Reactions and Stoichiometry Cheat Sheet
by yams-miny via cheatography.com/124058/cs/23637/
Formulae
Relative Isotopic Mass
Mass of 1 atom of an isotope
of an element / 1/12 the mass
of 1 atom of carbon-12
isotope
Relative Atomic Mass
Avg mass of 1 atom of an
element / 1/12 the mass of 1
atom of carbon-12 isotope
Relative Molecu​lar​/Fo​rmula
Mass
Avg mass of 1 molecu​le/​‐
formula unit of a substance /
1/12 the mass of 1 atom of
carbon-12 isotope
Mr
Sum of Ar of atoms in the
molecular formula
Empirical Formula
Simplest formula which
shows ratio of atoms of
different elements in the
compound
Molecular Formula
Formula which shows actual
number of atoms of each
element in one molecule of
the compound
Relative formula mass is used
for ionic compounds
Relative masses have no units
as they are ratios of 2 masses
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Calcul​ations using Volume of Stoich​iometry (cont) Calcul​ations using Concen​tra​‐
Gases tions
Actual yield/mass or amount of
Avogadro's Law: product formed / When a solute is dissolved in a
Equal volume of all gases, under Theore​tical yield/mass or solvent, a solution is formed
the same temper​ature and amount of product formed If the solvent is water, an
pressure, contain the same x 100% aqueous solution is formed
number of particles (atoms or The concen​tration of a solution
molecules) Types of Reactions (mol dm^-3) shows the amt of
Gases in a balanced equation: solute dissolved in a given
Precip​‐ Reactions which
Volume ratio = Mole ratio volume of solution
itation involve formation of
Molar Volume, Vm: Standard solution: Solution
Reaction insoluble solid (ppt)
Volume occupied by 1 mole of whose concen​tration is
from reaction of 2
the gas at a specific T&P accurately known
solutions
Standard T&P : 273K (0 degree [X] - Amt of X (mol) / V of
celsius), 1 bar (100 kPa), solution (dm^3)
Types of Reactions
22.7dm​^3/mol No of moles of solute, n:
Precip​‐ Reactions which
Room T&P: 293K (20 degree - [solute] (mol dm-3) X Volume
itation involve formation of
celsius), 1 atm (101 kPa), 24 (dm3)
Reaction insoluble solid (ppt)
dm^3/mol - Mass of X (g) / Molar mass of X
from reaction of 2
Volumes of gases are (g/mol)
solutions, Separation
dependent on T&P hence these When a solution is dilu​ted (by
by filtration or
conditions must be specified adding more solvent), the
decanting
concen​tration of the solution
Thermal Chemical reaction decreases but no. of moles of
Stoich​iometry
Decomp​ caused by heat, solute in the diluted solution
Stoich​iom​etry: Quanti​tative osition Compounds break remains unchanged
aspects of chemical formulae & down into 2 or more
reactions 1dm3 = 1000cm3
substances
Limiting reactants are
Acid- Elabor​ation in a later
completely consumed in the
Base segment
reaction and limit how much
Redox Elabor​ation in a later
products can form.
segment
Percentage Yield =
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Acid-Base Reactions
Arrh​enius Theory of Acids
& Bases
- An acid is a substance that
dissoc​iates in water to
produce H3O+(aq)
- A base is a substance that
dissoc​iates in water to
produce OH- (aq)
Neutra​lis​ation: H+ (aq) +
OH-(aq) -> H2O (l)
Limita​tion: Aqueous
solutions only
Bron​ste​d-Lowry Theory of
Acids & Bases
- An acid is defined as any
species which donates a
proton, H+. It must thus
contain Hi n its formula
- A base is defined as any
species which accepts a
proton, H+. It must contain a
lone pair of electrons to bind
the H+ ions
Brons​ted​-Lowry acid-base
reaction involves the transfer
of a proton from an acid to a
base. They do no occur only
in aq solutions but also
between gases and non-aq
systems.
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Reactions and Stoichiometry Cheat Sheet
by yams-miny via cheatography.com/124058/cs/23637/
Acid-Base Reactions (cont) Redox Reactions Redox Reactions (cont)
Limit​ation: Does not address Redox Reaction that Oxidation Number of electrons to be
why substances such as BF3 Reaction involves reduction Number added or subtracted from an
or AlCl3 do not contain any H and oxidation (OSN) atom in a combined state to
atom but are known to simult​ane​ously convert it to elemental form
behave as acids Reduction Process whereby Acronym: OIL RIG
Lewis Theory of Acid & a substance gains When writing the OSN, +/- signs must be
Bases electrons, stated before the number
- An acid is a species that resulting in a
accepts an electron pair, e.g. decrease in OSN Rules of Assigning OSN
BF3
Oxidation Process whereby
- A base is a species that
a substance loses
donates an electron pair, e.g.
electrons,
NH3
resulting in an
Lewis acid-base reaction can
increase in OSN
be viewed as a transfer of a
Reducing Substance that
pair of electrons from the
agent gives electrons to
base to the acid
(reduc​‐ another, itself
Limita​tion: Too general
tant) being oxidised in
The 3 models can be used to
the process
interpret different acid-base
systems Oxidising Substance that
BL and L theories - Describe agent takes in electrons Balancing Redox Reactions
specific acid-base reactions (oxidant) from another, Method 1
Arr theory - Whether isolated itself being 1. Balance elements that were oxidised
substances are acids, bases, reduced in the or reduced
or neither process 2. Balance O with H2O
Dispro​‐ Redox reaction in 3. Balance H with H+
In aqueous solution, H+ does
por​tio​‐ which the same 4. Balance charges with electrons
not exist on its own. It forms
nation substance is both Method 2
a dative bond with a water
oxidised and 1. Balance elements that were oxidised
molecule to form H3O+,
called hydronium or hydrox​‐ reduced or reduced
onium ion. Chemists often 2. Add electrons (OSN x No of that
use H+ and H3O+ interc​han​‐ element)
geably o refer to the elevated 3. Balance O with H2O
H+ ion.
Best to use Bronst​ed-​Lowry
theory wherever possible for
an acid-base reaction, and
apply Lewis theory only when
reaction does not involve
proton transfer
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 Reactions and Stoichiometry Cheat Sheet
by yams-miny via cheatography.com/124058/cs/23637/

Balancing Redox Reactions Balancing Redox Reactions

(cont) (cont)

4. Balance H with H+ - a x 7e = b x 2 x 1e
Method 3 - Same on LHS and RHS, figure
1. Balance elements that were out what a and b are, multiply
oxidised or reduced the relevant coeffi​cients
2. Electrons gained = Electrons 3. Balance O with H2O
lost 4. Balance H with H+
- a x 7e = b x 2 x 1e
- Same on LHS and RHS, figure
out what a and b are, multiply the
relevant coeffi​cients
3. Balance O with H2O
4. Balance H with H+

Balancing Redox Reactions

Method 1
1. Balance elements that were
oxidised or reduced
2. Balance O with H2O
3. Balance H with H+
4. Balance charges with
electrons
Method 2
1. Balance elements that were
oxidised or reduced
2. Add electrons (OSN x No of
that element)
3. Balance O with H2O
4. Balance H with H+
Method 3
1. Balance elements that were
oxidised or reduced
2. Electrons gained = Electrons
lost

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