荷升至 25%额定负荷（15MW）时，分别关闭各段疏水阀门。
3.4 When the load rises to 25% of the rated load (15MW), close the traps separately.
3.5 在升速过程中，应保持汽轮机蒸汽和金属温度限制值及各监控仪表的限制值在规定
范围内，同时应注意喷水装置的投入情况。特别注意在升速过程中迅速、平稳地通过临
界转速，通过临界转速时以 450~500r/min/min 的升速率提升转速，大轴振动位移（峰－
峰）值不应大于 0.15mm。
3.5 In the process of rising speed, the limit value of steam turbine and metal temperature and
the limit value of each monitoring instrument should be kept within the specified range, and
attention should be paid to the input of water spraying device.
Special attention should be paid to passing through the critical speed rapidly and smoothly in
the process of rising speed. When passing through the critical speed, the speed should be
increased at the rate of 450~500r/min/min, and the vibration displacement (peak-to-peak)
value of the large shaft should not be greater than 0.15mm.
3.6 在升速或加负荷过程中，如出现异常振动应立即打闸停机，或者稍降转速，或稍减
负荷，直至振动正常为止，并应在此转速或负荷下稳定运行，查明引起振动的原因，待
消除缺陷后再继续升速或加负荷，否则应打闸停机。
3.6 In the process of speed increase or load increase, if there is abnormal vibration, the brake
should be immediately shut down, or slightly reduce the speed, or slightly reduce the load,
until the vibration is normal, and should be under this speed or load stable operation, to find
out the cause of vibration, until the elimination of defects to continue to increase the speed or
load, otherwise the brake should be shut down.
3.7 主汽阀、调节阀停机后冷却较快，启动初期应注意监视阀壳内、外壁温差，切勿温
差过大。
3.7 When the main steam valve and regulating valve are shut down, the cooling is fast. At the
beginning of startup, the temperature difference between the inner and outer wall of the valve
shell should be monitored, and the temperature difference should not be too large.

13
 图 2-3-1 温态滑参数启动曲线
Figure 2-3-1 Warm slide Parameters Start-up Curve
2-4 热态、极热态滑参数启动
2-4 Hot and Extremely Hot Rated Parameters Start-up
1 机组冲转条件同 2-3 节“温态滑参数启动”。
1 Conditions of steam admission are the same as 2-3.
2 冲转蒸汽参数：
2 Parameters for steam admission:
主蒸汽压力： 热态： Po=6MPa 极热态： Po=7MPa
Main steam pressure： Thermal state:Po=6MPa Extremely hot： Po=7MPa
主蒸汽温度： 热态： to=480±10℃ 极热态： to=510±10℃
Main steam temperature：Thermal state: to=480±10℃Extremely hot：to=510±10℃
3 冲转、升速及并网带负荷
3 Steam admission, speed up and synchronization with load
3.1 全开电动主闸门，通过 DEH 操作画面按“挂闸”按钮，使机组挂闸。机组挂闸后，按
“运行”按钮，使系统投入运行，并全开主汽阀。通过 DEH 设置目标转速及升速率后，
按“进行”按钮，通过 DEH 发出指令控制伺服阀，开启调节阀进行机组冲转
3.1 Fully open the electric main gate, press the "lock" button through the DEH operation
screen to make the unit lock.After the unit is locked, press the "run" button to put the system
into operation and fully open the main steam valve.After setting the target speed and rise rate
through DEH, press the "proceed" button, and then issue the command through DEH to control
the servo valve, and open the regulating valve for unit flushing (see the relevant instructions for
specific operation).
3.2 机组冲转后，当转速大于盘车转速时，盘车装置应自动脱开，否则应立即停机。
3.2 After the unit turns, when the speed is greater than the turning speed, the turning device
should be automatically off, otherwise it should stop immediately.
3.3 机组转速达 500r/min 时，对机组进行检查，但停留时间不得超过 5min。确认机组一
切正常后，以 200～250r/min/min 的升速率升至额定转速，（转速至 1200r/min 时停顶轴

14
装置），此时凝汽器压力应不大于 12KPa，排汽温度不高于 80℃。机组定速后排汽管道
上的向空排汽阀、安全阀及电动阀的操作同“2-2”节第 3.9 条和第 3.10 条。定速后机组无异
常即可通知电气并网并带上初始负荷，并分别按热态、极热态滑参数启动曲线升温、
升压、加负荷。热态启动：先以~2MW/min 升荷率升负荷至 30MW，并在该负荷下稳定
运行 20~30min，进行低负荷暖机，然后以相同的升荷率平稳地升负荷至额定负荷，参
见图 2-4-1。极热态启动：以~2MW/min 升荷率升负荷至额定负荷，参见图 2-4-2。
3.3 When the speed of the unit reaches 500r/min, the unit shall be inspected, but the residence
time shall not exceed 5min.After confirm the unit normal, with 200 ~ 250 r/min/min rate of up to
rated speed, (speed to 1200 r/min) stop jacking device, the condenser pressure shall be no
greater than 12 kpa, exhaust temperature is not higher than 80 ℃.The operation of the emptying
steam valve, safety valve and electric valve on the steam pipe in the back row of the unit at fixed
speed shall be in accordance with section 2-2, article 3.9 and article 3.10.
When the speed is fixed and there is no abnormality, the unit can be informed to be connected
to the electric grid and put on the initial load, and the temperature rise, voltage increase and
load increase can be started on the curve of thermal and extremely hot sliding parameters
respectively.Hot start: the load is increased to 30MW at the rate of ~2MW/min, and the machine
is operated stably for 20~30min under this load for low-load warm-up. Then the load is
increased to the rated load stably at the same rate, as shown in figure 2-4-1.
Extremely hot start: the load is increased to the rated load at the rate of ~2MW/min, as shown
in figure 2-4-2.
3.4 当机组负荷达到 25%额定负荷（15MW）时，分别关闭各段疏水阀门。
3.4 When the unit load reaches 25% of the rated load (15MW), the steam traps in each section
shall be closed respectively.
3.5 在升速过程中，应保持汽轮机蒸汽和金属温度限制值及各监控仪表的限制值在规定
范围内，同时应注意喷水装置的投入情况。特别注意在升速过程中迅速、平稳地通过临
界转速，通过临界转速时以 450~500r/min/min 的升速率提升转速，大轴振动位移（峰－
峰）值不应大于 0.15mm。
3.5 In the process of rising speed, the limit value of steam turbine and metal temperature and
the limit value of each monitoring instrument should be kept within the specified range, and
attention should be paid to the input of water spraying device.
Special attention should be paid to passing through the critical speed rapidly and smoothly in
the process of rising speed. When passing through the critical speed, the speed should be
increased at the rate of 450~500r/min/min, and the vibration displacement (peak-to-peak)
value of the large shaft should not be greater than 0.15mm.
3.6 在升速或加负荷过程中，如出现异常振动应立即打闸停机，或者稍降转速，或稍减
负荷，直至振动正常为止，并应在此转速或负荷下稳定运行，查明引起振动的原因，待
消除缺陷后再继续升速或加负荷，否则应打闸停机。
3.6 In the process of speed increase or load increase, if there is abnormal vibration, the brake
should be immediately shut down, or slightly reduce the speed, or slightly reduce the load,
until the vibration is normal, and should be under this speed or load stable operation, to find
out the cause of vibration, until the elimination of defects to continue to increase the speed or
load, otherwise the brake should be shut down.
3.7 主汽阀、调节阀停机后冷却较快，启动初期应注意监视阀壳内、外壁温差，切勿温
差过大。

15
3.7 When the main steam valve and regulating valve are shut down, the cooling is fast. At the
beginning of startup, the temperature difference between the inner and outer wall of the valve
shell should be monitored, and the temperature difference should not be too large.

图 2-4-1 热态滑参数启动曲线 图 2-4-2 极热态滑参数启动曲线

Figure 2-4-1 the curve of hot slide parameter start-up Figure 2-4-2 the curve of extremely hot
slide parameter start-up
2-5 轴系临界转速数据
2-5 Shafting Critical Speed Data
1 汽轮机一阶临界转速 1924.8r/min
The first stage of the critical speed of the turbine 1924.8r/min
汽轮机二阶临界转速 4673.8r/min
The second stage of the critical speed of the turbine 4673.8r/min
2 发电机一阶临界转速 1596.6r/min*
The first stage of the critical speed of the generator 1596.6r/min*
发电机二阶临界转速 4910.7r/min*
The second stage of the critical speed of the generator 4910.7r/min*
*以电机厂提供数据为准。
* The data for critical speed of generator is based on the generator manufacturer.
机组在升速过程中应快速通过上述临界转速，通过时大轴振动位移（峰—峰）值不得超过
0.15mm。
The unit shall pass the above critical speed rapidly in the process of speed rising, and the
vibration displacement (peak-to-peak) value of the large shaft shall not exceed 0.15mm when
passing.
机组首次启动时，应该实测轴系的临界转速，确认后将实测值作为该机组轴系的临界转速。
When the first start- up for the unit, it should measure the critical speed of the shafting, after the
confirmation, the actually measured value is as the critical speed of the shafting for the unit.
3 运行和维护
3 Operation and maintenance

16
应按本章的要求进行机组日常运行的监视和维护，其限制值也可以用于启停过程中的
监督控制。
The user shall execute the monitoring and maintenance of the routine operation according to the
requirements of the chapter, the limit value can be also used for the monitoring and control in
the course of the start-up and the shutdown.
3-1 运行和维护的基本要求
3-1 Basic Requirements of Operation and Maintenance
1 对运行中的各系统，各设备应按时进行巡查、监听内部声音。
1 In the course of operation, it should regularly go on a tour of inspection for the various systems
and equipments and monitor the inner sound of the equipment.
2 对运行中的各仪器、表计应经常检查、定期复验、标定和维护保养，以保证完好、准确。
机组不允许在表计不全、指示不准，仪表失灵或无监视下长期运行。运行中应按时记录各运
行数据。
2 The instruments and gauges operating should be checked regularly, and re-inspected,
recalibrated and maintained so as to ensure the perfect and accurate condition. It does not allow
the long term operation under the condition that the meters/gauges are not available, the display
is not accurate, the instruments are in failure or long time operation without the monitoring. All
data shall be recorded in the course of operation.
3 按期进行油质检查，定期清洗滤油器，确保油质和油清洁度合格，否则应换滤芯或新油。
并应保证油温、油压正常、稳定。
3 To regularly check the oil quality and to clean the filters, to ensure the oil quality and the oil
cleanliness to be acceptable, otherwise, it should change the valve core or new oil and be sure of
the oil temperature and the pressure to be normal and stable.
4 按期检查蒸汽品质和水质。正常工况下，机组汽水品质应符合下列要求：
4 To regularly check the steam and water quality. Under normal working condition, the steam and
water quality of the unit should be accordance with the following requirements:
4.1 汽包炉的饱和蒸汽和过热蒸汽质量以及直流炉的主蒸汽质量应符合表 3-1-1 的规定：
4.1 The quality of the saturated steam and the superheated steam and once-through boiler
steam should be accordance with the stipulation of the table 3-1-1:
蒸汽质量 Steam quality
过热蒸汽压力 钠 氢电导率(25℃) 二氧化硅 铁 铜
superheated steam Na H Conductivity Silicon dioxide Fe Cu
pressure MPa μg/kg μS/cm μg/kg μg/kg μg/kg
标准值 期 望 标准值 期望 标准 期 望 标准 期望 标 准 期 望
S-V 值 S-V 值 值 值 值 值 值 值
E-V E-V S-V E-V S-V E-V S-V E-V
3.8~5.8 ≤15 — ≤0.3 — ≤20 — ≤20 — ≤5 —
5.9~15.6 ≤5 ≤2 ≤0.15 ≤0.1 ≤20 ≤10 ≤15 ≤10 ≤3 ≤2
15.7~18.3 ≤5 ≤2 ≤0.15 ≤0.1 ≤20 ≤10 ≤10 ≤5 ≤3 ≤2
＞18.3 ≤5 ≤2 ≤0.15 ≤0.1 ≤10 ≤5 ≤5 ≤3 ≤2 ≤1
没 有 凝 结 水 精 处 理 除 盐 装 置 的 机 组 ， 蒸 汽 的 氢 电 导 率 标 准 值 不 大 于 0.3μS/cm ， 期 望 值 不 大 于
0.15μS/cm。
The turbine unit without condensate fine treatment demineralizer, the steam H Conductivity standard value

17
is less than 0.3μS/cm, expect value is less than 0.15μS/cm.
表 3-1-1Table 3-1-1
4.2 锅炉给水质量标准：
4.2 The boiler feed water quality
4.2.1 给水的硬度、溶解氧、铁、铜、钠、二氧化硅的含量和氢电导率，应符合表 3-1-2 的
规定：
4.2.1 Feed water’s Hardness, Dissolved oxygen, Fe, Cu, Na, Silicon dioxide Conductivity and
content should be accordance with the stipulation of the table 3-1-2.
锅炉给水质量 The boiler feed water quality
炉型 过热 氢电导率 硬 溶解 铁 铜 钠 二氧
profil 蒸汽 (25℃) 度 氧 Fe Cu Na 化硅
e 压力 H hard DO Silico
super Conductivi n n
heate ty μS/cm ess dioxi
d de
steam
press μg/L
ure 标准 期 μmo 标准 标准 期 标 期 标 期 标准 期望
MPa 值 望 l/ 值 值 望 准 望 准 望 值 值
S-V 值 L S-V S-V 值 值 值 值 值 S-V E-V
E- E-V S-V E-V S-V E-V
V
汽包 3.8~5 — — ≤0. ≤15 ≤50 — ≤1 — — — 应保证蒸汽
炉 .8 2 0 二氧化硅符
drum 5.9~1 ≤0. — — ≤7 ≤30 — ≤5 — — — 合标准
-boil 2.6 3 Silicon
er 12.7~ ≤0. — — ≤7 ≤20 — ≤5 — — — dioxide
15.6 3 measure up
＞ ≤0. ≤ — ≤7 ≤15 ≤ ≤3 ≤ — ≤20 ≤10
15.6 15 0.1 10 2

直流 5.9~1 ≤0. ≤ — ≤7 ≤10 ≤ ≤3 ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤15 ≤10

炉 8.3 15 0.1 5 2 5 2
once ＞ ≤0. ≤ — ≤7 ≤5 ≤ ≤2 ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤10 ≤5
-thro 18.3 15 0.1 3 1 3 2
ugh
boiler
1 没有凝结水精处理除盐装置的机组，给水氢电导率应不大于 0.3μS/cm。 1 The turbine unit
without condensate fine treatment demineralizer, the feed water H Conductivity is less than
0.3μS/cm.
2 加氧处理溶解氧指标按表 3-1-4 控制。
2 Combined water of dissolved oxygen index refer to table 3-1-4.
表 3-1-2Table 3-1-2

18
 液态排渣炉和原设计为燃油的锅炉，其给水的硬度和铁、铜的含量，应符合比其压力
高
一级的规定。
Slag tapping boiler and oil burning boiler, their feed water’s hardness, content of Fe and Cu,
shall fit rulers higher level than their pressure.
4.2.2 全挥发处理给水的 pH 值、联氨和总有机碳（TOC）应符合表 3-1-3 的规定：
4.2.2 All volatile treatment feed water’s PF, hydrazine and total organic carbon(TOC) shall be
accordance with the stipulation of the table 3-1-3：
给水的 pH 值、联氨和 TOC 标准
Feed water’s PH, hydrazine and total organic carbon standard
炉型 锅炉过热蒸汽压 pH(25℃) 联氨，μg/L TOC ， μg/L
profile 力，MPa hydrazine total
Boiler over-heat organic
steam carbon
pressure
汽包炉 3.8~5.8 8.8~9.3 — —
drum-boiler 5.9~15.6 8.8~9.3（有铜给水系统） ≤30 ≤500
或 9.2~9.6(1) （ 无 铜 给 水
＞15.6 系 统 ） 8.8~9.3 （ with Cu ≤200
直流炉 ＞5.9 feed water system ） 或 ≤200
once-through 9.2~9.6 （ without Cu feed
boiler water system）
1 对于凝汽器管为铜管、其它换热器管均为钢管的机组，给水 pH 值控制范围为 9.1~9.4。
1For condenser pipe is Cu, other heat translation is steek tube, feed water’s PH range from 9.1
to 9.4.
2 必要时监测。
2 monitor if necessary
表 3-1-3 Table 3-1-3
4.2.3 直流炉加氧处理给水的 pH 值、氢电导率、溶解氧含量和 TOC 应符合表 3-1-4 的规定：
4.2.3Once-through boiler aerobic feed water’s PH, H Conductivity, dissolved oxygen and total
organic carbon shall be accordance with the stipulation of the table 3-1-4：
加氧处理给水 pH 值、氢电导率、溶解氧的含量和 TOC 标准
Aerobic feed water’s PH, H Conductivity, dissolved oxygen and total organic carbon
pH(25℃) 氢 电 导 率 (25℃) ， μS/cm H 溶 解 氧 ， μg/L TOC ， μg/L total
Conductivity dissolved oxygen organic
标准值 S-V 期望值 E-V carbon
8.0~9.0 ≤0.15 ≤0.1 30~150 ≤200
采用中性加氧处理的机组，给水的 pH 值控制在 7.0~8.0（无铜给水系统），溶
解 氧 50μg/L~250μg/L 。 The turbine unit with neutral aerobic, the feed water’s PH shall
control
7.0~8.0(without Cu feed water system), dissolved oxygen 50μg/L~250μg/L.
表 3-1-4 Table 3-1-4
4.3 凝结水质量标准

19
4.3 Condensate quality standard
4.3.1 凝结水的硬度、钠和溶解氧的含量和氢电导率应符合表 3-1-5 的规定：
4.3.1 Condensate’s hardness, Na, dissolved oxygen and H Conductivity shall be accordance
with the stipulation of the table 3-1-5：
凝结水泵出口水质
Condensate pump exhaust water quality
锅炉过热蒸 硬度 钠 溶解氧 氢 电 导 率 (25℃) ， μS/cm H
汽压力 Boiler hardness Na dissolved Conductivity
over-heat μmol/L μg/L Oxygen
steam μg/L 标准值 期望值
Pressure MPa S-V E-V
3.8~5.8 ≤2.0 — ≤50 —
5.9~12.6 ≤1.0 — ≤50 ≤0.3 —
12.7~15.6 ≤1.0 — ≤40 ≤0.3 ≤0.2
15.7~18.3 ≈0 ≤5 ≤30 ≤0.3 ≤0.15
＞18.3 ≈0 ≤5 ≤20 ≤0.2 ≤0.15
1 直接空冷机组凝结水溶解氧浓度标准值应小于 100μg/L，期望值小于 30μg/L。配有混合式
凝汽器的间接空冷机组凝结水溶解氧浓度宜小于 200μg/L。 1 The standard value of direct air
cooling units condensate dissolved oxygen shall less 100μg/L, expect value
less than 30μg/L. with composite condenser shall less 200μg/L.
2 凝结水精处理除盐装置时，凝结水泵出口的钠浓度可放宽至 10μg/L。
2Condensate fine treatment demineralizer , the concentration of Na at condenser pump exhaust
can up to 10μg/L.
表 3-1-5 Table 3-1-5
4.3.2 凝结水经精处理除盐后水中二氧化硅、钠、铁、铜的含量和氢电导率应符合表 3-1-6
的规定：
4.3.2 The condenser, with fine treatment demineralizer, Silicon dioxide, Na, Fe, Cu and H
Conductivity shall be accordance with the stipulation of the table 3-1-6
凝结水除盐后的水质
Condenser quality after demineralizer
锅炉过热 氢电导率(25℃) 钠 铜 铁 二氧化硅
蒸汽 H Na Cu Fe Silicon
压力 Conductivity dioxide
Boiler μS/cm μg/L
over-heat 标准值 期 望 标准 期望 标 准 期 望 标 准 期望 标 准 期望
steam S-V 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值
pressure E-V S-V E-V S-V E-V S-V E-V S-V E-V
MPa
≤18.3 ≤0.15 ≤0.1 ≤5 ≤2 ≤3 ≤1 ≤5 ≤3 ≤15 ≤10

＞18.3 ≤0.15 ≤0.1 ≤3 ≤1 ≤2 ≤1 ≤5 ≤3 ≤10 ≤5

表 3-1-6 Table 3-1-6
其余指标应符合行业有关标准。

20
The rest of the index should be in accordance with the relate standard of the industry.
5 经常检查调节、保安系统的工作是否正常、油路是否畅通，发现卡涩应及时处理。
5 Regularly check the control and governing safety system whether they normally operate or not,
whether the oil circuit is smooth or not, if there is any blocking, it should be solved in time.
6 定期检查主汽阀、调节阀、抽汽止回阀及其操纵装置的动作是否灵活可靠，并定期检查
主汽阀、调节阀的严密性。
6 Regularly check the governing valves, the extraction non-return valves and their operating
devices whether they are flexible and reliable, and to regularly check the tightness of the
governing valves.
7 注意各轴承的回油应畅通，各回油观察窗上应无水珠，排烟风机运行应正常。
7 Pay the attention that the return oil of the individual bearing should be smooth, there should
not be water drops on the observation window of the individual return oil circuit, the smoke
exhaust fan should be normally operated.
8 定期检查各轴瓦振动，必要时应进行频谱分析。经常检查各轴承固定螺栓的松紧度发现
松动应立即拧紧。
8 Regularly check the vibration of the individual bearing, if necessity, it should do the spectrum
analysis. Regularly check the tightness of the fixing bolts for the individual bearing, if it is found to
be loose, it should tight them in time.
9 蒸汽参数应稳定且符合要求，如发现汽温或负荷大幅度下降或摆动时应严防水冲击、汽
缸变形或动静部分碰磨引起的异常振动，必要时应紧急停机。
9 The steam parameter should be stable and in accordance with the requirements, when it is
found that the steam temperature or the load is largely decreased or swung, it should strictly
protect against the water impingement, the cylinder deformation and the abnormal vibration
that happen on the moving and fixed part of the turbine, if necessity, it should break the vacuum
and emergently shut down.
10 当各段抽汽管道上防进水热电偶温差较大时，应考虑是否由汽缸进水或冷汽倒灌引起，
并应立即采取措施处理，情况严重时应停机消除故障后再启动运行。
10 When the temperature difference of the thermocouple (waterproof) on the individual steam
extraction pipe is bigger, it should consider whether it is caused by the water entering in the
turbine or the cold steam returning in the turbine or not, and immediately take the measures for
dealing with it, when it is serious situation, it should shut down the unit and eliminate the failure,
and then start up and operate the unit.
11 正常运行时后汽缸左、右温差不应大于 10℃。
11 When normal operation, the left and the right temperature difference of the LP cylinder
should not be more than 10°C.
12 盘车装置投入前，不得将汽封系统投入使用。
12 Before putting the turning gear into operation, it should not put the gland sealing system into
operation.
13 在排汽温度过高时，对胀差、振动、轴承温度变化等要严加注意，并及时投入喷水冷却
装置，或提高真空度，或增加负荷等方法来降低排汽温度。
13 When the temperature of the exhausted steam is too high, pay more attention to the change
of the expansion difference, the vibration and the bearing temperature, and immediately put the
spray water device into operation or increase the vacuum degree or increasing load etc. to
decrease the exhausted steam temperature.

21
14 必须保证汽轮机本体疏水阀及主蒸汽管和抽汽管的疏水阀在启动、停机时畅通。在加负
荷过程中，机组负荷升至 25%额定负荷前，各疏水阀应保持全开。在减负荷过程中，机组负
荷降至 25%额定负荷后，疏水阀亦应全开。
14 When the start-up and the shutdown of the unit, it must ensure that it is smooth for the drain
valves on the turbine body and the initial steam pipe and the steam extraction pipe. In the course
of the increasing load, before the load of the unit is up to 25% of the rated load, to keep the full
opening for the individual drain valve. In the course of decreasing the load, after the load of the
unit is down to 25% of the rated load, it should fully open the drain valves.
15 除了在紧急状态下自动跳闸或手打停机，需在主汽阀关闭后立即破坏真空外，一般的跳
闸或手打停机后仍应维持真空，直到机组惰走至额定转速的 10%左右为止，以避免对末级
叶片有过大影响。
15 Except the automatic tripping or manual pushing button for the shutdown under the
emergency condition, after closing the main stop valve, it is necessary to immediately break the
vacuum. After the common tripping or the manual pushing button for the shutdown, it should
still keep the vacuum until the unit idling to approx.10% of the rated speed so as to avoid the big
influence to the last stage blades.
16 在各运行工况均应保证油箱及轴承箱内为微负压，以免轴承箱往外冒油烟，同时可使轴
承箱内的润滑油保持回油通畅。微负压的具体数值见 1-2 节要求。
16 All the kinds of the working conditions should ensure the slight negative pressure in the oil
tank and the bearing box so that avoid the oil smoke leaking from the bearing box. Meanwhile
enable lubricant oil in the bearing box maintains smooth .See the chapter 1-2 for the detailed
data of the slight negative pressure.
17 危急遮断试验
17 Emergency trip test (see Control and Regulatory Security System Manual)
17.1 下列情况作手打停机试验：每次汽轮机启动前；每次汽轮机定速后；在进行危急保安
器超速试验前。
17.1 Manual stop test shall be carried out in the following cases: before each turbine
startup;After each turbine speed is set;Before the emergency safety device overspeed test.
17.2 下列情况作喷油试验：危急遮断器解体或调整后或停机一个月后再启动；机组运行
2000 小时后。
17.2 Do the oil injection test in the following situations: after the critical breaker disintegrates or
is adjusted or shut down for one month, start again;After 2000 hours of operation.
17.3 下列情况必须作超速试验:新机组启动或大修后第一次启动;危急遮断器解体或调整后;
机组甩负荷试验前。注意：除严格按汽轮机控制系统调节保安系统有关说明书进行试验操
作外，应注意不得用额定参数蒸汽作超速试验。建议超速试验蒸汽压力：1.18~1.96MPa；温
度：
220℃~280℃。若无低压汽源，则要求将蒸汽压力节流到 1.18~1.96MPa，保证试验升速平稳。
17.3 Overspeed test must be carried out in the following situations: new unit startup or first
startup after overhaul;In case of disassembly or adjustment of the breaker;Unit load rejection
test before.Note: in addition to strictly follow the steam turbine control system regulation
security system instructions for the test operation, it should be noted that no rated parameter
steam for overspeed test.The recommended steam pressure for overspeed test:
1.18~1.96MPa;Temperature: 220 ℃ ~ 280 ℃.If there is no low -pressure steam source, it is
required to throttle the steam pressure to 1.18~1.96MPa to ensure the steady rise rate of the

22
test.
3-2 机组启动运行的限制值
3-2 Basic Requirements of Operation and Maintenance
1 报警、停机值
1 The alarm and the shutdown value
1.1 TSI
1.1 TSI
1.1.1 胀差：
1.1.1 The differential expansion:
报警值 +4.8mm -3.8mm
The alarm value +4.8mm -3.8mm
停机值 +5.1mm -4.1mm
The shutdown value +5.1mm -4.1mm
(本级隔板与转子轴向间隙增加为正胀差，减小为负胀差)
(The increasing axial clearance is positive expansion difference and the decreasing axial
clearance is negative expansion difference between the diaphragm and the rotor)
1.1.2 轴向位移（转子以工作瓦定位，转子朝发电机方向位移为正，反之为负）：
1.1.2 The axial displacement（the rotor shall be aligned by the working pad, the displacing of
the rotor toward the generator is the positive, contrarily, it is negative.）:
报警值 +0.8mm -1.2mm
The alarm value +0.8mm -1.2mm
停机值 +1.0mm -1.4mm
The shutdown value +1.0mm -1.4mm
1.1.3 大轴振动（振动位移峰峰值）： 轴承振动(振动位移峰峰值)：
1.1.3 Large shaft vibration (vibration peak ) Bearing vibration (vibration peak) :
正常值 ≤0 .0 7 5 m 正常值 ≤0.025mm
Normal ≤0 .0 7 5 m n o rmal≤0 .0 2 5 m
报警值 ≥0 .1 2 5 m 报警值 ≥0.05mm
The alarm value≥0.125mm The alarm value≥0.05mm
停机值 ≥0 .2 0 mm 停机值 ≥0.10mm
Outage value ≥0.20mm Outage value ≥0.10mm
1.1.4 偏心率
1.1.4 eccentricity
在盘车状态下，偏心率超过原始值 0.03mm 报警，同时应继续盘车，直至偏心率小
于 0.03mm 方可启动。
In turning state, alarm is given when eccentricity is 0.03mm higher than the original
value. If greater than 0.03mm, continue to turn until it is lower than 0.03mm before start.
1.2 汽轮机超速保护跳闸动作转速：
1.2 turbine over-speed protection trip action speed:
3300~3360r/min（机械）mechanical
3300r/min（电气）electrical
1.3 油系统
1.3 oil system
1.3.1 润滑油压：

23
1.3.1 lubricating oil pressure:
正常值 0.12～0.16MPa
Normal 0.12～0.16MPa
报警值 0.08MPa 自动启动交流润滑油泵
The alarm value 0.08MPa Automatic start ac lubricating pump
停机值 0.06MPa 自动启动直流事故油泵
Stop value 0.06MPa automatic start dc emergency oil pump
停盘车 0.03MPa
Stop turning 0.03MPa
1.3.2 调节油压 。
1.3.2 for regulating oil pressure, please refer to the manual of regulating security system.
1.3.3 润滑油温：
1.3.3 lubricating oil temperature:
轴承进油正常值： 40~45℃（32#）、45~50℃（46#）
Bearing oil intake normal value 40~45℃（32#）、45~50℃（46#）
轴承箱回油正常值 ＜65℃（32#）、＜ 70℃（46#）
Bearing box oil return normal value ＜65℃（32#）、＜ 70℃（46#）
轴承箱回油报警值 ≥70℃（32#）、≥75℃（46#）
Bearing box oil return alarm value ≥70℃（32#）、≥75℃（46#）
轴承箱回油停机值 ≥75℃ （32#）、≥80℃（46#）
Bearing box oil return stop value ≥75℃ （32#）、≥80℃（46#）
1.3.4 轴承钨金温度：
1.3.4 bearing tungsten gold temperature
a) 推力轴承钨金温度 正常值 ＜100℃
Thrust bearing tungsten gold temperature normal＜100℃
报警值 ≥100℃
The alarm value ≥100℃
停机值 ≥110℃ （手动）
Outage value ≥110℃
b) 支持轴承巴氏合金温度 正常值 ＜100℃
Support bearing babbitt temperature normal＜100℃
报警值 ≥100℃
The alarm value ≥100℃
停机值 ≥110℃ （手动）
Outage value ≥110℃
1.3.5 油箱油位（油位指示器指示值）：
1.3.5 oil level of oil tank (indicating value of oil level indicator)
高油位报警 +300mm 低油位报警 -360mm
High oil level alarm +300mm Low oil level alarm-360mm
正常油位 0mm 停机油位 -460mm
Normal oil level 0mm Stop oil level-460mm
1.4 凝汽器压力
1.4 condenser pressure
正常值 ≤0.009MPa

24
Normal ≤0.009MPa
报警值 ≥0.0147MPa
The alarm value ≥0.0147MPa
自动停机值 ≥0.0177MPa
Automatic stop value ≥0.0177MPa
1.5 后汽缸排汽温度
1.5 exhaust temperature of rear cylinder
报警值 ≥80℃（投喷水） 停机值 ≥110℃（手动）
The alarm value ≥80℃（Throw water）Outage value≥110 ℃（manual）
2 运行监视
Operation monitoring
2 The monitoring for operation
蒸汽参数和汽缸金属温升控制值：
The steam parameter and the temperature rise control value of the cylinder.
a) 前汽缸缸壁金属温升率小于 1.5～2℃/min（前汽缸内缸调节级处内壁金属）；
a）Before the cylinder cylinder wall metal temperature rise rate is less than 1.5 ~ 2 ℃ / m in
(within the cylinder cylinder stage before the lining metal);
b) 主蒸汽温升率小于 1.5℃/min；
b）The main steam temperature rise rate is less than 1.5 ℃ / m in;
c) 前汽缸外缸内壁上、下半温差小于 50℃；
c) Outside the cylinder on the inner wall of the cylinder, the second half of the temperature
difference is less than 50 ℃;
d) 前汽缸内缸内壁上、下半温差小于 50℃；
d) Inner the cylinder on the inner wall of the cylinder, the second half of the temperature
difference is less than 50 ℃ ；
e) 前汽缸外缸上、下半法兰内、外壁温差小于 80℃；
e) Before cylinder cylinder on the outside, in the second half of the flange and the outer wall
temperature difference is less than 80 ℃;
f) 前汽缸外缸上、下半左、右法兰温差小于 10℃；
f) Before the cylinder on the outer cylinder, the second half of the left and right flange
temperature difference is less than 10 ℃;
3 机组甩去外部负荷时在额定转速下空转（即不带厂用电）持续运行的时间≤15 分钟；在
旁路系统投入运行的条件下，汽轮发电机组能在大于 10%TMCR 的低负荷下长期连续运行；
启动以及停机时，允许定压模式运行于高负荷；以滑压模式运行于低负荷；能利用旁路支
持从满负荷突降至厂用电负荷运行，机组具有 FCB 功能；汽轮机应能适应 50%额定负荷突
然变化，机组具有 RB 功能；在不正常的环境条件下或凝汽器冷却水系统发生故障，机组能
在高背压工况下运行。
3 When the unit throws off the external load, the continuous running time of idling at the rated
speed (that is, without power supply) is no more than 15 minutes;When the bypass system is put
into operation, the turbine generator set can run continuously for a long time under low load of
more than 10%TMCR.During startup and shutdown, constant pressure mode is allowed to
operate under high load.Running in sliding pressure mode under low load;Can use bypass
support from full load to power plant load operation, the unit has FCB function;Steam turbine
should be able to adapt to 50% of the rated load sudden change, the unit has RB function;Under

25
abnormal environmental conditions or condenser cooling water system failure, the unit can
operate under high back pressure conditions.
3-3 蒸汽参数的允许变化范围
3-3 Allowable Variation Range of Steam Parameters
1 新蒸汽压力
1 Fresh steam pressure
额定值 Po=8.83MPa
The rated value P0=8.83MPa
连续运行的年平均压力 ≤Po
The annual average pressure of the continuous operation ≤P0
在保证连续运行的年平均压力下，允许连续运行的压力≤1.05Po。
Under the annual average pressure of the continuous operation, the allowable continuous
operating pressure ≤1.05 P0
特殊情况下允许运行的压力 1.05~1.2Po，但一年内累计运行时间必须小于 12h。.
Under the special condition, the allowable operating pressure 1.05~1.2 P0，the accumulative
total operating time per year must be less than 12 hours.
新蒸汽压力超过 10.7MPa 时，应打闸停机。
When the pressure of the fresh steam is more than 1.2 P0, it shall be tripped and shut down.
2 新蒸汽温度
2 New steam temperature
2.1 额定值 to=535℃
2.1 Rating to = 535 ℃
连续运行的年平均温度≤to
Annual average temperature for continuous operation to
在保证连续运行的年平均温度下，允许连续运行的温度≤to+8℃
Under ensuring the annual average temperature of the continuous operation, it allows the
continuous operating temperature ≤ t0+8℃
每年运行期内累计不超过 400h 的温度≤to+14℃。每年运行期内累计不超过 80h 的温度
≤to+28℃,在该温度下每次连续运行时间不得超过 15min。
The temperature of the accumulative total operating time less than 400h per year ≤ t0+14℃，
The temperature of the accumulative total operating time less than 80h per year ≤
t0+25℃，under the condition of this temperature, the continuous operating time for each times
is not allowed to be more than 15 min.
3-4 偏周波运行限制值
3-4 Limiting Operating Values for the Frequency Differential
1 正常情况下，机组在 48.5~51Hz 周波范围内可连续稳定运行。在电网事故情况下，机组
有一定的适应偏周波运行能力。
1 Under the normal condition, the unit can continue to stably operate within the frequency
48.5~51Hz. Under the condition of the grid failure, the unit has the adaptable ability for the
operation of the frequency differential.
2 超过连续运行频率范围的极限运行时间：
2 The limit operating time over the frequency range of the continuous operation:
频率(Hz) 允许运行时间 Allowable operating time

26
Frequency (Hz) 累计(min)
≥51.5 不允许 Unallowable
51~51.5 ＜10
48.5～51 连续运行 a long time
48.0～48. 5 ＜20
47.5～48.0 ＜10
≤47.5 不允许 Unallowable
3 在机组寿命期限内，应累计计算各种偏周波运行时间下的寿命消耗。总偏周波运行寿命
消耗不大于 100％，寿命消耗由下式计算：
3 Within the life of the unit, the life consumption should be calculated for accumulative total time
under the condition of the individual operation of the frequency differential. The total life
consumption of the frequency differential operation shall not be more than 100%, the life
consumption shall be calculated according to the following formula:

偏周波运周波运
∑ 偏周波限制时周 × 100% ≤ 1
3-5 定期检查试验
3-5 Regular Inspection and Test
除了在启动期间所进行的试验以外，在规定的时间间隔内进行设备的性能试验对于保证机
组运行的可靠性是必不可少的。试验必须严格按照各有关试验规程及说明书进行，若发现
有缺陷的零部件应及时修复或更换，指示不准的仪器、仪表应及时检验或更换。
Except executing the test during the start-up, it is absolutely necessary for securing the reliability
of the unit operation on executing the performance test of the equipments within the stipulated
regular time. The tests must be strictly carried out according to the relate test regulation and the
instruction, if it found that there is the defect part/components, that should be repaired and
changed in time, the inaccurate meters/gauges and instruments should be calibrated and
changed in time.
序号 检查试验内容 周期
No. Inspection and Test Item Period
1 主汽阀活动试验 Action test of main stop valve 每天一次 Once per day
2 交流润滑油泵直流事故油泵启动试验 Start-up test for AC 每 15 天一次
lube oil pump and DC emergency oil pump Once per 15 days
3 各抽汽止回阀活动试验 每周一次
Action test for extraction non-return valve Once per week
4 检查所有疏水管路是否畅通 每三月一次
Check whether all drain pipe is smooth or not Once per 3 months
5 润滑油压降低保护试验 每月一次
Protection test of decreasing lube oil pressure Once per month
6 就地仪表及集控仪表检查、校准 每年一次以上
Check and calibrate the local instruments and More than once per year
centralized control instruments
7 主汽阀、调节阀严密性试验 每 6 个月一次
Action test of main stop valve and regulator Once per 6 months

27
8 检查胀差、绝对膨胀、大轴弯曲、振动、轴向位 每月一次
移、轴瓦温度、金属温度、蒸汽温度和压力等表 Once per month
计是否工作正常、指示准确
Check whether the gauges such as differential expansion ,
absolute expansion , shaft bending, vibration , axial
displacement , bearing bush temperature and pressure
work normally and indiate accurately.
9 电动主汽阀活动试验 每 10 天一次
Action test of electric main stop valve Once per 10 days
10 喷水装置喷头是否通畅 每天检修时进行
Whether the nozzle of sprayer is smooth or not During each
inspection and
maintenance
11 凝汽器真空降低保护 每月一次
Protection test of decreasing vacuum in the condenser Once per month
12 危急遮断器喷油试验 按相关说明书
Eject oil test for emergency governor Related manuals
13 危急遮断器提升转速试验 按相关说明书
Speed upgrade test for emergency governor Related manuals

3-6 变负荷运行
3-6 Variable Load Operation
1 负荷变化率：机组负荷升降速度应终合考虑汽轮机和锅炉设备安全，汽轮机允许负荷变
化率为
1 Rate of load change: the rate of load rise and fall of the unit should consider the safety of steam
turbine and boiler equipment. The allowable rate of load change of steam turbine is
在 50%～100%TMCR 负荷范围内 不小于 5%TMCR/每分钟
Not less than 5%TMCR/ min within 50% ~ 100%TMCR load range
在 30%～50%TMCR 负荷范围内 不小于 3%TMCR/每分钟
Not less than 3%TMCR/ min within 30% ~ 50%TMCR load range
在 30%TMCR 负荷以下 不小于 2%TMCR/每分钟
Not less than 2%TMCR/ min below 30%TMCR load
允许负荷阶跃
Allowable load step
10%额定负荷（TMCR）/每分钟
10% rated load (TMCR)/min
3-7 异常运行
3-7 Abnormal Operation
汽轮机运行时，与 3-2 节中的限制值有一项或几项已超限进入报警，但没有一项达到停机
值，而此时电厂又不希望立即停机，这种状态下的短时运行称为异常运行。
During turbine operation, when one or several of the limit values in 3-2 have exceeded the limit
and entered alarm range but none of them has reached stop value, the power plant does not

28
want to
stop the unit immediately. The short time operation in this case is called abnormal operation.
异常运行时，应密切注意各超限变化趋势，尽快查找出引起超限的原因，采取适当措施予
以消除。一旦超限值进入停机值应立即打闸停机。
During abnormal operation, it is necessary to note over-limit change trend, find the over-limit
cause as soon as possible and take appropriate measures to eliminate the cause. The unit should
be
tripped and shut down once over-limit goes into stop value.
下面列出部分限制值进入报警时应检查的内容。
Some items that should be checked when limit values go into alarm.
超限项目 主要检查内容 备注
Over-limit Main check items Remarks
item
1 轴向位移 1) 检查主蒸汽参数及真空是否有大幅度波动。
大 1) Check whether main steam parameters and vacuum
1Axial fluctuate greatly.
displacement 2) 检查推力轴承瓦温、排油温度，确认钨金是
high 否磨损。
2) Check thrust bearing temperature and oil discharge
temperature and confirms whether Babbitt alloy is worn.
2 胀差大 1) 确认胀差趋向 (正胀差增大或负胀差增大 )
2Differential 1) Confirm differential expansion direction (positive
expansion differential expansion increase or negative differential
high expansion increase);
2) 保 持 机 组 负 荷 ，减 小 主 蒸 汽 温 度 的 波 动 。检 查后汽
缸排汽温度。
2) Maintain unit load and reduce fluctuation of main
steam temperature. Check exhausts temperature of rear
casing.
3) 如发现正胀差增大，应降低主蒸汽温度 ,或 逐
渐降低机组负荷。
3) If positive differential expansion increase is found,
reduce main steam temperature or gradually reduce unit
load;
4) 如发现负胀差增大，应提高主蒸汽温度 ,或 逐
渐提升机组负荷。
4) If negative differential expansion increase is found, increase
main steam temperature or gradually increase unit load to
increase casing temperature.
3 振动大 1) 注意每一轴承的振动趋势，判明振动类形。
3Vibration 1) Note vibration trend of each bearing and judge
excessive vibration type;
2) 检查下列指示值是否正常

29
 2) Check that the following indications are normal
2.1) 轴承钨金温度及进回油温度；
2.1) Bearing Babbitt temperature and inlet oil temperature;
2.2) 各瓦油膜压力；
2.2) Bush oil film pressure;
2.3) 主蒸汽温度与汽缸金属温度不匹配量是否太大；
2.3) Excessive mismatch between main steam and reheat
steam temperature;
2.4) 凝汽器压力，后汽缸排汽温度；
2.4) Condenser pressure, exhaust temperature of rear casing;
2.5) 前汽缸金属温差；
2.5） Front casing metal temperature difference;
2.6) 汽缸膨胀量与胀差；
2.6） Casing expansion amount and differential expansion;
2.7) 停机时检查大轴弯曲值；
2.7） Check large shaft bending value at shutdown;
2.8) 测量振动频谱和轴心轨迹等。
2.8） Measure vibration frequency spectrum and locus of
journal center;
3) 如果在汽轮机启动期发生振动过大 ,不应让机组运转在临界
转速区。如振动过大发生在加载期 ,应停止加荷而维持汽轮机原
负荷运行,待查出原因并消除后再加载。如在升速期振动超限，
应停机检查，不得降速运行。
3） If vibration is excessively high in the turbine start period, do
not let the unit operate in the critical speed zone. If excessive
vibration occurs in the loading period, stop loading and keep the
turbine operate under the original load. Increase the load after
finding and eliminating the cause. If vibration exceeds the limit in
the speed raising period, stop the unit for check and do not make
the unit operate at reduced speed.
4 润滑油压 1) 检查主油箱油位。
低 1） Check main oil tank level;
4 Lube oil 2) 检查润滑油系统有无泄漏。
pressure 2） Check lube oil system for leakage;
low 3) 检查油泵运行是否正常。
3） Check those oil pumps operate normally.
5 支持轴承 1) 检查轴承油膜压力。
瓦温及回油 1） Check bearing oil film pressure;
温度高 2) 检查润滑油质 ,确认油中是否有杂质。
5Journal 2）Check lube oil quality and confirm that no impurities are
bearing in the oil;
bushing 3) 检查进油温度是否正常。
temperature 3） Check that inlet oil temperature is normal;

30
and return 4) 检查汽封漏汽是否严重。
oil 4） Check if steam seal leakage is heavy.
temperature
high
6 推力轴承 1) 检查轴向位移是否过大。
瓦温及回油 1） Check if axial displacement is too high;
温度高 2) 检查润滑油质 ,确认油中是否有杂质。
6 Thrust 2） Check lube oil quality and confirm that no impurities are
bearing bush in the oil;
temperature 3) 检查进油温度是否正常。
and return 3） Check that inlet oil temperature is normal;
oil
temperature
high

7 主油箱油 1) 当主油箱油位低时
位高或低 查明润滑油系统中是否有泄漏。
7 Main oil 1） When main oil tank level is low
tank level Check whether the lube oil system leaks
high or low 2) 当主油箱油位高时：
查明冷油器是否漏水 ,或主油箱内是否积水
过多。
2） When main oil tank level is high
Check whether oil cooler leaks water or main oil tank has
excessive accumulated water.
8 凝汽器真 1) 检查低压排汽温度是否正常。
空变 低 1） Check whether low pressure steam exhaust is normal;
8Condenser 2) 检查真空破坏阀、事故排放阀是否关严。
vacuum 2）Check whether vacuum breaker and emergency discharge
low valve are closed tightly;
3) 检查低压汽封送汽压力是否正常。
3） Check whether steam seal steam supply pressure before
and after low pressure turbine is normal;
4) 检查凝汽器水位是否正常。
4） Check whether condenser water level are normal;
5) 如处在低压喷水状态，检查喷水是否正常。
5 ） If in low pressure water spray condition, check that water
spray is normal.

4 停机
4 Stop
汽轮机的停机分为正常停机与紧急停机。正常停机用于小修、大修等计划停机；紧
急停机用于机组发生事故、危及人身、设备安全及突然发生不可抗拒的自然灾害时的停

31
机。
Steam turbine shutdown is divided into normal shutdown and emergency shutdown. The
normal shutdown is used for repair and overhaul plan, etc., emergency shutdown is used for
unit accident, a hazard of personnel safety, equipment safety and all of a sudden force majeure
natural disaster.
本机组可滑参数停机，也可额定参数停机。本书按滑参数停机编制。
The unit can be stopped by sliding parameters or rated parameters. This manual is compiled
according to the stop of sliding parameters.
4-1 正常停机前的准备工作
4-1 Preparation before Normal Shutdown
1 试验交、直流润滑油泵以及顶轴油泵和盘车电机，均应工作正常。
1 Testing for AC/DC lube oil pump, jacking oil pump and turning gear motor, which
everything can be normally operated.
2 主汽阀、抽汽止回阀应灵活、无卡涩。
2 Main steam valve and extraction check valve should be flexible and free from jamming.
3 做好轴封辅助汽源、除氧器等备用汽源的暖管工作。
3 Well prepared for pipe warming for shaft gland sealing auxiliary steam supply source
and standby steam supply source of deaerator.
4-2 滑参数正常停机
4-2 Sliding Parameters for Normal Shutdown
1 锅炉按停机曲线降温、降压、减负荷。
1 Decreasing temperature, pressure and load for boiler according to shutdown curve.
2 当负荷减至 30MW 时，稳定运行 15~20min 后再继续减负荷。
2 When the load is reduced to 30MW, it keeps operating steadily for 15-20min, and then
continues to decrease load.
3 滑停过程中参数控制如下：
3 During sliding shutdown, The parameters are controlled as follows:
3.1 主蒸汽温度下降速度≤1.5~2℃/min；
3.1 The decreasing speed of main steam temperature ≤1.5~2℃/m in；
3.2 主蒸汽压力下降速度≤0.03~0.05MPa/min；
3.2 The decreasing speed of main and reheat steam pressure: 0.03~0.05MPa/min
3.3 汽缸前部金属温度下降速度≤1℃/min；
3.3 The decreasing speed for metal of front casing temperature ≤1 ℃/min
3.4 减负荷率≤0.2~0.3MW/min；
3.4 Load reduction rate: 0.2~0.3MW/min.
3.5 保持主蒸汽过热度接近 50℃。但主蒸汽压力低于 3MPa 时，过热度不易保证，
要特别注意，防止发生水击。
3.5 The main steam superheat degree keeps approximately 50°C. It is not easy to
guarantee the superheat degree if main steam pressure is lower than 3MPa, the attention
should be paid especially to prevent from water impingement.
4 当调节级后蒸汽温度低于汽缸法兰内壁温度 30℃时，应暂停降温。
4 When the steam temperature after the governing stage is lower than inner wall
temperature of cylinder flange for 30°C, the temperature deduction should be made a pause.
5 减负荷过程中应注意胀差的变化，当胀差达报警值时暂停减负荷，稳定运行待胀差

32
值降至报警值以下后再减负荷。
5 During the process of load reduction, attention should be paid to the change of swelling
difference. When the swelling difference reaches the alarm value, the load reduction will be
suspended and the load will be reduced after the swelling difference drops below the alarm
value.
6 当负荷减至额定负荷的 25%（15MW）时，开启汽机本体所有疏水阀门。
6 Open all turbine body drainage valves when the load is reduced to 25% (15MW) of rated
value.
7 减负荷过程中应注意后汽缸排汽温度，必要时投入喷水冷却装置。
7 Attention should be paid to the exhaust temperature of rear casing during load reduction.
It is necessary to put into the spray water device.
8 负荷减至 5%额定负荷时发电机解列，打闸停机（参见图 4-2-1）。电动主汽阀、自
动主汽阀、调节阀、各抽汽止回阀、快关阀应全部关闭，向空排气阀打开。
8 When load is reduced to 5% of rated value, generator will be disassembled and the unit
will be tripped and shut down (see Fig.4-2-1). Fully close automatic main stop valve,
governing valve and all extraction non-return valves.
9 停轴封高温汽源，切除各种保护装置（低油压保护除外），启动交流润滑油泵。
9 Stop High temperature shaft gland sealing steam supply and switch off all protection
devices (except for low oil pressure protection). Start the AC lube oil pump.
10 机组惰走到 1200r/min 时投入顶轴油泵。主轴静止后投入盘车装置。测量转子弯曲
值并作好记录。
10 Start up jacking oil pump when idling at 1200r/min. The turning gear device shall be
put into operation after the main shaft is stationary. The bending value of rotor shall be
measured and recorded.
11 转速到零，真空到零后，停轴封供汽，停抽汽器。
11 Stop shaft gland sealing steam supply and steam ejector after the rotating speed comes
to zero and vacuum to zero.
12 盘车装置应连续运行，直至前汽缸调节级处下半内壁温度低于 150℃时方可停止连
续盘车。若停盘车后轴承钨金温度高于 90℃，则交流润滑油泵还需继续运行。停连续盘
车后，应根据转子挠度变化情况采用间断盘车，直至转子挠度值不再变化为止。
12 The turning gear device should continue operation, it cannot stop until the lower half
inner wall temperature of front cylinder governing stage is lower than 150°C, if bearing
tungsten alloy temperature after stopping the turning gear is more than 90°C, jacking oil
pump and AC Lube oil pump still need to continue to operate. After stopping continuous
turning gear, it should not adopt discontinuous turning gear until the rotor deflection is not
changed any longer according to the change of rotor deflection.
13 减负荷过程中，应严密监视机组振动情况，发生异常振动时应停止降温、降压，必
要时，打闸停机。
13 During decreasing load, the vibration of unit should be monitored strictly. It should be
tripped and shut down and stop reducing temperature and pressure in case it happens to
abnormal vibration.
14 在盘车时如果有摩擦声或其他不正常情况时，应停止连续盘车而改为间断盘车。若
转子产生热弯曲时应用定期盘车的方式消除，随后还需用连续盘车 4 小时以上。
14 If there are some friction noise or other abnormal condition during turning gear，it should

33
change to the intermittent turning gear instead of continuous one. To adopt the regular
turning gear is to eliminate the heat bending of rotor. Afterwards, it still needs to keep
turning gear for more than 4 hours.
15 停机后确信主油箱中无油烟时才可停排烟风机。
15 After the unit shutdown, the smoke exhaust fan cannot be stopped until it is confirmed
that there is no oil smoke in the main oil tank.
16 停机后应严密监视并采取措施防止冷水、冷汽倒灌入汽缸引起大轴弯曲。
16 After the unit shutdown, a close watch on it should be kept to prevent cold water and cold
steam from getting back into the cylinder so as to result in the main shaft bending.
17 电动主汽阀压力降至零后可开启防腐阀门。
17 The anti-corrosion valve cannot be opened until the pressure of electric main stop valve is
reduced to zero.
18 在最初几次停机过程中，应记录、绘制和核实机组惰走曲线，以作为以后停机惰走
的依据。
18 During the initial several times of shutdown, the idling curve should be recorded, drawn
and checked as the basis of shutdown idling curve in future.

图 4-2-1 滑参数停机曲线
Figure 4-2-1 Sliding Shutdown Curve
4-3 额定参数正常停机
4-3 Rated parameter normal shutdown
额定参数停机一般用于停机时间只有几小时的调峰机组或其它短暂的临时停机，使
停机后金属温度较高，有利于再次快速启动投运。
Rated parameter shutdown are generally used for down time is only a few hours peaking
units or other short temporary shutdown, shut down after the metal temperature is high, is
conducive to quick start again and put into operation.
1 以 1~2MW/min 的速率减负荷。
1 The load is decreased by 1~2MW/min speed reduction rate.
2 减负荷时，注意机组胀差的变化，若胀差太大，应放慢减负荷速度，投入轴封高温
汽源使胀差保持在允许范围内。
2 When decreasing load, attention should be paid to the change of differential expansion，
if differential expansion is too big，it should slow down the speed of decreasing load and the

34
differential expansion could keep within a allowable range by raising the temperature of
steam source of the shaft gland sealing.
3 当负荷减至 25%额定负荷时，打开汽机本体所有疏水阀门。
3 Open all turbine body drainage valves by the low to high when the load is reduced to 25%
of rated value.
4 负荷减至 5%额定负荷时，发电机解列，打闸停机，电动主汽阀、自动主汽阀、调
节阀、快关阀、各抽汽逆止阀等应全部关闭。
4 load reduced to 5% of the rated load, the generator solution column, brake shutdown,
electric main steam valve, automatic main steam valve, control valve, quick closing valve, all
of the pumping check valve should be closed down.
5 特别注意监视金属温度的变化，防止冷汽、冷水倒灌入汽缸而引起大轴弯曲。
5 special attention to monitor changes in metal temperature, prevent cold, cold water vapor
intrusion into the cylinder caused by large shaft bending.
6 其它操作同 4-2《滑参数正常停机》。
6 other operations with the 4-2 "slip parameter normal shutdown".
4-4 紧急停机
4-4 Emergency Shutdown
1 紧急停机处理原则
1 The principle of emergency shutdown
a) 事故的处理应以保证人身安全，不损坏或少损坏设备为原则；
a) The treatment for the accident should ensure personnel safety and no damage or loss
of the equipment;
b) 机组发生事故时，应立即停止故障设备的运行，并采取相应措施防止事故蔓延，
必要时应维护非故障设备的运行；
b) It is necessary to stop it rapidly when the accident happens to unit. And the measures
should be taken to prevent it from a further spreading. If necessary, the non- fault
equipment should be maintained;
c) 事故的处理应迅速、准确、果断；
c) The trouble should be solved quickly, accurately and promptly;
d) 应保护好现场，特别是保存好事故发生时仪器、仪表所记录的数据，以备分析原
因，提出改进措施时参考。
d) The local site shall be protected well, especially all datum recorded by the instrument
and apparatus should be stored well when the accident happens so as to analyze its reason
for improving measures.
2 在下列情况下，机组应破坏真空紧急停机：
2 If exist any of the following conditions, the unit shall be urgently shut down with
vacuum breaking:
a) 机组发生强烈振动，振幅达 0.25mm 以上（振动位移峰—峰值），或机组振动值急
剧增加；
a) When it happen strong vibration, the vibration value is increasing rapidly;
b) 汽轮机内有清晰的金属摩擦声和撞击声；
b) There is clear friction and impact noise in the steam turbine;
c) 汽轮机发生水击或主蒸汽温度急剧下降达 50℃以上；
c) There is hydraulic impingement in turbine and the main steam temperature drops to

35
below 50°C rapidly
d) 推力轴承或支持轴承钨金温度急剧上升至 110℃或任一轴承回油温度升至 75℃；
d) The thrust bearing or journal bearing tungsten alloy temperature raises to 110°C or
any one bearing return oil temperature raises to 75°C;
e) 轴封或挡油环严重摩擦、冒火花；
e) There are some serious friction and smoking between shaft glands or oil baffles;
f) 启动备用交流润滑油泵无效，润滑油压低至 0.06MPa;
f) The start up of the auxiliary lube oil pump is of no effect and Lube oil pressure is
reduced by 0.06MPa;
g) 油箱油位低至停机值，补油无效；
g) When the oil level in oil tank is decreased by shutdown value, the makeup oil is of no
effect;
h) 发电机、励磁机冒烟或发生氢爆；
h) Generator and exciter smoking or hydrogen explosion;
i) 油系统着火；
i) The oil system is on fire;
j) 轴向位移超限，而轴向位移保护装置未动作。
j) The axial displacement out of range, and that the axial displacement protection device
is of no action;
3 在下列情况下，机组可不破坏真空停机：
3 If exists any of following conditions, the unit can be shut down without vacuum
breaking:
a) 汽轮机转速超过 3360r/min，而危急遮断器未动作；
a) The turbine speed over 3360r/min, but emergency government has no reaction,
b) 凝汽器压力升至 17.7KPa 采取措施无法降低；
b) When condenser pressure is going up to 17.7kPa, by taking measures, there is no way
to decrease it either;
c) 循环水中断，不能立即恢复；
c) Circulating water is interruption , and can't recover immediately;
d) 凝结水泵故障，凝汽器水位过高，而备用泵不能投入；
d) There is something wrong with condensate pump. The condenser water level is too
high and that stand-by pump cannot put into operation;
e) 机组甩负荷后空转或带厂用电运行超过 10min；
e) After load rejection, the idling or operation with auxiliary power is more than 10min.
f) 调节保安系统故障或电厂其它系统故障使机组无法维持正常运行；
f) Control and governing safety parts in failure or the other system of power plant in
failure, which cannot maintain the normal operation of the unit;
g) 胀差增大，调整无效超过极限值。
g) When the differential expansion is increased, the adjustment is invalid and exceeds
limit value;
h) 汽轮机处于电动机状态运行超过 1min。
h) The turbine operation in the form of motor running exceeds 1 min.
4 紧急停机注意事项
4 Instructions for the Emergency shut down

36
就地或遥控打闸停机，应注意下列操作是否执行：
As for local/remote shut down manually, Attention should be paid to the following
operations：
a) 主汽阀、调节阀应立即关闭；
a) Close main governing valve immediately;
b) 各抽汽止回阀应立即关闭；
b) Close all extraction non-return valves immediately;
c) 转速降至 1200r/min 时启动顶轴装置；
c) Start up jacking oil pump when the rotating speed is decreased by 1200r/min;
d) 交流或直流润滑油泵应立即投入；
d) Put into use AC or DC oil pump immediately;
e) 全开汽轮机各疏水阀门；
e) Fully open all drain valves immediately;
f) 注意机组惰走情况，随真空下降调整轴封供汽压力。
f) Attention should be paid to the idling; the shaft gland sealing pressure is adjusted as
vacuum is reduced.

5 附录 附录一：饱和压力对应饱和温度表

37
 P t P t P t P t P t P t
MP ℃ MP ℃ MP ℃ Mp ℃ MP ℃ MP ℃
0.0010 6.9828 0.040 75.8856 0.40 143.623 1.35 193.350 3.9 248.836 8.1 295.836
0.0015 13.0356 0.045 78.7432 0.41 144.515 1.40 195.042 4.0 250.333 8.2 296.697
0.0020 17.5127 0.050 81.3453 0.42 145.390 1.45 196.688 4.1 251.800 8.3 297.549
0.0025 21.0963 0.055 83.7375 0.43 146.248 1.50 198.289 4.2 253.241 8.4 298.394
0.0030 24.0996 0.060 85.9539 0.44 147.090 1.55 199.850 4.3 254.656 8.5 299.231
0.0035 26.6936 0.065 88.0209 0.45 147.917 1.60 201.372 4.4 256.045 8.6 300.060
0.0040 28.9826 0.070 89.9591 0.46 148.729 1.65 202.857 4.5 257.411 8.7 300.882
0.0045 31.0348 0.075 91.7851 0.47 149.528 1.70 204.307 4.6 258.754 8.8 301.697
0.0050 32.8976 0.080 93.5124 0.48 150.313 1.75 205.725 4.7 260.074 8.9 302.505
0.0055 34.6052 0.085 95.1520 0.49 151.084 1.80 207.111 4.8 261.373 9.0 303.306
0.0060 36.1832 0.090 96.7134 0.50 151.844 1.85 208.468 4.9 262.652 9.1 304.100
0.0065 37.6512 0.095 98.2044 0.52 153.327 1.90 209.797 5.0 263.911 9.2 304.888
0.0070 39.0246 0.10 99.632 0.54 154.765 1.95 211.099 5.1 265.151 9.3 305.668
0.0075 40.3156 0.11 102.317 0.56 156.161 2.00 212.375 5.2 266.373 9.4 306.443
0.0080 41.5343 0.12 104.808 0.58 157.518 2.05 213.626 5.3 267.576 9.5 307.211
0.0085 42.6891 0.13 107.133 0.60 158.838 2.10 214.855 5.4 268.763 9.6 307.973
0.0090 43.7867 0.14 109.315 0.62 160.123 2.15 216.060 5.5 269.933 9.7 308.729
0.0095 44.8329 0.15 111.372 0.64 161.376 2.20 217.244 5.6 271.086 9.8 309.479
0.010 45.8328 0.16 113.320 0.66 162.598 2.25 218.408 5.7 272.224 9.9 310.222
0.012 47.7099 0.17 115.170 0.68 163.791 2.30 219.552 5.8 273.347 10.0 310.961
0.013 51.0617 0.18 116.933 0.70 164.956 2.35 220.676 5.9 274.456 10.2 312.420
0.014 52.5743 0.19 118.617 0.72 166.095 2.40 221.783 6.0 275.559 10.4 313.858
0.016 55.3410 0.21 121.780 0.76 168.300 2.50 223.943 6.2 277.697 10.8 316.670
0.017 56.6149 0.22 123.270 0.78 169.368 2.55 224.998 6.3 278.750 11.0 318.045
0.018 57.8264 0.23 124.705 0.80 170.415 2.60 226.037 6.4 279.791 11.2 319.402
0.019 58.9818 0.24 126.091 0.82 171.441 2.65 227.061 6.5 280.820 11.4 320.740
0.020 60.0864 0.25 127.430 0.84 172.448 2.70 228.071 6.6 281.837 11.6 322.059
0.021 61.1450 0.26 128.727 0.86 173.436 2.75 229.066 6.7 282.842 11.8 323.361
0.022 62.1615 0.27 129.984 0.88 174.405 2.80 230.047 6.8 283.836 12.0 324.646
0.023 63.1395 0.28 131.203 0.90 175.358 2.85 231.014 6.9 284.818 12.2 325.914
0.024 64.0819 0.29 132.388 0.92 176.294 2.90 231.969 7.0 285.790 12.4 327.165
0.025 64.9916 0.30 133.540 0.94 177.214 2.95 232.911 7.1 286.751 12.6 328.401
0.026 65.8709 0.31 134.661 0.96 178.119 3.0 233.841 7.2 287.702 12.8 329.622
0.027 66.7220 0.32 135.754 0.98 179.009 3.1 235.666 7.3 288.643 13.0 330.827
0.028 67.5467 0.33 136.819 1.00 179.884 3.2 237.445 7.4 289.574 13.2 332.081
0.029 68.3469 0.34 137.858 1.05 182.015 3.3 239.183 7.5 290.496 13.4 333.194
0.030 69.1240 0.35 138.873 1.10 184.067 3.4 240.881 7.6 291.408 13.6 334.357
0.032 70.6147 0.36 139.865 1.15 186.048 3.5 242.540 7.7 292.311 13.8 335.506

38
0.034 72.0285 0.37 140.835 1.20 187.961 3.6 244.164 7.8 293.205 14.0 336.642
0.036 73.3740 0.38 141.784 1.25 189.814 3.7 245.754 7.9 294.091 14.2 337.764
0.038 74.6576 0.39 142.713 1.30 191.609 3.8 247.311 8.0 294.968 14.4 338.874

附表 2 水蒸汽饱和压力、温度对照表
饱和压力 MPa 饱和温度℃ 饱和压力 MPa 饱和温度℃

0.004 28.981 3.0 233.84

0.005 32.90 3.2 237.44

0.008 41.53 3.4 240.88

0.01 45.83 3.6 244.16

0.012 49.43 3.8 247.31

0.014 52.58 4.0 250.33

0.015 54.00 4.5 257.41

0.017 56.62 5.0 263.92

0.019 58.98 5.5 269.94

0.02 60.09 6.0 275.56

0.05 81.35 6.5 280.83

0.1 99.63 7.0 285.80

0.2 120.23 7.5 290.51

0.3 133.54 8.0 294.98

0.4 143.62 8.5 299.24

0.5 151.85 9.0 303.31

0.6 158.84 9.5 307.22

0.7 164.96 10 310.96

0.8 170.42 11 318.04

0.9 175.36 12 324.64

1.0 179.88 13 330.82

1.2 187.96 14 336.63

1.4 195.04 15 342.62

1.6 201.37 16 347.32

1.8 207.10 17 352.26

2.0 212.37 18 356.96

2.2 217.24 19 361.44

2.4 221.78 20 365.71

2.6 226.03 21 369.79

39
 饱和压力 MPa 饱和温度℃ 饱和压力 MPa 饱和温度℃

2.8 230.04 22.115 374.12

附表 3 饱和蒸汽温度、压力、真空对应表
饱和温度(℃) 饱和压力(kPa) 真空(kPa) 饱和温度(℃) 饱和压力(kPa) 真空(kPa)

25 3.166 -97.834 51 12.961 -88.039

26 3.36 -97.64 52 13.613 -87.387

27 3.564 -97.436 53 14.293 -86.707

28 3.778 -97.222 54 15.002 -85.998

29 4.004 -96.996 55 15.741 -85.259

30 4.241 -96.759 56 16.511 -84.489

31 4.491 -96.509 57 17.313 -83.687

32 4.753 -96.247 58 18.147 -82.853

33 5.029 -95.971 59 19.016 -81.984

34 5.318 -95.682 60 19.92 -81.08

35 5.622 -95.378 61 20.86 -80.14

36 5.94 -95.06 62 21.84 -79.16

37 6.274 -94.726 63 22.86 -78.14

38 6.624 -94.376 64 23.91 -77.09

39 6.991 -94.009 65 25.01 -75.99

40 7.375 -93.625 66 26.15 -74.85

41 7.777 -93.223 67 27.33 -73.67

42 8.198 -92.802 68 28.56 -72.44

43 8.639 -92.361 69 29.84 -71.16

44 9.1 -91.9 70 31.16 -69.84

45 9.582 -91.418 80 47.36 -53.64

46 10.086 -90.914 110 143.27 42.27

47 10.612 -90.388
1MPa=10bar=10.2kg/c m2=9.869ata
48 11.162 -89.838 1MPa =7600mmHg=145psi
2
49 11.736 -89.264 1kg/cm =14.22psi=0.9678atm=98.0665kPa
大气压按 101kPa 计算
50 12.335 -88.665

40