Name: Lyca Mae V.

Rodriguez
Course/Subject: BEED/ Assessment in Learning 2
Chapter/ Main Topic: THE USE OF STATISTICS IN OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT
Sub-topic: Conceptualization, Operation and Measurement

The use of statistics can help in the whole process of outcomes-based teaching and
learning. Conceptualization it is a process where instructor communicate with
concepts about external realities.

Concept as construct
There are three classes of phenomena which can be statistically measured:
(a) Direct observable.
(b) Indirect observable.
(c) Constructs or creations we form in the mind resulting from observations.

Indicators and Dimension

• An indicator is a sign of the presence of a concept (variable) under study.
• Dimension is a specific aspect of a concept combined into groups or sub-groups,
such as compassion toward neighbors/fellow/nationals/foreigners/animals/plants.

Creating conceptual order

Concepts can become more clarified by a process of clarification called specification.
This can also be done by categorization or the ordering or ranking of data.

Conceptualization (process to specify what we mean).

↓
Nominal definition (assigned to a term, not the real entity).
↓
Operational definition (specifies how a concept is measured).
↓
Real definition (better clarified status of a real things).

Levels of measurement
Variables are logical set of attributes, e.g. gender. On the other hand, an attribute is
a quality or characteristics of something, e.g.. male, female. Attributes may
represent any of the 4 levels of measurement.

•Nominal measure- a level of measurement describing a variable that has attributes

which are different, e.g gender, birthplace, college major, etc.
•Ordinal measure- a level of measurement describing a variable with attributes that
can be in a rank-order along some dimensions.
•Interval measure- a level of measurement describing a variable whose attributes
are rank-ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes.
•Ratio measure- a level of measurement describing a variable with attributes that
have all the qualities of nominal, ordinal and interval and based on a “true zero”
point e.g. age, length of residence in a place etc.