Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

(d) Integration by Substitution

Generally, to find an integral  f ( x)dx by means of a given

substitution x  h  u  ,
dx
Step 1: find  h '(u ) ,
du
dx
Step 2: write  f  x  d x   f  h  u  
du   f  h  u   h '  u  du ,
du
Step 3: perform the integration with respect to the new variable u.
For indefinite integrals, convert the result back in terms of the
original variable x.

 Note
b
For definite integrals  f ( x)dx , the limits a and b refer to the value of x.
a
Hence, if we change the variable from x to u, the limits will not be a and b
anymore. We need to find the values of u that correspond to the given
values of x before doing step 2.

۞ Example 14
1 1 x
Derive the formula a 2
x 2
dx  tan 1    C by means of the
a a
substitution x  a tan  .

Proof
dx
x  a tan    a sec 2   dx  a sec2  d
d
1 1
 a 2  x2 dx   a 2  a 2 tan 2  a sec  d
2

1
 2 a sec2  d
a 1  tan  
2

1
 a sec 2  d
a sec 2 
2

1 1  x
  d     C where   tan 1  
a a a
1 x
 tan 1    C
a a

21
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

۞ Example 15

Using the given substitutions, find

1
e x e tan 2 x
(i)  dx (let u  x ) (ii)  dx (let u = tan-1 2x)
x 1  4x 2

1
(iii)  dx (let x  2sin  )
x 4  x2
2

Solution

 i  Given u x  ii  Let u  tan 1 2 x

du 1 1 du 2 2
   
dx 2 x 2u dx 1   2 x  1  4 x 2
2

e x
eu 1 1
 x
dx   2u du
u e
tan 1 2 x

1  4x 2
dx   eu du
2
 2 eu du 1
 eu  C
2
 2eu  C
1 1
 e tan 2 x  C
 2e x  C 2
 iii  Given x  2sin 
dx
 2 cos   dx  2 cos  d
d
π π
When x  2,   ; When x  3,  
4 3
π
3 1 1
 2
x2 4 x 2
dx   π3
4 4sin  4  4sin 
2 2
2 cos  d

π
1
  π3 2 cos  d
4 4sin  2 cos 
2

1 π3
  π cosec  d
2

4 4
π
1
   cot   π3
4 4

1 1  3 3
   1 
4 3  12

22
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

 Note
Parts (i), (ii) can be solved using one of the following standard forms:
f  x
 e f '( x) dx  e  C
f ( x)

۞ Example 16

Use the substitution x  cos  to find the exact value of

 sin 
 2
 /2 1  cos 
d .

Solution

dx 1
  sin   d   dx
d sin 
when    , x  cos   1,
 
when   , x  cos  0,
2 2
 sin 
 
2 1  cos 
2
d

-1 sin  1
 ( ) dx
0 1 x 2
sin 
-1 1
 dx
0 1  x2

 [tan 1 ( x)]01
 [tan 1 ( x)]01

 0  ( )
4


4

(e) Integration by Parts

In differential calculus, we have the product rule which states that

 uv   u    v   where u and v are functions of x .
d dv du
dx  dx   dx 

Integrating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we obtain

23
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

d  dv   du 
 dx  uv  dx   u  dx  dx   v  dx  dx
 dv   du   dv   du 
 uv   u   dx   v   dx   u  dx  dx  u v   v  dx  dx
 dx   dx 

We can re-write it as:  u v 'dx  u v   u ' v dx

Advice on choosing u
Remembering the acronym LIATE helps in deciding the order of priority.
L I A T E
Logarithmic Inverse Trigo. Algebraic Trigonometric Exponential

In short, u should be the factor that is more difficult to integrate.

۞ Example 17
π
Find (i)  x ln x dx
3
(ii)  x cos 3 x dx
2
0

Solution

(i) Referring to 'LIATE', we take

u  ln x and v '  x 3
du 1 x4
Then u '   and v   x 3dx 
dx x 4
Using  uv 'dx  uv   u ' v dx
 x4   1   x4 
 x 3
ln x dx   ln x          dx
 4   x  4 
1 1
 x 4 ln x   x3dx
4 4
1 4 1  x4  1 1
 x ln x     C  x 4 ln x  x 4  C
4 4 4  4 16

24
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

sin 3 x
 ii  Take u  x and v '  cos 3 x , then u' = 1 and v =
3
Using  uv 'dx  uv   u ' v dx
π
π
  sin 3x   2 π
 sin 3 x 
 x cos 3x dx   x     0 1 
  dx
2 2
0
  3 0  3 
π
π  1  1  cos 3x  2
     
2 3 3 3  0
π 1 3π 
   cos  cos 0 
6 9 2 
π 1
 
6 9
 
۞ Example 18

2
Find (i) 
1
ln x dx (ii)  tan 1 2 x dx
Solution

(i) Express ln x as  ln x 1 ,

then, referring to 'LIATE', we take u  ln x and v '  1
du 1
Then u '   and v   1dx  x
dx x
Using  uv 'dx  uv   u ' v dx
2 1 
ln x dx  ln x  x  1      x  dx  2 ln 2   x 1  2 ln 2  1
2 2

2
1 1
x

25
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

2
 ii  Take u  tan 1 2 x and v '  1 , then u' = and v = x
1  4 x2
2
 tan
1
2 x dx  tan 1 2 x  x     x  dx
1 2x
2

1 1

 x tan 1 2 x  
4 1  4x2
 8 x  dx
1
 
 x tan 1 2 x  ln 1  4 x 2  C
4
1
   
 x tan 1 2 x  ln 1  4 x 2  C [1  4 x 2  0]
4

Repeated Use
Sometimes we have to use integration by parts more than once to obtain an
answer.

۞ Example 19
Find (i)  x 2 e3 x dx (ii)  e 2 x cos x dx

Solution
2e 
3x
e3 x
(i)  x 2 3x
e dx  x   
  2 x  dx Let u  x 2 and v '  e3 x
 3  3
e3 x
   
3x
1 2 Then u ' 2 x and v e dx
 x 2 e3 x   x e3 x dx 3
3 3
1 2 3x 2
3 3
 
 x e    x  e3 x dx [ Let u1  x, v1 '  e3 x ]

1 2   e3 x  e3 x 
 x 2 e3 x   x    1 dx 
3 3  3  3 
1 2 3 x 2   e3 x  e3 x 
 x e  x   C
3 3  3  9 
1 2 2 
 e3 x  x 2  x    C
3 9 27 

26
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

 ii  I    cos x   e2 x  dx [Let u  cos x, v '  e 2 x ]

 e2 x   e2 x 
  cos x    
   sin x    dx
 2   2 
1 1
 e 2 x cos x    sin x  e 2 x dx [Let u  sin x, v '  e 2 x ]
2 2
1 1  e2 x   e2 x  
 e 2 x cos x   sin x    
 cos x    dx 
2 2  2   2  
1 1 1
 e 2 x cos x  e 2 x sin x  I  C '
2 4 4
1 1 2x 1 2x
I  I  e cos x  e sin x  C '
4 2 4
 4  1 1  4
 I     e 2 x cos x  e 2 x sin x   C '
 5  2 4  5
1
 e 2 x  2 cos x  sin x   C
5

 Note
1. Integration by parts can be applied to integrate
(i) a product of two functions of which at least one of them is
directly integrable. (Example 17)
(ii) inverse trigonometric functions and logarithmic functions.
(Example 18)

2. Not all integrands that are products of two terms need to be integrated
  x e  dx ,  sin 3 cos 2 d
x2
by parts, for example, (using standard
formula).
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

27
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

   Tutorial 5B

1. (a) Using the given substitutions, find the following integrals.

cot 2 x
(i)  x dx (use u  x )
x 1
(ii)  x 2  1 dx (use x  tan  )
1
(iii)  e x  1 dx (use u  e  1 )
x

(b) Using the given substitutions, evaluate the following integrals, giving
your answer in exact form whenever possible.
1 1
(i)  dx (use u  3 x )
0
1 x 3

3 x
(ii)  dx (use u  2 x  1 )
 2 x  1
1 3

1
(iii)  x 1  x  dx (use x  sin 2  )
0

2. Using integration by parts, find the following integrals.

(i)  x3x dx (ii)  x 4 ln x 4 dx (iii)  x cosec 2 x dx
tan 1 x
(iv)  sin x dx
1
(v)  dx (vi)  e3 x cos 5 x dx
x2
(vii)  sec3 x dx

2 1 π
3. Find the exact value of (i)  ln x dx (ii)  x cos 2 x dx
1 x3 0

d x2
(b)  xe x dx .
2
4. (N02/I/6) (i) Write down (a) (e ),
dx
1

2
(ii) Find x 3 e x dx .
0

5. (N05/I/3) (i) State the derivative of sin( x 2 ) .

x
3
(ii) Find cos( x 2 )dx .

28
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

6. (N03/I/6) Use the substitution x  tan  to find the exact value of

1 1  x2
 0 (1  x 2 )2 dx
7. (N01/I/15)
3 11
(a) Use the fact that 7 cos x  4sin x  (cos x  sin x)  (cos x  sin x) to
2 2
find the exact value of
1
 7 cos x  4sin x
 0
2
cos x  sin x
dx
e
(b) Use integration by parts to find the exact value of  1
(ln x) 2 dx .
1 1
(c) Using the substitution x 
y
, or otherwise, find x ( x 2  1)
dx .

P( x)
8. (N05/I/14(Either)) The indefinite integral x3
1
dx , where P(x) is a
polynomial in x, is denoted by I.

(i) Find I when P( x)  x 2 .

(ii) By writing x3  1  ( x  1)( x 2  Ax  B) , where A and B are constants,
find I when (a) P( x)  x 2  x  1 , (b) P( x)  x  1
(iii)Using the results of parts (i) and (ii), or otherwise, find I when P(x)=1.

e
9. (N08/I/5 (ii)) Find, in terms of n and e,  1
x n ln xdx , when n  1 .

10. (N98/I/Q18(b)) If x  4 cos 2   7 sin 2  , show that 7  x  3cos 2  , and

find a similar expression for x  4 . By using the substitution
7 1
x  4 cos 2   7 sin 2  , evaluate  dx .
4
 x  4  7  x 

29
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

Answers

1(i) 2 cot x  2 x  C (ii) x 2  1  ln x  x 2  1  C

3
(iii) x  ln(1  e x )  C (iv) 3ln 2 
2
8 π
(v) (vi)
25 8

1 1 4 5 4
2(i) x3 x  3x  C (ii) x ln x  x 5  C
ln 3 (ln 3) 2 5 25
1
(iii)  x cot x  ln sin x  C (iv) x sin x  (1  x 2 )1/ 2  C
1 tan 1 x
(v) ln | x |  ln(1  x 2 )  C
2 x
3 3x 5
(vi) e cos 5 x  e3 x sin 5 x  C
34 34
1
(vii) (sec x tan x  ln sec x  tan x )  C
2

3 ln 2 π2
3(i)  (ii)
16 8 4
2 1 2
4(i) (a) 2 xe x (b) e x  C (ii) 0.5
2
1 2
5(i) 2 x cos( x 2 ) (ii) [ x sin( x 2 )  cos( x 2 )]  C
2
6 0.5
3 1
7 (a) (b) e – 2 (c)  sin 1  C
4 x
1
8 (i) ln | x 3  1| C
3
2 2 1
(ii) (a) ln | x  1| C (b) tan 1 (x  )  C
3 3 2
1 1 1 2 1
(c) ln | x  1|  ln | x 2  x  1|  tan 1 (x  )  C
3 6 3 3 2
n 1
ne  1
9 10 
(n  1) 2

30
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

Supplementary Exercises: Techniques of Integration

1. (HCI06/H2 Promo/7)
d  1 x  1
(i) Show that tan 1   . [3]
 1 x  1  x
2
dx
 1 x 
(ii) Hence evaluate  tan 1   dx . [3]
 1 x 

2. (HCI06/H2 Promo/9) By means of the substitution y  k cos x , where k

is a positive constant to be determined, evaluate the integral
1
y2
 0 1  4 y 2 dy , giving your answer in exact form.
2 [7]

1
3. (PJC06/H2 Promo/16) (a) Find  3  4 x2
dx . [3]

 x tan  x  dx .
1 2
(b) Find [3]
1
(c) Using the substitution, u  3  e x , find  3e x
dx . [5]

4. (RJC06/H2 Promo/13)
(a) Show that x 2  4 x  20 can be expressed in the form  x  A   B ,
2

where A and B are constants to be determined. Hence find

1
 x 2  4 x  20 dx . [3]

2
(b) Find  4 xe 2 x dx . [1]

x e
2
3 2x
Hence find dx . [3]
1 1
(c) By means of the substitution x 
u2
, find x x 1
dx . [5]

5. (TJC06/H2 Promo/1) Find the integrals

1

 1  x 
 1
2
(a) 2 esin x dx , [2]
x 5
(b) x 2
 16
dx . [3]

31
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

6. (TJC06/H2 Promo/2)
(i) By expressing sec3  as the product of sec 2  and sec , use

4
2 1
integration by parts to show that  sec3  d   ln( 2  1) .
0
2 2
[5]
(ii) By using the substitution x  3tan  , find the exact value of
3


0
x 2  9 dx . [3]

3 A Bx
7. (CJC06/H2 Promo/1) Express (x – 1)(x2 + 2) in the form x – 1 + x2 + 2 +
C
x + 2 where A, B and C are constants to be found. Hence or otherwise
2

3
find  (x – 1)(x2 + 2) dx. [6]

8. (ACJC06/H2 Promo/2)
1 e2 x 1
By first showing that
1  e2 x
 1 
1  e2 x
, find
 1  e2 x
dx . [3]

9. (ACJC06/H2 Promo/14) Find

(i)  sin 3 x cos3 x dx [4]
2 x
(ii)
 5  3x2  2 x
dx [5]

10. (NJC06/H2 Promo/8)

π
e6
(a) Find exactly  1
cos  ln x  dx . [5]

3 x3  12 x 2  11x  8 A 3x  4
(b) Given that   , find the
 x  1
2
x 2
 2  x  1
2
 x2  2
value of the constant A. Hence, evaluate
3 x 3  12 x 2  11x  8
  x  1
2
x 2
 2
dx . [5]

32
 Chapter 5: Integration and Its Applications

11. (AJC06/H2 Promo/10) (i) By writing x  A(1  x )  B , where A and B

are constants to be determined, prove that
1

 0
4
x
1 x
dx 
1
12
16  9 3 .
1
(ii) Hence, find the exact value of  0
4
 
x sin 1 x dx . [8]

33