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Table Of content Page No

Introduction ……………. ……………..........................................................................................2

Background …………………………….....................................................................................2-8
Definition ………………. ........................................................................................................ 8-10
Principles of City Planning ………………. ......................................................................... 10- 12
Structural Model of City Planning…… ……………………………....................................... 12
Problems ……………………………………… .................................................................. 13 -14
Recommendation……………………….. ............................................................................15- 16
Conclusion……………………………………… ...................................................................... 16

Reference............................................................................................................................... 16
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Introduction

City planning explores the tension between the idea of cities as individually held land-parcels and
as representations of community and identity. It has inevitable political and ethical dimensions. It
involves multiple actors including elected officials, professional staff in government agencies,
citizens, and the real estate industry. The dimensions of the field are seen in the missions of
professional organizations in Britain, Canada, the United States, and Australia. The spread of
academic planning education from a handful of European and American institutions to universities
around the world demonstrates the global reach of the practice and profession of city planning.
City planning is a valuable force for city leaders to achieve sustainable development. It is a means
to bring about a difference; Planning helps make the most out of municipal budgets by informing
infrastructure and services investments, balancing demands for growth with the need to protect the
environment.

Background
Urban planning as an organized profession has existed for less than a century. However, most
settlements and cities reflect various degrees of forethought and conscious design in their layout
and functioning. The development of technology, particularly the discovery of agriculture, before
the beginning of recorded history facilitated larger populations than the very small communities
of the Paleolithic, and may have compelled the development of stronger governments at the same
time. The pre-Classical and Classical ages a number of cities laid out according to fixed plans,
though many tended to develop organically. Designed cities were characteristic of the
Mesopotamian, Harrapan, and Egyptian civilizations of the third millennium B.C.E..

Indus Valley Civilization

The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley Civilization (in modern-day Pakistan
and northwest India) are perhaps the earliest examples of deliberately planned and managed cities.
The streets of these early cities were often paved and laid out at right angles in a grid pattern, with
a hierarchy of streets from major boulevards to residential alleys. Archaeological evidence
suggests that many Harrapan houses were laid out to protect from noise and enhance residential
privacy; also, they often had their own water wells, probably for both sanitary and ritual purposes.
These ancient cities were unique in that they often had drainage systems, seemingly tied to a well-
developed ideal of urban sanitation, located near the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in modern-day
Iraq, also evidenced urban planning in later periods.
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Mesopotamia

Babylon was a city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-
day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq, about 55 miles south of Baghdad. All that remains today of
the ancient famed city of Babylon is a mound, or tell, of broken mud-brick buildings and debris in
the fertile Mesopotamian plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Iraq. It began as a small
town that had sprung up by the beginning of the third millennium B.C.E.. The town flourished and
attained prominence and political repute with the rise of the first Babylonian dynasty. The city
itself was built upon the Euphrates and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks, with
steep embankments to contain the river’s seasonal floods. Babylon grew in extent and grandeur
over time, but gradually became subject to the rule of Assyria. It has been estimated that Babylon
was the largest city in the world from c. 1770 to 1670 B.C.E., and again between c. 612 and 320
B.C.E. It was the “holy city” of Babylonia by approximately 2300 B.C.E., and the seat of the Neo-
Babylonian Empire from 612 B.C.E. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient World.

Graeco-Roman period

The Greek Hippodamus (c. 407 B.C.E.) is widely considered the father of city planning in the
West, for his design of Miletus. Alexander the Great commissioned him to lay out his new city of
Alexandria, the grandest example of idealized urban planning of the Mediterranean world, where
stability was aided in large part by its level site near a mouth of the Nile. The ancient Romans used
a consolidated scheme for city planning, developed for military defense, and civil convenience.
The basic plan was a central forum with city services, surrounded by a compact

rectilinear grid of streets and wrapped in a wall for defense. To reduce travel times, two diagonal
streets cross the square grid corner-to-corner, passing through the central square. A river usually
flowed through the city, to provide water, transportation, and sewage disposal. Many European
towns, such as Turin, still preserve the essence of these schemes. The Romans had a very logical
way of designing their cities. They laid out the streets at right angles, in the form of a square grid.
All the roads were equal in width and length, except for two, which formed the center of the grid
and intersected in the middle. One went East/West, the other North/South. They were slightly
wider than the others. All roads were made of carefully fitted stones and smaller hard packed
stones. Bridges were also constructed where needed. Each square marked by four roads was called
an insula, which was the Roman equivalent of Modern city blocks. Each insula was 80 square
yards (67 m²), with the land within each insula being divided for different purposes.As the city
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developed, each insula would eventually be filled with buildings of various shapes and sizes and
would be crisscrossed with back roads and alleys. Most insulae were given to the first settlers of a
budding new Roman city, but each person had to pay for the construction of their own house. The
city was surrounded by a wall to protect the city from invaders and other enemies, and to mark the
city limits. Areas outside of the city limits were left open as farmland. At the end of each main
road, there would be a large gateway with watchtowers. A portcullis covered the opening when
the city was under siege, and additional watchtowers were constructed around the rest of the city’s
wall. A water aqueduct was built outside of the city’s walls.

Middle Ages

The collapse of Roman civilization saw the end of their urban planning, among many other arts.
Urban development in the Middle Ages, characteristically focused on a fortress, a fortified abbey,
or a (sometimes abandoned) Roman nucleus, occurred “like the annular rings of a tree” whether
in an extended village or the center of a larger city. Since the new center was often on high,
defensible ground, the city plan took on an organic character, following the irregularities of
elevation contours like the shapes that result from agricultural terracing. The ideal of wide streets
and orderly cities was not lost, however. A few medieval cities were admired for their wide
thoroughfares and other orderly arrangements. Todi in Italy has been called “the world’s most
livable city. It is a place where man and nature, history and tradition come together to create a site
of excellence. Todi had ancient Italic origins, but after the twelfth century C.E. the city expanded:
The government was held first by consuls, and then by podestà and a people’s captain, some of
whom achieved wide fame. In 1244, the new quarters, housing mainly the new artisan classes,
were enclosed in a new circle of walls. In 1290, the city had 40,000 inhabitants.Other Italian
examples of ideal cities planned according to scientific methods include Urbino(origins, fifteenth
century), Pienza (1462), Ferrara (early twelfth century), San Giovanni Valdarno (early twelfth
century), and San Lorenzo Nuovo (early twelfth century).The juridical chaos of medieval cities
(where the administration of streets was sometimes hereditary with various noble families), and
the characteristic tenacity of medieval Europeans in legal matters, generally prevented frequent or
large-scale urban planning. It was not until the Renaissance and the enormous strengthening of all
central governments, from city-states to the kings of France, characteristic of that epoch could
urban planning advance.

The Renaissance

The star-shaped fortification had a formative influence on the patterning of the Renaissance ideal
city. This was employed by Michelangelo in the defensive earthworks of Florence. This model
was widely imitated, reflecting the enormous cultural power of Florence in this age: “The
Renaissance was hypnotized by one city type which for a century and a half—from Filarete to
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Scamozzi—was impressed upon all utopian schemes: this is the star-shaped city. Radial streets
extend outward from a defined center of military, communal, or spiritual power. Only in ideal
cities did a centrally planned structure stand at the heart, as in Raphael’s Sposalizio of 1504.The
unique example of a rationally-planned quattrocento new city center, that of Vigevano, 1493-
1495, resembles a closed space instead, surrounded by arcading. Filarete’s ideal city, building on
hints in Leone Battista Alberti’s De re aedificatoria, was named “Sforzinda” in compliment to his
patron; its 12-pointed shape, circumscribable by a “perfect” Pythagorean figure, the circle, takes
no heed of its undulating terrain. The design of cities following the Renaissance was generally
more to glorify the city or its ruler than to improve the lifestyle of its citizens. Such ideas were
taken up to some extent in North America. For example, Pierre L’Enfant’s 1790 plan for
Washington, D.C. incorporated broad avenues and major streets that radiated out from traffic
circles, providing vistas toward important landmarks and monuments. All the original colonies
had avenues named for them, with the most prominent states receiving more prestigious
locations. In New England, cities such as Boston developed around a centrally located public
space.

The grid plan also revived in popularity with the start of the Renaissance in Northern Europe. The
baroque capital city of Malta, Valletta, dating back to the sixteenth century, was built following
a rigid grid plan of uniformly designed houses, dotted with palaces, churches, and squares. In
1606, the newly founded city of Mannheim in Germany was laid out on the grid plan. Later came
the New Town in Edinburgh and almost the entire city center of Glasgow, and many new towns
and cities in Australia, Canada, and the United states. Arguably the most famous grid plan in
history is the plan for New York City formulated in the Commissioners’ Plan of 1811, a visionary
proposal by the state legislature of New York for the development of most of upper Manhattan.
William Penn’s plan for Philadelphia was based on a grid plan, with the idea that houses and
businesses would be spread out and surrounded by gardens and orchards, with the result more
like an English rural town than a city. Penn advertised this orderly design as a safeguard against
overcrowding, fire, and disease, which plagued European cities. Instead, the inhabitants crowded
by the Delaware River and subdivided and resold their lots. The grid plan however, was taken by
the pioneers as they established new towns on their travels westward. Although it did not take
into account the topography of each new location, it facilitated the selling of parcels of land
divided into standard-sized lots.

Asia

The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing
Dynasty. It is located in the middle of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum. Built
from 1406 to 1420, it served as the home of the Emperor and his household, as well as the
ceremonial and political center of Chinese government for almost five centuries. The palace
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complex exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and influenced cultural and
architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. It was designed to be the center of the
ancient, walled city of Beijing. It is enclosed in a larger, walled area called the Imperial City. The
Imperial City is, in turn, enclosed by the Inner City; to its south lies the Outer City. The Forbidden
City remains important in the civic scheme of Beijing. The central north-south axis remains the
central axis of Beijing. This axis extends to the south through Tiananmen gate to Tiananmen
Square, the ceremonial center of the People’s Republic of China. To the north, it extends through
the Bell and Drum Towers to Yongdingmen. This axis is not exactly aligned north-south, but is
tilted by slightly more than two degrees. Researchers now believe that the axis was designed in
the Yuan Dynasty to be aligned with Xanadu, the other capital of their empire.

Central and South America

Many cities in Central American civilizations also engineered urban planning in their cities
including sewage systems and running water. In Mexico, Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Aztec
empire, built on an island in Lake Texcoco in what is now the Federal District in central Mexico.
At its height, Tenochtitlan was one of the largest cities in the world, with close to 250,000
inhabitants. Built around 1460, Machu Picchu is a pre-Columbian Inca site located 8,000 feet
above sea on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru. Often referred to as “The Lost
City of the Incas,” Machu Picchu is one of the most familiar symbols of the Inca Empire. Machu
Picchu is composed of 140 structures or features, including temples, sanctuaries, parks, and
residences that include houses with thatched roofs. There are more than 100 flights of stone steps—
often completely carved from a single block of granite—and a great number of water fountains
that are interconnected by channels and water-drains perforated in the rock that were designed for
the original irrigation system. Evidence has been found to suggest that the irrigation system was
used to carry water from a holy spring to each of the houses in turn. According to archaeologists,
the urban sector of Machu Picchu was divided into three great districts: the Sacred District, the
Popular District to the south, and the District of the Priests and the Nobility.

Modernism

In the developed countries of (Western Europe, North America, Japan, and Australasia), planning
and architecture can be said to have gone through various stages of general consensus. First, there
was the industrialized city of the nineteenth century, where control of building was largely held by
businesses and the wealthy elite. Around 1900, there began to be a movement for providing
citizens, especially factory workers, with healthier environments. The concept of garden cities, an
approach to urban planning founded by Sir Ebenezer Howard led to the building of several model
towns, such as Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City, the world’s first garden cities, in
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Hertfordshire, Great Britain. However, these were principally small scale in size, typically dealing
with only a few-thousand residents.

It was not until the 1920s that Modernism began to surface. Based on the ideas of Le Corbusier
and utilizing new skyscraper-building techniques, the Modernist city stood for the elimination of
disorder, congestion, and the small scale, replacing them instead with pre-planned and widely
spaced freeways and tower blocks set within gardens. There were plans for large-scale rebuilding
of cities, such as the Plan Voisin, which proposed clearing and rebuilding most of central Paris.
No large-scale plans were implemented until after World War II however.

The Athens Charter was the result of the 1933 Conger’s International d’Architecture Moderne
(CIAM). The proceedings went unpublished until 1942, when Le Corbusier published them in
heavily edited form. Both the conference and the resulting document concentrated on “The
Functional City.” As later. documented by Le Corbusier, CIAM IV laid out a 95-point program
for planning and construction of rational cities, addressing topics such as high-rise residential
blocks, strict zoning, the separation of residential areas and transportation arteries, and the
preservation of historic districts and buildings. The key underlying concept was the creation of
independent zones for the four “functions”: living, working, recreation, and circulation.

These concepts were widely adopted by urban planners in their efforts to rebuild European cities
following World War II, for instance Mart Stam’s plans for postwar Dresden. Throughout the late
1940s and 1950s, housing shortages caused by war destruction led many cities around the world
to build substantial amounts of government-subsidized housing blocks. Planners at the time used
the opportunity to implement the Modernist ideal of towers surrounded by gardens. [Brasilia]], a
fine example of the application of the Athens charter, followed it virtually to the letter. Constructed
between 1956 and 1960, Brasília the capital of Brazil. The city and its district are located in the
Central-West region of the country, along a plateau known as Planalto Central. It has a population
of about 2,557,000 as of the 2008 IBGE estimate, making it the fourth largest city in Brazil. It is
the only twentieth-century city listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The city was planned and developed in 1956 with Lúcio Costa as the principal urban planner and
Oscar Niemeyer as the principal architect. In 1960, it formally became Brazil’s national capital.
The locating of residential buildings around expansive urban areas, of building the city around
large avenues, and dividing it into sectors, has sparked a debate and reflection on life in big cities
in the twentieth century. The city’s planned design included specific areas for almost everything,
including accommodation—
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Hotel Sectors North and South. However, new areas are now being developed as locations for
hotels, such as the Hotels and Tourism Sector North, located on the shores of Lake Paraná. When
seen from above, the main planned part of the city’s shape resembles an airplane or a butterfly.

Post-Modernism

However, the Athens Charter was roundly criticized within the profession for its inflexible
approach and its inhumane results. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, many planners were coming
to realize that the imposition of Modernist clean lines and a lack of human scale also tended to sap
vitality from the community. This was expressed in high crime and social problems within many
of these planned neighborhoods. Modernism can be said to have ended in the 1970s when the
construction of the cheap, uniform tower blocks ended in many countries, such as Britain and
France. Since then many have been demolished and in their way more conventional housing has
been built. Rather than attempting to eliminate all disorder, planning now concentrates on
individualism and diversity in society and the economy. This is the Post-Modernist era. Las Vegas,
Nevada is one American city that has emerged along Post-Modernist lines in that it is specifically
designed to create a unique experience, often simulated, for its millions of annual visitors who
come from a wide diversity of nations, ethnic backgrounds, and socio-economic classes

Definition:
City planning is the activity or profession of determining the future physical arrangement and
condition of a community, involving an appraisal of the present condition, a forecast of future
requirements, a plan for the fulfillment of these requirements, and proposals for constructional,
legal, and financial programs to implement the plan. Cities are known to be the most innovative
and complex creations of human beings. They have existed in the past and will continue to exist
in the future, showcasing human growth and development. Cities are economic and social systems
that are dominating the global canvas in terms of concentration of population. They are also the
principle centers of economy consumer markets and also have a highly trained workforce. Cities
are known to be sectors of wealth generators of employment and promoters of the economy.

City planning is the design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the physical form,
Urban planning or city planning is an interdisciplinary field that includes civil engineering, Urban
planning, also known as regional planning, town planning, city planning, or rural planning, is a
technical and political process that is focused on the development and design of land use and the
built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas,
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such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks and their accessibility.

Traditionally, urban planning followed a top-down approach in master planning the physical layout
of human settlements. The primary concern was the public welfare, which included considerations
of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment, as well as effects of the master
plans on the social and economic activities. Over time, urban planning has adopted a focus on the
social and environmental bottom-lines that focus on planning as a tool to improve the health and
well-being of people while maintaining sustainability standards. economic to functions, and social
impacts of the city environment and on the location of different activities within it. Because city
planning draws upon engineering, architectural, and social and political concerns, it is variously a
technical profession, an endeavor involving political will and public participation, and an academic
discipline. City planning concerns itself with both the development of open land (“Greenfields
sites”) and the revitalization of existing parts of the city, thereby involving goal setting, data
collection and analysis, forecasting, design, strategic thinking, and public consultation.
Increasingly, the technology of geographic information systems (GIS) has been used to map the
existing urban systemand to project the consequences of changes. In the late 20th century the term
sustainable development came to represent an ideal outcome in the sum of all planning goals.

urban planning and city planning are almost same concept having a little bit difference.

Urban planning, also known as regional planning, town planning, city planning, or rural planning,
is a technical and political process that is focused on the development and design of land use and
the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban
areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks and their accessibility.
Traditionally, urban planning followed a top-down approach in master planning the physical layout
of human settlements. The primary concern was the public welfare, which included considerations
of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment, as well as effects of the master
plans on the social and economic activities. Over time, urban planning has adopted a focus on the
social and environmental bottom-lines that focus on planning as a tool to improve the health and
well-being of people while maintaining sustainability standards.

Urban planning or city planning is an interdisciplinary field that includes civil engineering
architecture, human geography, politics, social science and design sciences. Practitioners of urban
planning are concerned with research and analysis, strategic thinking, Engineering architecture,
urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management. It
is closely related to the field of urban design and some urban planners provide designs for streets,
parks, buildings and other urban areas. Urban planners work with the cognate fields of civil
engineering, landscape architecture, architecture, and public administration to achieve strategic,
policy and sustainability goals. Early urban planners were often members of these cognate fields
though today, urban planning is a separate, independent professional discipline. The discipline of
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urban planning is the broader category that includes different subfields such as land-use planning,
zoning, economic development, environmental planning, and transportation planning. Creating the
plans requires a thorough understanding of penal codes and zonal codes of planning. Another
important aspect of urban planning is that the range of urban planning projects include the large-
scale master planning of empty sites or Greenfield projects as well as small-scale interventions
and refurbishments of existing structures, buildings and public spaces. Pierre Charles L'Enfant in
Washington DC, Daniel Burnhamin Chicago and Georges-Eugene Haussmann in Paris planned
cities fromscratch, and Robert Moses and Le Corbusier refurbished and transformed cities and
neighborhoods to meet their ideas of urban planning.

Principles of city planning

The term city is closely related to town or urban area. The planning process should be same in this
concept.

City planning cannot be studied in isolation. It involves the study of various subjects such as
engineering, architecting, surveying, Transportation etc. The intention of the city planning is to
satisfy the needs of our future generations and prevent the haphazard growth of the city. Some of
the guiding principles of city planning are as follows:

1.Zoning

2.Green belt

3.Housing

4.Public buildings

5.Recreation centers

6.Road system

7.Transport facilities etc.

1.Zoning

The city should be divided into suitable zones such as commercial zone, industrial zone, residential
zone etc. and suitable rules and regulations should be formed for the development of each zone.
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2.Green belt

Green belt is non-development zone on the periphery of the city. It prevents the haphazard sprawl
of the town restricting its size. IN essence a green belt is an invisible line designating a border
around a certain area, preventing development of the area and allowing Wildlife to returned and
be established. Greenways and green wedges have a linear character and may run across the town
and not around the town.

3.Housing

Housing has to be carefully studied and designed to suit the local population. Care should be taken
to see that there is no development of slums since it would vet responsible for degrading the life
of a citizen. There are various types of housing systems. When a landaus plan is made, zones for
independent housing, midrise buildings, high-rise buildings are allocated.landuse maps are of two
types. Types 1 helps us study the land use on a broad range. All we can see are the residential,
commercial and recreational zones.

4.Public buildings

Public buildings should vet well grouped and distributed throughout the city. Unnecessary

concentration of public buildings should ve avoided. Factors such as parking facilities, road widths
have ro be taken into consideration while allocating the space for public buildings

5.Recreation centers

Recreation centers have to be given importance while designing a city. They are necessary for the
recreational activities of the general lublics.They include parks for walking and cycling,
amusement parks etc.

6.Road systems

Road systems hierarchy is very important. The efficiency of any town or city is measured by the
layout of its roads. A nicely designed road systems puts a great impression in the minds of people,
especially the visitor ro rhe city. The provision of a faulty road system in the initial stages of city
formation proves to be too difficult and costly to repair or to rearrange in future.

7.Transport facilities

The city should be provided with suitable transport facilities so that there is minimum loss of time
from place to the place of residence. Efficiency of transport facilities includes both public and
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private networks. Public transportation networks include access to buses,trains,trams,and

trollebuses.Efficiency of using the public transport will determine the success of that city in terms
of design. City Planning has gained a lot of importance today. New cities are being developed. It
has became very important for the city planners to concentrate on old development as well as the
new development. It is essential that old and new development are linked properly. Energy,
efficiency in planning should be the goal of any city planner and urban designer.

Structural model of a Town or city

Town planning is an art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the town creating buildings
and environments to meet the various needs of the public such as social, cultural, economic and
recreational etc. and to provide healthy conditions for both rich and poor to live, to work and to
play or relax, thus bringing:

• Physical and social planning of an urban environment.

• Encompassing many different disciplines and bringing them all under a single roof.
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Problems
The basic concern of city-town planning is the internal form, structure, function, and appearance
of urban areas. Physical aspects such as buildings, roads, land use, etc., play an important role in
urban planning, at the same time social, economic and technological forces should also be
considered while planning so that a healthy environment is created in the city/town. Apart from
this problem, some factors also complicate the task of planning as follows:

a) city Sprawl refers to the migration of a population from populated towns and cities to low-
density residential development over more and more rural land which results in:

Increase in Public Expenditure: They can actually play a part in the increases of public
costs because these changes in infrastructures and building must actually be paid for by
someone- and it is usually the taxpayers

Increased Traffic: Populations will begin to use their cars more often, which means that
there is more traffic on the roads.

Environmental Issues: When you think about going out to develop these lands you will
have to worry about the wildlife that lives in these lands. You will be displacing them, and
it can really cause a ripple in the environment.

b) Individual Control or Small Parcels of Land

Private ownership of small parcels of urban land sometimes interferes with the effective control of
the space pattern of the city like the following:

If a private owner enjoys unrestricted right to use his/her land as he wishes, he may build a shop
or a factory in the residential area, thus decreasing the value of the nearby residences.

If in a continuous residential area where two houses walls are shared, the problem arises in such
areas when one house owner is willing to renovate the house and another is not in case of
deterioration. They may develop conflict, which may turn out to be a problem in the future.

If a private builder wants to undertake a project developing or reconstructing the building on the
same land, he/she may face two problems, one is he/she may have to pay more money to the
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existing house owner and the second is he/she has to face the problems created by a neighbor. Both
such events are detrimental for the urban development.

c) Unique Environmental Site

Every city/town occupies a unique environmental site, hills, valleys, rivers, waterfronts, or any
other physical features make one city/town look different from another as following:

Different sections of the city have unequal value as building sites as the underlying soil and rock
formations affect the soundness of the foundations, characteristics of subsoil drainage, etc. All
these make differences in the cost of underground construction. At the same time, the rough terrain
has different advantages and disadvantages for different kinds of buildings.

Topography affects the routes of transportation. If a heavy rail line has to be constructed, it needs
a level route, but if the city/town does not possess this feature, then transportation is affected.

Breaks in transportation like from waterway to land-way or from the roadway to railway prove
advantageous for certain manufacturing and commercial activities.

Some parts of the city provide better amenities than others. The amenities can be in the form of a
better view and access to the market.

d) Housing Affordability

Affordable housing is housing deemed affordable to those with a median household income.
Housing choice is a response to an extremely complex set of economic, social, and psychological
impulses as follows:

Housing expenditures: Housing affordability can be measured by the changing relationships

between house prices and rents and between house prices and incomes. There has been an increase
among policymakers in affordable housing as the price of housing has increased dramatically
creating a crisis in affordable housing.

Economy: Lack of affordable housing places a particular burden on local economies. As well,
individual consumers are faced with mortgage arrears and excessive debt and therefore cut back
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on consumption. A combination of high housing costs and high debt levels contributes to a
reduction in savings. Transportation: Lack of affordable housing can make low-cost labor more
scarce, and increase demands on transportation systems (as workers travel longer distances
between jobs and affordable housing).

Recommendation
The following recommendation are hereby presented for an ideal city:

Recommendation 1: Actions in support of sustainability in one geographic area should not be taken
at the expense of the sustainability of another. Cities should implement local sustainability plans
and decision making that have a larger scope than the confines of the city or region.

Recommendation 2: City leaders and planners should integrate sustainability policies and
strategies across spatial and administrative scales, from block and neighbourhood to city, region,
state, and nation, to ensure the effectiveness of urban sustainability actions.

Recommendation 3: City leaders and planners should implement sustainability policies and
programs that identify and establish processes for promoting synergies among environmental,
economic, and socialpolicies that produce co-benefits across more than one dimension of
sustainability.

Recommendation 4: City leaders and planners should look to cities with similar economic,
environmental, social, and political contexts to understand and adapt sustainability strategies that
have proven to provide measurable impact.

Recommendation 5: City leaders and planners should gather scientific input to the maximum
extent available in the form of metrics on social, health, environmental, and economic dimensions
of sustainability; data related to policies, programs, and implementation processes; and measures
of community involvement.

Recommendation 6: Cities should ensure broad stakeholder engagement in developing and

implementing sustainability actions with all relevant constituencies, including non-traditional
partner.

Recommendation 7: Every city should develop a cohesive sustainability plan that acknowledges
the unique characteristics of the city and its connections to global processes while supporting
mechanisms for periodic updates to take account of significant changes in prevailing
environmental, social, and economic conditions. Sustainability plans should strive to have
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measureable characteristics that enable tracking and assessment of progress, minimally along
environmental, social, and economic lines.

Recommendation 8: Sustainability plans and actions should include policies to reduce inequality.
It is critical that community members from across the economic, social, and institutional spectrums
be included in identifying, designing, and implementing urban sustainability actions.

Recommendation 9: Cities should adopt comprehensive sustainability metrics that are firmly
underpinned by research. These metrics should be connected to implementation, impact, and cost
analyses to ensure efficiency, impact, and stakeholder engagement.

Recommendation 10: City leaders and planners should be cognizant of the rapid pace of factors
working against sustainability and should prioritize sustainability initiatives with an appropriate
sense of urgency to yield significant progress toward urban sustainability

Conclusion :
City planning is very important for the growth of the city.Issues like quality of infrastructure,
energy efficient services and environmental conditions in a city and many other pose a challenge
to city planning. City planning is a valuable force for city leaders to the above issues and to achieve
sustainable development. City planning addresses immediate needs while striving to achieve a
city’s unique vision of the future. By establishing a plan and working towards a comprehensive
vision, city planners ensure that their impact is valuable, desired and lasting. A planned city is a
well prepared city. Only city planning can ensure proper development of a city and ensure
maximum service to the people.

Reference

1. History of Urban Planning –

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Urban_planning

2. Concept of Urban planning -https://g.co/kgs/M51YiR

3. Principles of Town planning -http://www.architecture-
student.com/architecture/principles-of-town-planning/
4. City planning and Town planning -
https://www.valluriorg.com/blog/city-and-town-
planning/#:~:text=To%20make%20right%20use%20of,%2C%20c
ommunity%20centers%2C%20cinema%20houses.