CHAPTER 4 HEAT (b) Heat is a form of energy contained by an object.

1 Thermal equilibrium is a condition where two objects in contact has the Heat can be calculated from formula and in unit of Joule or J.
same temperature with no net flow of heat between them.
When achieving thermal equilibrium: 4 What is meant by
-A and B has same temperature (a) Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the
-There is still a flow of heat between A and B temperature of 1 kg object by 1ºC without change in its physical state.
-No net flow of heat between A and B Temperature range: negative to 0ºC ice
2 Thermometer Specific heat capacity of ice, cice = 2100 J kg-1 C-1
Explain the working principle of thermometer. Temperature range: 0ºC cold water to 100ºC hot water
1st: The working principle of thermometer is based on the thermal Specific heat capacity of water, cwater = 4200 J kg-1 C-1
equilibrium concept.
2nd: Thermometer has fixed mass of mercury in bore which is very Formula for heat, H = mcθ
sensitive to the heat and will expand and rise in the capillary tube. [where m = mass, c = specific heat capacity, θ = change in temperature]
3rd: When the thermometer is inserted into liquid which is either hotter (b) Specific latent heat is the amount of heat required to change 1kg
or cooler, there is a flow of heat between the liquid and mercury. object physically without change in its temperature.
4th: When the mercury and liquid achieves the thermal equilibrium, they
have the same temperature. The length of mercury column in the From ice to cold water  specific latent heat of fusion, Lf
capillary tube will give a constant reading which indicates the From hot water to steam  specific latent heat of vapourisation, Lv
magnitude of the temperature. Formula for heat, H = mL
Explain how you would go to calibrate the scale of a thermometer.
Heating curve for water
1st: The calibration of the scale of thermometer is based on the thermal
equilibrium concept.
2nd: Thermometer has a bulb contains a fixed mass of mercury which
will expand and contradict in volume with the heat.
3rd: A temperature scale is obtained by choosing two fixed points of
temperature, which are the ice point and steam point.
4 : The thermometer is inserted into the steam to get the position point
th

on the thermometer. Then, the thermometer is inserted into the

steam to get the steam point on thermometer.
5th: When the two fixed point have been marked on the stem of
thermometer, the range between them is divided equally into 100
divisions or degrees.
6th: The thermometer now has a scale. It is said to be calibrated and can
be used to measure temperature.
3 What is meant by
(a) Temperature is the degree of hotness contained by an object.
Measured using a thermometer and in unit of ºC or SI unit of K.
1
 AB Physical state is solid. Change in temperature only from A to B (b) 320 g of hot water at 80ºC is poured into an aluminium can of mass 35
BC Physical state is solid + Liquid. Change in physical state only from g and temperature of 20ºC. Calculate the final temperature.
B to C! No change in temperature. [Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 ºC-1
Why? Because the heat supply is used to break the bond between Specific heat capacity of aluminium can = 900 J kg-1 ºC-1]
molecules in ice so that it becomes liquid and therefore no change Solution
in temperature. Let θ = final temperature
CD Physical state is liquid. Change in temperature only from C to D. Heat lost by the water = Heat gained by the aluminium can
320 35
DE Physical state is liquid + gas. Change in physical state only from D (1000)(4200)(80 – θ) = (1000)(900)(θ – 20)
to E! No change in temperature. θ = 78.63ºC
Why? Because the heat supply is used to break the bond between Assumption: There is no heat loss to the surroundings]
molecules in liquid so that it becomes gas and therefore no change
in temperature. Test Yourself!
EF Physical state is gas. Change in temperature only from E to F A hot glass marble of mass 60 g and temperature 95C is added to 200 g
of water at 25C in a plastic container. What is the equilibrium
5 Example involving calculation using the formula: H = mcθ or H = mL temperature of the system, assuming there is no exchange of heat with
(a) The bulb of a thermometer contains 3.4 g of mercury. What amount of the surroundings?
heat is required to raise the temperature of the mercury from 30ºC to [Given the specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 ºC-1 and the
100ºC? [Specific heat capacity of mercury = 139 J kg-1 ºC-1] specific heat capacity of glass = 8400 J kg-1 ºC-1] [Ans: 29.0ºC]
Solution
Amount of heat, H = mcθ
3.4
= (1000)(139)(100 – 30) J
= 33 J
Test yourself!
During the school sports day, Carlos of mass 65 kg is complaining that
his body is very hot due to the hot weather. When measuring his body
temperature, the temperature changed is 3ºC. Calculate the amount of
heat absorbed by his body causing him feels so hot !
[Specific heat capacity of human body = 3500 J kg-1 ºC-1] [Ans: 682.5kJ] (c) A bullet travelling at a speed of 360 ms-1 is stopped by a sandbag.
Assuming half of the energy of the bullet becomes heat energy that is
absorbed by the bullet, calculate the increase in temperature of the
bullet.
[Given the specific heat capacity of bullet = 160 J kg-1 ºC-1]
Solution
1
Kinetic energy of bullet, Ek = 2 mv2 Heat energy of bullet, H = mcθ
1 1 1 1
So, mcθ = 2 (2 mv2) (160)θ = 2 (2 ×3602)
1 1
cθ = 2 (2 v2) θ = 202.5 ºC
2
iv) An ice cube tray in a refrigerator holds 0.40 kg of water at 0ºC. How How much heat must be removed from 0.012 kg of water at 25ºC for it
much heat must the freezer remove from the water to make ice cubes at to solidify and become an ice cube at 0ºC?
0ºC? [Specific latent heat of fusion of water = 3.36 × 105 J kg-1] [Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 ºC-1
Solution Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 × 105 J kg-1]
Heat removed during freezing, H = mLf A 1260 J B 4008 J C 5268 J D 8033 J
= 0.40 × 3.36 × 105
= 134 400 J 6 Gas laws
(a) Boyle’s law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of gas is
v) A heat transfer of 7.2 × 10 J is required to convert a block of ice at –
5
inversely proportional to its volume when the temperature of gas is
8ºC to water at 8.0ºC. What is the mass of the block of ice?
kept constant.
[Specific heat capacity of ice = 2.0 × 103 J kg-1 ºC-1,
Formula: P1V1 = P2V2
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 × 103 J kg-1 ºC-1,
Specific latent heat of fusion of water = 3.36 × 105 J kg-1] Graph
Solution
Ice block -5ºC  Ice block 0ºC  Cold Water 0ºC  Water 8.0ºC
mcθ mL mcθ
Total heat = (mcθ)ice + mL + (mcθ)water
7.2 × 105 = m(2.0 × 103)(8) + m(3.36 × 105) + m(4.2 × 103)(8)
m = 1.87 kg
(b) Charles’ law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the volume of gas is
vi) Water is boiling in a 3600 W electric kettle. How long does it take for directly proportional to its absolute temperature when the pressure of
0.12 kg of water to boil? [Specific latent heat of vapourisation of water gas is kept constant.
= 2.26 × 106 J kg-1] � �
Formula: �1 = �2  This formula is valid only for T in Kelvin.
Solution 1 2

Heat, H = mLv T = (θ ºC + 273) K

����
From Power, P = ���� Graph
0.12×2.26×106
3600 = ����
0.12×2.26×106
Time = 3600
= 75.33 s
= 1.26 minutes
Test Yourself
A 3600 W water heater supplies 8.0 kg of water in 1 minute. What is
the increase in the temperature of water that passed through the heater?
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 × 103 J kg-1 ºC-1]
A 1.17ºC B 6.43ºC C 8.75ºC D 9.33ºC

3
 Relationship between the Volume and Temperature by extrapolation Calculation
(a) A syringe contains 50 cm3 of air at pressure of 100 kPa. The piston is
pulled outwards slowly so that the air expands. What would be the
volume of the air when the air pressure drops to 80 kPa?
Solution
From Boyle’s law: P1V1 = P2V2
(100)(50) = (80)V2
V2 = 62.5 cm3
The temperature – 273ºC is the lowest possible temperature and is (b) A bubble of air trapped in a pool of water has a volume of 1.2 cm3 at
known as the absolute zero of temperature. 24ºC. Calculate the volume of the air bubble when the water in the
All the molecular motion stops at – 273ºC, an experiment by William pool is heated up to 40ºC.
Solution
Thomsom Kelvin (1824 – 1907), a Scottish physicist and �1 �2
mathematician. From Charles’ law: �
=�
1 2
1.2 �
The absolute zero of temperature – 273ºC is equivalent to 0K. (273+24)
= (273+40)
2

V2 = 1.26 cm3
(c) Gay-Lussac’s law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of
gas is directly proportional to its temperature when the volume of gas (c) The pressure of the gas in a cylinder of cooking gas is 160 MPa at
is kept constant. 27ºC. The cylinder was designed to withstand a maximum pressure of
� �
Formula: �1 = �2  This formula is valid only for T in Kelvin. 320 MPa. At what temperature will the cylinder most likely explode?
1 2
Solution
T = (θ ºC + 273) K �1 �2
From Gay-Lussac’s law: �
=�
1 2
Graph 160 320
(273+27)
= (273+�)
θ = 327 ºC

It is also found that at – 273ºC, the pressure becomes zero!