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2A Science Notes SAMPLE
2A Science Notes SAMPLE
2ASCIENCENOTES2022
Chapter9:ForcesandEnergy
ContactForces
Definitionsofterms
Frictionalforce→theforcethatopposesmotionbetweentwosurfacesincontact
Elasticforce→theforceactingonastretchedorcompressedelasticobjecttoreturntoits
originalshape
Applicationofforces
Example:Rockclimbing
- Frictionalforce
- Climbersusechalktoabsorbmoistureontheirhands,whichincreases
frictionalforceandimprovestheirgriponarockwall.
- Climbersalsowearshoesmadeofaspecialtypeofrubbertoincrease
frictionalforce,allowingthemtopushontothefootholdsfirmlyandclimbup
therockwall.
- Elasticforce
- Climbersuseclimbingropesthatcanstretchandexertelasticforce.Whena
climberfalls,theropestretchesandtheelasticforceexertedincreases.This
reducestheimpactfeltbytheclimberwhenhefalls.
Non-contactForces
Definitionsofterms
Gravitationalforce→theforcethatattractstwoobjectstowardseachother
Magneticforce→theforceexertedbetweenamagnetandanothermagneticmaterialor
magnet
Applicationofforces
Example1:Rain
- Gravitationalforce
- RainfallsfromtheskyduetoEarth’sgravitationalforceactingonthedroplets
ofwater.
Example2:Maglevtrain
- Magneticforce
- AMaglevtrainworksontheprincipleofmagneticrepulsionbetweenthetrain
andthetrack.
- AstheMaglevtraintravelsonthetrack,themagneticforceofrepulsionliftsit
slightlyabovethetrack,greatlyreducingthefrictionbetweenthetrainandthe
track.
- Thisallowsthetraintotravelatahigherspeed.
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ZivLow(38)2Gratitude2022
2ASCIENCENOTES2022
WeightVSMass
Weight Mass
Gravitationalforceexertedonanobject Amountofmatterinanobject
Maychangewithlocation Remainsconstantregardlessoflocation
SIUnit:newton(N) SIUnit:kilogram(kg)
Canbemeasuredusingspringbalance Canbemeasuredusingelectronicbalance,
beambalance
Changesinthestateofrestormotionofanobject
Transferofenergybetweenobjectsmaycausechangesinthestateofrestormotionofan
object.Itcan:
- Moveastationaryobject
- Changethespeedofanobject
- Changethedirectioninwhichanobjectmoves
- Stopamovingobject
Changesduetotheturningeffectofaforceonanobject
Aforceappliedonanobjectcancauseaturningeffectaboutafixedpointcalledthepivot.
Thisturningeffectcanhelpustocarryoutanactionwithlightforce,suchasr emovingthe
lidofatincanort ighteninganut.
Changesinsizeand/orshapeofanobject
Thetransferofenergybetweenobjectsmaycausechangesinthesizeand/orshapeofan
object.Forexample,t heballoonchangesinsizewhenairispumpedintoit,t hesponge
changesinshapewhenaforceisappliedtosqueezeitandthelumpofplasticine
changesinsizeandshapewhenitiscutintosmallerpieces.
Factorsaffectingpressure
Pressureisaneffectofforceactingonanobject.Theareaofcontactaffectsthepressure
exertedbyanobject.Thiscanbeillustratedthroughtheexamplebelow:
Action:Pushingtheobjectintoacorkboardusingthesameamountofforce
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