Animasi Tektonik Dari Iris

ANIMASI TEKTONIK DARI IRIS
https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/search#concept=15/type=1/language=1
1. Mhs no absen 1-2

1-Component Seismogram: Building responds to P, S, surface waves
Seismic waves travel through the earth to a single seismic station. Scale and movement of the
seismic station are greatly exaggerated to depict the relative motion recorded by the seismogram
as P, S, and surface waves arrive.
Animation Novice Multilingual GIF
2. Mhs no absen 3-4
10 Different Earthquakes of Equal Magnitude Recorded by One Station
A gridded sphere is used to show:

1) the seismic stations don't need to be lined up longitudinally to create travel-time curves,
as they appear in the first animation, and
2) a single station records widely separated earthquakes that plot on the travel-time curves.
2-minute takes on misunderstandings in Earth Science (GROUP)
Earth science is not simple. It frequently deals with difficult concepts, abstractions, mathematical
laws, and theory. With this series of animations under 2 minutes, we hope to address common
misunderstandings, misconceptions and myths.
Animation Novice
3. Mhs no absen 5-6
3-Component Seismogram Records Seismic-wave Motion

We use exaggerated motion of a building (seismic station) to show how the ground moves during
an earthquake, and why it is important to measure seismic waves using 3 components: vertical,
N-S, and E-W. Before showing an actual distant earthquake, we break down the three axes of
movement to clarify the 3 seismograms.
4. Mhs no absen 7-8
4-station Seismograph Network Records a Single Earthquake
A cow and a tree in this narrated cartoon for fun and to emphasize that seismic waves traveling
away from an earthquake occur everywhere, not just at seismic stations A, B, C, and D. A person
would feel a large earthquake only at station A near the epicenter. Stations B, C, D, and the cow
are too far from the earthquake to feel the seismic waves though sensitive equipment records
their arrival.
4-station Seismograph Network; No Cartoon House Bounce

This companion to the animation "Four-Station Seismograph network" shows the arrival of
seismic waves through select wave paths through the Earth (P and S waves) and over the
surface of the Earth. The movement at distant stations occurs at a microscopic scale. While that
doesn't result in noticeable movements of the buildings, the arrivals are recorded on sensitive
seismometers.
Animation Novice Multilingual
5. Mhs no absen 9-10
5 Different Earthquakes Equidistant from one Seismograph Station
A gridded sphere is used to show a single station recording five equidistant earthquakes.
Animation Novice GIF
Alaska: Tectonics and Earthquakes

Alaskan tectonics are dominated by the Pacific-North American plates. The megathrust boundary
between the plates results in both the 4,000-km-long Aleutian Trench and in the arc of active
volcanoes that lie subparallel to the trench.
Alaska: The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964
The 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake occurred on Good Friday, March 27th. Liquefaction in and
around Anchorage tore the land apart. At magnitude 9.2, it was the second largest quake ever
recorded by seismometers.
Asperities on a Strike-slip Fault

An asperity is an area on a fault that is stuck or locked. Scientists study areas along long fault
zones that have not had earthquakes in a long time in order to determine where the next
earthquake may occur. As long faults move, all areas of it will, at some point, become "unstuck"
causing an earthquake relative to the the size of the asperity that finally breaks.
Asperity on a Fault
View looking into a fault zone with a single asperity. Regional right lateral strain puts stress on
the fault zone. A single asperity resists movement of the green line which deforms before finally
rupturing.
Basin & Range: Deformation, Erosion & Sedimentation

As extension and uplift occur, erosion and sedimentation happen simultaneously but at slower
rates. As extension slows down, erosion and sedimentation can overcome mountain building.
Basin & Range: GPS measures extension
Simplified extension of the basin and range province as reflected in the GPS (global positioning
system) stations at distant ends of the region. Tension created by movements of Earth's tectonic
plates have stretched the earth's surface to the breaking point. The entire region has been pulled
apart, fracturing the tectonic plates and creating large faults.
Basin & Range: Structural Evolution

Over most of the last 30 million years, movement of hot mantle beneath the region caused the
surface to dome up and then partially collapse under its own weight, as it pulled apart. Currently,
there is very little actual stretching going on, and the small amount is concentrated on the
Western and Eastern edges of the Basin and Range.
Basin & Range: Volcanoes
During Basin & Range extension, the plates pull apart, the mantle rises and melts due to lower
pressures near the surface. The style of eruption depends on how long the magma sits in the
crust and undergoes processes such as crystallization and melting and assimilation of wall rock.
Building Resonance: Structural stability during earthquakes

All buildings have a natural period, or resonance, which is the number of seconds it takes for the
building to naturally vibrate back and forth. The ground also has a specific resonant frequency.
Hard bedrock has higher frequencies softer sediments. If the period of ground motion matches
the natural resonance of a building, it will undergo the largest oscillations possible and suffer the
greatest damage.
Buildings & Bedrock: Effects of amplification & liquefaction
Highly generalized animation reflects the arrivals of P, S, and surface waves to 3 closely spaced
buildings. Exaggerated movement of the buildings reflects the relative motion recorded by the
seismograms.
Central America—Earthquakes and Tectonics

Central America is one of the most vulnerable and highest risk areas in the world for
earthquakesis. It is squeezed by five tectonic boundaries, including a subduction zone boundary
where the Cocos Plate dives beneath the Caribbean Plate. High risk is due to the complicated
complicated tectonic landscape is populated by 50 million people, often in villages built before
earthquakes were understood.
Continental Collision: India-Asia
This animation shows a cut-globe view of the continental collision between India and Eurasia
from 60 million years ago to present. Many details are drawn reflecting ideas current in about
2006, and are subject to change as research continues.
Animation Novice
Data Visualization of Wells, NV Magnitude 6 Earthquake

Data visualization of the data generated by over 400 seismograph stations in response to the
February 21, 2008 earthquake in Wells, NV.
Earthquake Early Warning: Pacific Northwest subduction zone
This animation by UNAVCO shows us how an earthquake warning system uses existing seismic
networks to detect moderate to large earthquakes. Computers, communications technology, and
alarms are devised to notify the public while an earthquake is in progress.
Earthquake Intensity
Earthquake intensity (what is felt during an earthquake at any given location) is often mistaken
for earthquake magnitude (the instrumentally measured size of that earthquake). This animation
describes the main factors that contribute to differing intensities using examples of earthquakes.
Produced in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey.
Earthquake Machine: Basic One block & simple graph animated
Animation of the single-block "Earthquake Machine", a mechanical model of the earthquake

process using a wood block, sandpaper, and rubber bands. This model shows how "Forces,
Faults, and Friction" interact as elastic energy is slowly stored when the rubber back stretches
and then is rapidly released as the block jerks during an "earthquake".
Earthquake Machine: Graphing Time vs. Distance

Graphing time vs. distance using the classic block-and-sandpaper "earthquake machine"
Earthquake Machine: Graphing Time vs. Strain
Graphing time vs. strain using the classic block-and-sandpaper "earthquake machine"
Earthquake or Bomb?! How do scientists tell the difference?

Did someone just test a nuclear bomb? Seismometers can detect anything that shakes the
ground, so seismologists have to use many techniques to determine the cause. In this animation
we look at both seismograms and focal mechanisms.
Animation Novice
Earthquake Wave Analogies: LIKE ripples on water
Exploration of how an earthquake is LIKE ripples on/in water. Dr. Geophysics guides you through
the simple physics of potential energy and energy release. Analogies are a useful instructional
strategy, especially in the science classroom. In this case, the analog is a drop of water hovering
above and then falling into a pool of water, while the target is an earthquake.
Earthquake Wave Analogies: UNLIKE ripples on/in water

Part 2/2 Comparing seismic waves to ripples in water. This animation explores how seismic
waves are UNLIKE ripples on water. Dr. Geophysics helps explain 4 significant differences.
Animation Novice
Earthquake: Foreshock—Mainshock—Aftershock
There is often confusion surrounding the terminology of earthquakes. Large earthquakes are
usually followed by hundreds and even thousands of smaller earthquakes, called aftershocks.
EARTHQUAKE! Steps to take when it strikes

Drop! Cover! Hold On!
We do not know where we will be when an earthquake strikes, but we can know how to protect
ourselves when it happens. This animation shows quick steps to take in a variety of scenarios.
Educators Q & A pdf file is available as an optional download.
Fault Types: 3 Basic responses to stress
A fault is a rock fracture where the two sides have been displaced relative to each other. Faults
are categorized into three general groups based on the sense of slip or movement: normal,
reverse, and strike-slip.
This clip includes selected excerpts from the animation, "Earthquake Faults, Plate Boundaries, &
Stress".
Animation Novice
Fault: Normal
In a normal fault, the block above the fault moves down relative to the block below the fault. This
fault motion is caused by tensional forces and results in extension. Other names: normal-slip
fault, tensional fault or gravity fault. Examples: Sierra Nevada/Owens Valley; Basin & Range
faults.
Fault: Normal Basin & Range with Seismic Stations
Cross section of the shallow crust in the Basin & Range. Earthquake produces seismic waves
that bump an array of seismic stations. One station records the arrival of the seismic waves on a
seismogram.
Fault: Oblique
This left-lateral oblique-slip fault suggests both normal faulting and strike-slip faulting. It is caused
by a combination of shearing and tensional forces. Nearly all faults will have some component of
both dip-slip (normal or reverse) and strike-slip, so defining a fault as oblique requires both dip
and strike components to be measurable and significant.
Fault: Oblique right-lateral thrust
On this fault, the right-lateral, oblique-slip faulting suggests both thrust faulting and strike-slip
faulting. It is caused by a combination of shearing and compressional forces.
Fault: Reverse
In a reverse fault, the block above the fault moves up relative to the block below the fault. This
fault motion is caused by compressional forces and results in shortening. A reverse fault is called
a thrust fault if the dip of the fault plane is small. Other names: thrust fault, reverse-slip fault or
compressional fault]. Examples: Rocky Mountains, Himalayas.
Fault: Strike-slip
In a strike-slip fault, the movement of blocks along a fault is horizontal. The fault motion of a
strike-slip fault is caused by shearing forces. Other names: transcurrent fault, lateral fault, tear
fault or wrench fault. Examples: San Andreas Fault, California; Anatolian Fault, Turkey.
Fault: Strike-slip -- High Friction with Elastic Rebound

Animation shows the buildup of stress along the margin of two stuck plates that are trying to slide
past one another. Stress and strain increase along the contact until the friction is overcome and
rock breaks.
Fault: Strike-slip -- Left lateral with no friction
Left-lateral fault strike slip fault with little or no friction along fault contact. There is no deformation
of the rock adjacent to contact. If the block opposite an observer looking across the fault moves
to the left, the motion is termed left lateral.
Animation Novice
Fault: Strike-slip -- Right lateral with no friction

Left-lateral fault strike slip fault with low friction along fault contact. There is no deformation of the
rock adjacent to contact. If the block opposite an observer looking across the fault moves to the
left, the motion is termed left lateral. Example: the San Andreas Fault of California
Animation Novice
Fault: Strike-slip direction (left lateral and right lateral)
The main sense of slip across a strike-slip fault is horizontal. But the movement can be right
lateral (ground on opposite side of fault is moving right with respect to the other block) or left
lateral (ground opposite moves left).
Wallace Creek segment of the San Andreas Fault is example of a right-lateral strike-slip fault.
Fault: Transform
A transform fault is a type of strike-slip fault wherein the relative horizontal slip is accommodating
the movement between two ocean ridges or other tectonic boundaries. They are connected on
both ends to other faults.
Faults, Plate Boundaries, & Stress—How are they related?
Earth-science educators, ever get asked, "What is stress? Why do faults form in Earth’s crust? or
How are faults related to plate boundaries?"
This animation describes stress in Earth's outer layer and how it leads to faults and plate
boundaries.
Focal Mechanisms Explained

The focal mechanism of an earthquake is represented by a “beachball” diagram. These are
released after an earthquake to illustrate the type of faulting produced the earthquake. This
difficult concept is carefully explained using strike-slip, normal, and thrust faults.
GIFS for select segments included as optional download.
Animation Intermediate Multilingual GIF
GPS Measures Deformation in Subduction Zone: Island Arc Setting
GPS records the movement of the leading edge of the overlying continental plate in a
subduction zone. The plates are locked and the overlying plate is forced back. When friction is
overcome and strain is released, the GPS receiver will snap back toward its original position.
GPS Measures Deformation in Subduction Zones: Ocean/continent

GPS can record the movement of the leading edge of the overlying continental plate in a
subduction zone. The plates are locked and the overlying plate is forced back. When friction is
overcome and strain is released, the GPS receiver will snap back toward its original position.
GPS Records Variable Deformation across a Subduction Zone
Subduction zones show that there are 3 distinct areas of movement in the overlying plate:
1. constant movement above the locked leading edge,

2. see-saw pattern of back-&-forth movement above a zone that alternately locks then slips,
and
3. no movement far inland above the deeper part of the diving oceanic plate.
Ground Motion Visualization for the 04/25/16, M7.8 Nepal earthquake

Seismic waves from the 2015 Nepal earthquake move across the United States and are
recorded by EarthScope's USArray seismograph stations. The USArray Ground Motion
Visualization (GMV) illustrates how seismic waves travel away from the earthquake location by
depicting the recorded wave amplitudes at each EarthScope/USArray station location using
colored symbols.
Animation Novice
Gulf of California: Earthquakes & Tectonics
This animation depicts the evolution of the spreading ridge that marks the boundary between the
Pacific and North American Tectonic Plates. The on-land part of this submarine spreading ridge
extends into Baja California, Mexico and the Imperial Valley of California where it is transitioning
from ridge-transform boundary to the continental boundary along the San Andreas fault zone.
Haiti Earthquake 2010—10 years later

On the tenth anniversary of the January 12, 2010 magnitude 7.0 earthquake in Haiti, it is
important to reflect on the plate tectonic context and human impact of that event.
This earthquake was five times more fatal than any historical magnitude 7 earthquake and the
fourth most lethal earthquake of any magnitude in the last 100 years.
Haiti's 2010 earthquake: strike slip vs subduction
Strike-slips faults like the one that devastated Haiti don't generally cause tsunami, except for
small local ripples. The Haiti earthquake was a horizontal motion. Tsunamis are caused by either
an uplifting of the ocean floor, or by a huge chunk of land sliding into the ocean. Subduction-zone
earthquakes raise the ocean bottom suddenly to push the water in tsunamis.
Hawaiian Islands: Origin of Earthquakes

Thousands of earthquakes are recorded in the Hawaiian Islands every year. Most occur in and
beneath the Big Island. What causes these earthquakes? This animation offers three general
sources for the earthquakes.
Animation Novice
Hispaniola—Earthquakes and Tectonics
Hispaniola straddles four plates: the Caribbean Plate and the Gonâve, Hispaniola, and North
Hispaniola microplates. It is squeezed between the North American and Caribbean Plates. The
island, which includes both Haiti and the Dominican Republic, is home to 22 million people.
Animation Novice
Hotspot Volcanic Island: Stages in the Life

This animation shows the evolution of a single island in a hotspot chain as it forms and evolves
over a period of about 40 million years.
Hotspot Volcanism: Thermal Plume
A volcanic "hotspot" is an area in the mantle from which heat rises as a thermal plume from deep
in the Earth. As the tectonic plate moves over the stationary hot spot, the volcanoes are rafted
away and new ones form in their place. This results in chains of volcanoes, such as the Hawaiian
Islands.
Impacts of Geodesy in Science and Life

How do scientists study millimeter scale movements of earth’s surface over time? How do we
keep all of our clocks synchronized around the world? With geodesy!
Animation Novice
Jamaica—Tectonics and Earthquakes
Jamaica straddles the Caribbean Plate and the Gonâve Microplate, the largest of four
microplates that are caught in a crunch between the North American and Caribbean Plates.
Jamaica has had a long history of deadly earthquakes.
Animation Novice
Japan's Earthquakes & Tectonic Setting

Japan has more measurable earthquakes than any other country and has over 100 active
volcanoes. These both result from Japan being wedged among four major tectonic plates. The
tectonics are complicated, but in this animation we attempt to look at the basic mechanics of the
region. We focus on two famous earthquakes: the 1995 Kobe (Great Hanshin) earthquake and
the 2011 Tohoku Oki earthquake.
Layers of the Earth
The Earth has 3 main layers based on chemical composition: crust, mantle, and core. Other
layers are defined by physical characteristics due to pressure and temperature changes. This
animation tells how the layers were discovered, what the layers are, and a bit about how the
crust differs from the tectonic (lithospheric) plates, a distinction confused by many.
Layers of the Earth—What is the Moho?
Without understanding what it is, we often hear the phrase “down to the Moho”, meaning very
very deep. The Mohorovicic Discontinuity, commonly called the “Moho” is recognized as the
boundary zone between Earth's crust and the mantle. Spoiler Alert: It is about Snell’s Law.
LIDAR: Airborn Light Detection and Ranging

Airborne LIDAR is an optical remote sensing tool that uses laser pulses to measure the precise
distance to the ground. The airplane-mounted laser range-finding system, transmits and receives
data, which are precisely located using a highly sensitive GPS receiver. Computer-generated
images reveal hidden faults not seen through the vegetation.
Animation Novice
Liquefaction during the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake
Liquefaction is a process by which water-saturated sediment temporarily loses strength and acts
as a fluid. This effect can be caused by earthquake shaking.
Magnitude Explained: Moment Magnitude vs. Richter Scale

The "moment magnitude" scale has replaced the Richter scale for large earthquakes. Scientists
have developed far-more sensitive seismometers that, with faster computers, have enabled them
to record & interpret a broader spectrum of seismic signals than was possible in the 1930's,
when the Richter magnitude was developed. Find out what scientists learn from seismograms.
Magnitude Perspective: Graphical comparison of earthquake energy release (NOAA)
This animation, created by NOAA's Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, graphically compares the
relative "sizes" of some 20th and 21st century earthquakes by their moment magnitudes. Each
circle's area represents its relative energy release, and its label lists its moment magnitude, its
location, and the year it happened.
Animation Novice
Magnitude: Changing an Earthquake's Magnitude (downgrade/upgrade)

Why do seismologists change the magnitude of an earthquake? Obtaining an accurate
preliminary magnitude can be difficult due not only to the complex processes that occur deep
within the Earth, but because there are over a dozen techniques of for calculating the magnitude
of an earthquake.
Mars vs Earth—General physical comparison
This animation looks at a basic physical comparison of the Earth with our closest neighbor, Mars.
But why would we make an animation about Mars? The reason we did it is because NASA is
going to put a seismograph on Mars on the next InSight mission. We look forward to being able
to "see" beneath the surface using earthquake signals, if there are any.
Mexico: Earthquakes & Tectonics

In 1985, a Great, magnitude 8.1 subduction zone earthquake occurred beneath the coast of
Michoacan, Mexico causing over 9,000 fatalities over 350 km away. What caused it and how has
Mexico instituted their Earthquake Early Warning system? This animation describes the
mechanics.
Monitoring Injection Wells—Basic Hall Integral Method
An injection well is used to emplace fluids into the subsurface using pressure. This technical
animation describes the injection process.
Animation Intermediate
New Madrid Earthquake: A River Runs Backward

No audio: How can a river run backwards? This animation shows how a river can be forced
backwards, albeit only long enough to find a new route. Several written accounts from the New
Madrid earthquake of 1811 and 1812 describe the horror as great waters swashed upriver
causing lakes to form on previously dry land.
New Madrid Region: Geologic history in cross section
Volcanoes, dinosaurs & inland sea around New Madrid? Hmm. There is an interesting geologic
story told in the rocks of the New Madrid seismic zone. This animation takes each segment of
geology and spins a scenario in cross section to see how the landscape has changed over its
500 million year history. No audio.
Orphan Tsunami: Megathrust earthquakes in the Pacific N.W.

Native American oral history, tsunami geology along the Pacific Northwest coastlines, dating of
"Ghost Forests", and Sumurai records indicate that a Great magnitude 9 earthquake occurred off
the coast of Oregon and Washington on January 26, 1700 at 9:00 pm. This was pre-European
contact.
P Wave vs. S Wave
When an earthquake occurs, seismic waves, including P and S waves carry energy away from
the hypocenter in all directions. This video explores how the difference in the P and S waves
results in staggered arrivals that, in turn, provides information about how far away the earthquake
was from the seismograph.
Animation Novice
Pacific Northwest Volcanism—55 million years to present

The Pacific Northwest boasts an active volcanic arc (Cascades), a nearby ocean ridge (between
Pacific & Juan de Fuca Plates), the world’s youngest flood basalt province (Columbia River
Basalt), a hot-spot chain of eastward-younging volcanoes (Yellowstone), Basin-Range extension,
and more. This animation simplifies several complex tectonic interaction.
Pacific Northwest vs Japan: Similar tectonic settings
This UNAVCO animation compares Japan's subduction zone at the location of the 2011

earthquake with a mirror-image subduction zone in the Pacific Northwest. There are many
similarities.
Animation Novice
Pacific Northwest: Three types of tectonic earthquakes

It is common knowledge that the Pacific Northwest can expect a subduction-zone megathrust
earthquake in the future. But did you know that there are other types of damaging earthquakes.
This animation uses analogies and cartoon block diagrams to teach about the three types of
earthquakes.
Pacific NW—The Cascadia Subduction Zone (geomorphology)
The Cascadia Subduction Zone of the Pacific Northwest is comprised of a collection of major
geographic features, including the subducting plate, the subduction plate boundary, the Coast
Range, the Puget-Willamette lowlands, and the Cascades Mountain Range.
Animation Novice
Pakistan: Earthquakes and Tectonics

Pakistan is split along the boundary between the Eurasian and Indian plates where the India
plate slides northward relative to the Eurasia plate in the east. The Eruasia Plate is also being
shoved by the Arabia plate as it subducts northward beneath the Eurasia plate along the
boundary south of this map. These motions typically result in north-south to northeast-southwest
strike-slip motion.
Animation Novice
Peru-Chile Subduction Zone: Earthquakes & Tectonics
THIS IS A REMAKE OF OUR 2014 ANIMATION
This animation explores three major mechanisms for earthquakes in South America due to the
interaction of the Nazca and South American plates.
Plate Boundaries: Three types differentiated

This intermediate-level animation describes what the tectonic (lithospheric) plates are and how
they interact. It differentiates between continental and oceanic plates, and between the three
major types of boundaries.
Plate Boundary: Convergent margin
The subduction zone iswhere two tectonic (lithospheric) plates come together, one subducting
(diving) beneath the other. The plates are locked together and periodically overcome the friction
causing the leading edge of the overlying plate to surge back, lifting a wall of water producting a
tsunami.
Plate Boundary: Divergent (Fast-spreading Ridge)

New oceanic crust is created at this boundary when basalt magma, formed in the mantle, rises
into fractures in the crust and solidifies. Spreading ridges are high elevation because the young
oceanic plate at the ridge crest is hot and less dense than the older, colder and more dense plate
on the flanks of the ridge.
Plate Movement - 200 Million Years Ago to Today
This animation of seafloor spreading and plate tectonic evolution of the planet since 200 million
years ago is from NOAA's Science On A Sphere series. It shows how the continents moved
apart and, in some cases, stitched back together. Red areas are the youngest rocks created at
mid-ocean ridges.
Animation Novice
Plate Tectonic Theory: A Brief History

The "Father of Plate Tectonics", Alfred Wegener wasn't recognized when he proposed
"Continental Drift" in 1912. It would take another 50 years to be accepted. And yet, in the year
1596 the process was already considered by cartographer Abraham Ortelius. This animation
gives an overview of the most-recognized proponents (and opponents) of Plate Tectonics Theory
up into the 1960's.
Plate Tectonics—What Are the Forces that Drive Plate Tectonics?
Lithospheric plates are part of a planetary scale thermal convection system. The energy source
for plate tectonics is Earth’s internal heat while the forces moving the plates are the “ridge push”
and “slab pull” gravity forces.
Puerto Rico—Tectonics & Earthquake History

In January 2020, Puerto Rico was rattled for more than three weeks by over 400 earthquakes
greater than M3. Before addressing that sequence, this animation will look at the broader
tectonic setting and earthquake history.
Animation Novice
Reflection Seismology: Seeing below the ground
Man-made sound waves produced by airguns travel through the earth, reflect off different rock
layers, then are recorded by geophones being towed behind the boat.
Animation Novice
Sand Boil Forms: Example from 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake

Sand Boil: sand-laden water can be ejected from a buried liquefied layer and erupt at the surface
to form sand volcanoes; the surrounding ground often fractures and settles.
Animation Novice
Seismic Eruption: Worldwide Earthquakes & Volcanoes 1960-2007
This animation of the PC program, SeismicEruption, was created for those who are unable to
use the program but want to see how Alan L. Jones' SeismicEruption program works.
Animation Novice
Seismic Shadow Zone: Basic Introduction

Seismic shadow zones have taught us much about the inside of the earth. This shows how P
waves travel through solids and liquids, but S waves are stopped by the liquid outer core.
Seismic Shadow Zones vs Light Shadows
The wave properties of light are used as an analogy to help us understand seismic-wave
behavior.
Seismic Shadow Zones: P wave

The shadow zone is the area of the earth from angular distances of 104 to 140 degrees from a
given earthquake that does not receive any direct P waves. The different phases show how the
initial P wave changes when encountering boundaries in the Earth.
Seismic Shadow Zones: S wave shadow zone
The shadow zone results from S waves being stopped entirely by the liquid core. Three different
S-wave phases show how the initial S wave is stopped (damped), or how it changes when
encountering boundaries in the Earth.
Seismic Tomography (CT scan as analogy)

Seismic tomography is an imaging technique that uses seismic waves generated by earthquakes
and explosions to create computer-generated, three-dimensional images of Earth's interior. CAT
scans are often used as an analogy. Here we simplify things and make an Earth of uniform
density with a slow zone that we image as a magma chamber.
Seismic Wave Behavior: A single boundary refracts & reflects
Seismic waves travel at different speeds through different materials. In this 2-layer model two
wave fronts leave an impact at the same time but the lower layer is faster.
Animation Novice
Seismic Wave Behavior: Critically refracted rays

In this model of increasing velocity with depth, the critically refracted seismic rays speed up with
depth as they pass 5 different velocity boundaries.
Seismic Wave Behavior: Critically Refracted Rays Ping Arrivals
Seismic Wave Behavior: Curving paths through the Earth

Seismic waves travel a curving path through the earth due to changes in composition, pressure,
and temperature within the layers of the Earth.
Seismic Wave Behavior: Direct vs. Critically Refracted Graphed
Animation shows the race between the direct seismic wave vs. the deeper, longer-path critically
refracted seismic wave. Graph records the arrival times.
Seismic Wave Motions—4 waves animated
An earthquake or explosion can generate seismic waves. These elastic waves may travel either
through the earth’s interior as "body waves" (P and S waves) or along or near the earth’s surface
as "surface waves" (Rayleigh and Love waves). This set of four animations shows the behavior
of each using a 3-D grid.
Animation Novice
Seismic Waves: P- and S-wave particle motion and relative wave-front speeds
The P wave propagates at ~6 km/sec in rock with particle motions that are parallel to the
direction of propagation. The S wave is slower at 4 km/sec and propagates with particle motions
that are perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
Animation Novice
Seismograms of Common Events: Compiled
Seismograms of common events are compiled to show the different seismic signals recorded by
ground-shaking events. Seismograms can record everything from nearby earthquakes to
earthquakes on the other side of the world, plus anything that shakes the ground near the
seismograph station like people walking, elk running, rocks falling and helicopters landing.
Animation Novice
Seismograms: Illustrated Guide to Reading a Seismogram (USGS)

This USGS video provides a tutorial for anyone interested in interpreting the seismic records on
public webicorder displays. Seismometers measure vibrations. More vibration… more wiggle.
Some seismometers measure only up and down; some measure up-down, north-south, and
east-west motion.
Animation Novice
Seismograph: Horizontal
Animation of the principles of a drum-style horizontal seismograph station that records back-
and-forth (N-S, E-W) movement.
Seismograph: Vertical
Animation of the principles of a drum-style vertical seismograph station that records up-and-down
movement.
Seismograph: Vertical (slow motion)
Animation of the principles of a drum-style vertical seismograph station that records up-and-down
movement.
Animation Novice
ShakeAlert: Earthquake Early Warning System

ShakeAlert (www.shakealert.org) is an experimental earthquake early warning system (EEW)
being tested in the seismically vulnerable West Coast of the United States. This animation shows
how ShakeAlert worked for the Napa earthquake, and how it could work for a large M7.8
hypothetical earthquake in Southern California.
Socorro Magma Body: What it is and the monitoring strategy
The Socorro Magma Body, New Mexico is the 2nd largest magma body within continental crust
in the world.
Solomon & Vanuatu Islands: Earthquakes & Tectonics

The Solomon and Vanuatu Islands are subduction-related features caused by the subduction of
the Indo-Australian Plate beneath the greater Pacific Plate. It is a seismically active area of
frequent large earthquakes.
Animation Novice
Stratigraphy: Geologic history of a region in cross section
Stratigraphy is the branch of geology that studies rock layers; structure includes the faults and
folds that result from regional & local forces acting on the area. A hypothetical cross section is
studied by going back to the beginning to study its progressive geologic history.
Subduction Zone: Relative motion with no friction

Oblique view of a highly generalized animation of a subduction zone where an oceanic plate is
sliding beneath a continental plate with no friction just to show the relative motion between the
plates..
Animation Novice
Subduction Zone: Simplified model of elastic rebound
Oblique view of a highly generalized animation of a subduction zone where an oceanic plate is
subducting beneath a continental plate. (See sketch below for parts.) This scenario can happen
repeatedly on a 100-500 year cycle. The process which produces a mega-thrust earthquake
would generate a tsunami, not depicted here.
Subduction Zone: Tsunamis Generated by Megathrust Earthquakes

Subduction-zone megathrust earthquakes, the most powerful earthquakes in the world, can
produce tsunamis through a variety of structures that are missed by simple models including:
fault boundary rupture, deformation of overlying plate, splay faults and landslides. From a
hazards viewpoint, it is critical to remember that tsunamis are multiple waves that often arrive on
shore for many hours after the initial wave.
Sumatra: A Tale of Two Earthquakes
In 2004 a Magnitude 9.1 interplate subduction earthquake triggered a tsunami that killed over
230,000 people. Yet a nearby magnitude 8.7 intraplate earthquake in 2012, caused little damage
and generated minimal ocean waves. This animation describes the different tectonic settings of
the two plates, and how the Indo-Australian plate seems destined to become two distinct tectonic
plates: the Indian and the Australian plates.
Animation Novice
Take 2: Can Earthquakes Be Predicted? (Part 1)

For an earthquake prediction to be meaningful, it has to specify a time, location, and magnitude
range that is unlikely to occur randomly. Who can predict an earthquake?
Animation Novice
Take 2: Can Earthquakes Be Predicted? (Part 2)
Seismologists would love to be able to predict a major earthquake. Watch Part 1 to learn what is
required. This animation compares an earthquake to a heart attack.
Animation Novice
Take 2: Epicenter vs. Hypocenter (Yep, there is a difference)
The epicenter is the map location on Earth’s surface, above where earthquake began. An

earthquake actually begins inside the earth at the hypocenter. Learn more!
Animation Novice
Take 2: Hazard vs. Risk
A seismic hazard is the probability that earthquake shaking of a certain intensity will occur in a
given geographic area, within a given window of time. From that, risks can be assessed and
included in mitigation efforts. Let's compare them.
Animation Novice
Take 2: Magnitude vs. Intensity
Magnitude and intensity are both related to the size of an earthquake, but they each measure
different aspects. One is measured using seismometers; the others is felt. Let's use a lightbulb
as an analogy.
Animation Novice
Take 2: Plate vs. Crust

People often use the terms crust and tectonic plates interchangeably. It can be confusing
because they are paired, and yet they are distinct from each other.
Animation Novice
Tectonics & Earthquakes of the Himalaya
Regional compression produces broadly distributed earthquakes north of the Himalayan plate
boundary. However, the historical earthquake record indicates that the largest occur on the
shallow portion of the megathrust boundary. This animation discusses regional processes and
focusses on the 2015 Nepal earthquake. Watch video footage of Kathmandu with a graph of
GPS motion at 2min 55sec provided by UNAVCO.
Animation Novice
Travel-time Curves: How they are created
A travel time curve is a graph of the time that it takes for seismic waves to travel from the
epicenter of an earthquake to the hundreds of seismograph stations around the world. The
arrival times of P, S, and surface waves are shown to be predictable. This animates an IRIS
poster linked with the animation.
USArray Visualizations: Tutorial on viewing

As earthquake waves travel along the surface of the Earth, they cause the ground to move. The
ground motions can be captured and displayed as a movie, providing a visual demonstration of
these often indiscernible movements.
Animation Novice
Using Seismographs to Study Hurricanes
The earth is a noisy place and highly sensitive seismographs record anything that shakes the
ground. The vast majority of the seismic record shows low-intensity seismic “noise' from a
different source: the oceans. Hurricanes and typhoons can increase the amplitude of ocean
waves which, in turn, drum on the ocean floor.
Volcano Monitoring: Measuring Deformation and Tilt with GPS

Volcano deformation can provide clues about what is happening deep below the surface. Two
techniques used to monitor deformation include Tiltmeters and GPS.
Volcano Monitoring: Measuring Magmatic Gas
Magmatic gas is the driving force of volcanic eruptions. A primary objective in gas monitoring is
to determine changes in the release of certain gases from a volcano, chiefly carbon dioxide and
sulfur dioxide. Such changes can be used with other monitoring information to provide eruption
warnings and to improve our understanding of how volcanoes work.
Animation Novice
Volcano Monitoring: Using InSAR to see changes in volcano shape

Between 1997-2001 the ground around the Three Sisters Volcanoes in Oregon bulged
indicating magma was rising. This bulge was detected using InSAR. InSAR stands for
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. Satellites record images of the Earth's surface, and
these images can be combined to show subtle movements of the ground surface, called
deformation.
Animation Novice
Volcano Monitoring: Volcanic Earthquakes
Earthquake activity beneath a volcano almost always increases before an eruption because
magma and volcanic gas must first force their way up through shallow underground fractures and
passageways. The continuous release of seismic energy is induced by the movement of magma.
Volcano Seismicity at Long-dormant Stratovolcanoes

Earthquakes near and beneath volcanoes alert may indicate that magma and volcanic gases are
on the move. This animation represents generalized patterns of seismic and geological activity at
some, but not all, long dormant stratovolcanoes worldwide during the months to hours leading up
to an eruption. The volcano-tectonic earthquake pattern is common at long-dormant volcanoes
but uncommon at frequently active volcanoes.( USGS-IRIS collaboration)

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ANIMASI TEKTONIK DARI IRIS

1. Mhs no absen 1-2

2. Mhs no absen 3-4

10 Different Earthquakes of Equal Magnitude Recorded by One Station

A gridded sphere is used to show:

3. Mhs no absen 5-6

3-Component Seismogram Records Seismic-wave Motion

4. Mhs no absen 7-8

4-station Seismograph Network Records a Single Earthquake

4-station Seismograph Network; No Cartoon House Bounce

5. Mhs no absen 9-10

5 Different Earthquakes Equidistant from one Seismograph Station

Alaska: Tectonics and Earthquakes

Alaska: The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964

6. Mhs no absen 11-12

Asperities on a Strike-slip Fault

7. Mhs no absen 13-14

Basin & Range: Deformation, Erosion & Sedimentation

8. Mhs no absen 15-16

Basin & Range: GPS measures extension

Basin & Range: Structural Evolution

Basin & Range: Volcanoes

9. Mhs no absen 17-18

Building Resonance: Structural stability during earthquakes

10. Mhs no absen 19-20

Buildings & Bedrock: Effects of amplification & liquefaction

Central America—Earthquakes and Tectonics

11. Mhs no absen 21-22

Continental Collision: India-Asia

Data Visualization of Wells, NV Magnitude 6 Earthquake

12. Mhs no absen 23-24

Earthquake Early Warning: Pacific Northwest subduction zone

13. Mhs no absen 25-26

14. Mhs no absen 27-28

Earthquake Machine: Basic One block & simple graph animated

Animation of the single-block "Earthquake Machine", a mechanical model of the earthquake

Earthquake Machine: Graphing Time vs. Distance

Earthquake Machine: Graphing Time vs. Strain

15. Mhs no absen 29-30

Earthquake or Bomb?! How do scientists tell the difference?

Earthquake Wave Analogies: LIKE ripples on water

Earthquake Wave Analogies: UNLIKE ripples on/in water

EARTHQUAKE! Steps to take when it strikes

Fault Types: 3 Basic responses to stress

Fault: Normal Basin & Range with Seismic Stations

Fault: Oblique right-lateral thrust

Fault: Strike-slip -- High Friction with Elastic Rebound

Fault: Strike-slip -- Left lateral with no friction

Fault: Strike-slip -- Right lateral with no friction

Fault: Strike-slip direction (left lateral and right lateral)

Faults, Plate Boundaries, & Stress—How are they related?

Focal Mechanisms Explained

GPS Measures Deformation in Subduction Zone: Island Arc Setting

GPS Measures Deformation in Subduction Zones: Ocean/continent

GPS Records Variable Deformation across a Subduction Zone

1. constant movement above the locked leading edge,

Ground Motion Visualization for the 04/25/16, M7.8 Nepal earthquake