LESSON 10: Class

Class (1)

Classes are an expanded concept of data structures:

like data structures, they can contain data members
(also called properties/attributes), but they can also
contain functions as members (also called
methods/activities).

class = data + functions

 Class (2)

• Properties: class Dog {

▪ Name public:
void eat();
▪ Age
void sleep();
▪ Color
void run();
▪ Weight
void bark();
• Activities private:
▪ Eat string mName;
▪ Sleep int mAge;
▪ Run string mColor;

▪ Bark int mWeight;

};
 Object

An object is an instantiation of a class ==> That

means a class is the a data type, and an object is
a variable of this type.

Dog dog; // dog is an object

 Declare class (1)

class <class_name> { • private

• protected
[access_specifier_1]: • public
member1;
[access_specifier_2]:
member2;
• data
... • function

};
 Declare class (2)

class Rectangle {
int mWidth;
int mHeight;
public:
void setValues(int x, int y);
int getArea(void);
};
 IMPLEMENT CLASS (1)

void Rectangle::setValues(int x, int y) {

mWidth = x;
mHeight = y;
}

int Rectangle::getArea() {
return mWidth*mHeight;
}
 IMPLEMENT CLASS (2)

Here is the complete example of class Rectangle

Rectangle.h Rectangle.cpp main.cpp

class Rectangle { #include "Rectangle.h" #include "Rectangle.h"
int mWidth; #include <iostream>
int mHeight; void Rectangle::setValues(int x, int y) { using namespace std;
mWidth = x;
public: mHeight = y; int main() {
void setValues(int, int); } Rectangle rect;
rect.setValue(3, 4);
int getArea(void);
int getArea() { cout << "area = " << rect.getArea();
}; return mWidth*mHeight; return 0;
} }
 ACCESS SPECIFIER (1)

Rectangle.h Rectangle.cpp main.cpp

class Rectangle { #include "Rectangle.h" #include "Rectangle.h"
#include <iostream>
public:
void Rectangle::setValues(int x, int y) { using namespace std;
int mWidth; mWidth = x;
int mHeight; mHeight = y; int main() {
} Rectangle rect;
public: rect.mWidth = 3;
void setValues(int, int); int getArea() { rect.mHeight = 4;
int getArea(void); return mWidth*mHeight; cout << "area = " << rect.getArea();
} return 0;
}; }
 ACCESS SPECIFIER (2)

Rectangle.h Rectangle.cpp main.cpp

class Rectangle { #include "Rectangle.h" #include "Rectangle.h"
int mWidth; #include <iostream>
int mHeight; void Rectangle::setValues(int x, int y) { using namespace std;
mWidth = x;
public: mHeight = y; int main() {
void setValues(int, int); } Rectangle rect;
rect.setValue(3, 4);
private: int getArea() { cout << "area = " << rect.getArea();
int getArea(void); return mWidth*mHeight; return 0;
} }
};
What
happened
?
 CLASS CONSTRUCTOR

A class constructor is a special member function of

a class that is executed whenever we create new
objects of that class.
class Rectangle { #include "Rectangle.h"
private: #include <iostream>
int mWidth; using namespace std;
int mHeight;
public:
Rectangle(); // This is the default constructor int main() {
Rectangle rect;
void setValues(int, int); rect.setValue(3, 4);
int getArea(void); cout << "area = " << rect.getArea();
}; return 0;
}
Rectangle::Rectangle() {
cout << "Object is being created" << endl;
}
...
 PARAMETERIZED CLASS CONSTRUCTOR

A default constructor does not have any

parameter, but if you need, a constructor can have
parameters
class Rectangle { #include "Rectangle.h"
private: #include <iostream>
int mWidth; using namespace std;
int mHeight;
public:
Rectangle(); // This is the constructor int main() {
Rectangle(int width, int height); Rectangle rect(3, 4);
void setValues(int, int); cout << "area = " << rect.getArea();
int getArea(void); return 0;
}; }

...
Rectangle::Rectangle(int width, int height) {
mWidth = width;
mHeight = height;
}...
 CLASS DESTRUCTOR
A destructor is a special member function of a class that is
executed whenever an object of it's class goes out of scope
or whenever the delete expression is applied to a pointer
to the object of that class.
class Rectangle { #include "Rectangle.h"
private: #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int mWidth;
int mHeight; int main() {
public: Rectangle *rect = new Rectange();
Rectangle(); // This is the default constructor
~Rectangle(); // This is the destructor if (rect != NULL) {
void setValues(int, int); rect->setValue(3, 4);
cout << "area = " << rect->getArea();
int getArea(void); delete rect;
}; }
...
Rectangle::~Rectangle() {
cout << "Object is being deleted" << endl; return 0;
} }
...
 Inheritance (1)
The capability of a class to derive properties and
characteristics from another class is called Inheritance.

Why and when to use inheritance?

Without Inheritance Inheritance
 Inheritance (2)
▪ Implementing inheritance in C++
Syntax:
class subclass_name : access_mode base_class_name
{
//body of subclass
};
Example:
class Vehicle{ class Car : public Vehicle #include “Vehicle.h"
private: {
int mFuelAmount; Car(int fuel); int main() {
public: };
Vehicle( int fuel); Car:: Car(int Car lexus (500);
void fuelAmount(); fuel):Vehicle(fuel){} Bus transeco (800);
}; class Bus: public Vehicle Truck hino (1000);
{
... lexus.fuelAmount();
Vehicle :: Vehicle(int fuel) { }; transeco.fuelAmount();
mFuelAmount = fuel; ... → Giống Car hino.fuelAmount();
} class Truck: public Vehicle
{
Vehicle :: fuelAmount() {
std::cout << “Fuel amount” << mFuelAmount; }; return 0;
} ... → Giống Car }
 Inheritance (3)
▪ What will be inherited
A derived class inherits all base class methods with the following exceptions:
▪ Constructors, destructors and copy constructors of the base class.
▪ Overloaded operators of the base class(*) .
▪ The friend functions of the base class.

▪ Modes of Inheritance
 Inheritance (4)
▪ Multiple Inheritance
Syntax
class derived-class: access mode baseA, access mode baseB....
// Base class Shape // Base class PaintCost // Derived class int main(void) {
class Shape { class PaintCost { class Rectangle: public Shape, Rectangle Rect;
public: public PaintCost { int area;
public:
int getCost(int area) { public:
void setWidth(int w) { int getArea() {
return area * 70; Rect.setWidth(5);
width = w; } return (width * height); Rect.setHeight(7);
} }; }
}; area = Rect.getArea();
void setHeight(int h) {
cout << "Total area: " <<
height = h; Rect.getArea() << endl;
}
protected:
cout << "Total paint cost: $" <<
Rect.getCost(area) << endl;
int width, height;
}; return 0;
}
 Overloading
C++ allows you to specify more than one definition for a
function name or an operator in the same scope, which is
called function overloading and operator overloading( *)
respectively
#include <iostream> int main(void) {
using namespace std; printData pd;

class printData { // Call print to print integer

public: pd.print(5);
void print(int i) {
cout << "Printing int: " << i << endl; // Call print to print float
} pd.print(500.263);
void print(double f) {
cout << "Printing float: " << f << endl; // Call print to print character
} pd.print("Hello C++");
void print(char* c) {
cout << "Printing character: " << c << endl; return 0;
} }
};
 Polymorphism (Override)
▪ C++ polymorphism means that a call to a member
function will cause a different function to be executed
depending on the type of object that invokes the
function.
class Base class Derived:public Base int main()
{ { {
public: public: Base b; //Base class object
void show() void show() Derived d; //Derived class object
{ { b.show();
cout << "Base class\n"; cout << "Derived Class\n"; d.show();
} } }
}; }
 VIRTUAL FUNCTION

▪ A virtual function is a function in a base class that is

declared using the keyword virtual.

class Base class Derived:public Base int main()

{ { {
public: public: Base *b; //Base class object
virtual void show() void show() Derived d; //Derived class object
{ { b = &d;
cout << "Base class\n"; cout << "Derived Class\n"; b->show();
} } }
}; }

Defining in a base class a virtual function, with another version in a derived class, signals to the compiler that
we don't want static linkage for this function. his sort of operation is referred to as dynamic linkage, or late
binding.
Note: Without virtual → Static linkage or early binding
Abstract Class AND Pure Virtual Functions
▪ Pure Virtual Functions
Pure virtual Functions are virtual functions with no definition. They start
with virtual keyword and ends with = 0. Here is the syntax for a pure
virtual function
Example:
virtual void f() = 0;
▪ Abstract Class
Abstract Class is a class which contains at least one Pure Virtual function
in it
class Base //Abstract base class int main()
class Derived:public Base
{ { {
public: public: Base obj; //Compile Time Error
//Pure Virtual Function void show() Base *b;
virtual void show() = 0; { cout << "Implementation of Virtual Derived d;
}; Function in Derived class"; b = &d;
} b->show();
}; }
 STATIC DATA OF A C++ CLASS (1)

▪ A static data exists

throughout the whole
life of the program.
▪ A static data is shared
by all objects of the
class
 STATIC DATA OF A C++ CLASS (2)

#include <iostream> int main(void) {

using namespace std; Class object1, object2;
object1.mNonStaticData = 10;
class Class {
object2.mNonStaticData = 20;
public: object1.print();
static int mStaticData; object2.print();
int mNonStaticData; cout << "Static = " <<
void print(void); Class::mStaticData << endl;
return 0;
};
}
int Class::mStaticData = 0; // definition & initializer
void Class::print(void) {
cout << "Static = " << ++mStaticData << endl; Result
cout << "NonStatic = " << mNonStaticData << endl; Static = 1
} NonStatic = 10
Static = 2
NonStatic = 20
Static = 2
STATIC FUNCTIONS OF A C++ CLASS (1)

▪ In class, functions can also be declared as static

▪ Some properties of static functions are:
• Can access only othes static members (data or functions)
• Can be called using class name without object

class_name::function_name
• Have no this pointer
 STATIC FUNCTIONS OF A C++ CLASS (2)

#include <iostream> int main(void) {

Class instance1, instance2;
using namespace std; instance1.mNonStaticData = 10;
class Class { instance2.mNonStaticData = 20;
instance1.print();
public: instance2.print();
instance1.staticFunction();
static int mStaticData;
instance2.staticFunction();
int mNonStaticData; Class::staticFunction();
return 0;
void print(void); }
static void staticFunction();
Result
};
Static = 1
... NonStatic = 10
void Class::staticFunction() { Static = 2
NonStatic = 20
cout << "Static = " << mStaticData << endl; Static = 2
} Static = 2
Static = 2
STATIC MEMBERS ACCESS TABLE
 FRIEND CLASS

class Node { Friend Class A friend class can

private: access private and protected
int key; members of other class in
Node* next; which it is declared as friend. It
/* Other members of Node Class */ is sometimes useful to allow a
particular class to access private
// Now class LinkedList can members of other class. For
// access private members of Node example a LinkedList class may
friend class LinkedList; be allowed to access private
}; members of Node.
 FRIEND FUNCTION

class Node {
private: Like friend class, a friend
int key; function can be given special
Node* next; grant to access private and
/* Other members of Node Class */
protected members. A friend
friend int LinkedList::search(); function can be:
// Only search() of linkedList a) A method of another class
// can access internal members b) A global function
};
 FRIEND CLASS AND FUNCTION (1)
#include <iostream>
class B;
A simple and complete C++
class A { program to demonstrate friend
public:
void showB(B&); Class
};
class B {
private:
int b;
public:
B() { b = 0; }
friend void A::showB(B& x); // Friend function
};
void A::showB(B& x)
{
// Since showB() is friend of B, it can
// access private members of B
std::cout << "B::b = " << x.b;
}
int main()
{
A a;
B x;
a.showB(x);
return 0;
}
 FRIEND CLASS AND FUNCTION (2)
#include <iostream>
class A {
private: A simple and complete C++
int a;
public: program to demonstrate friend
A() { a = 0; }
friend class B; // Friend Class function of another class
};
class B {
private:
int b;
public:
void showA(A& x)
{
// Since B is friend of A, it can access
// private members of A
std::cout << "A::a=" << x.a;
}
};
int main()
{
A a;
B b;
b.showA(a);
return 0;
}
 FRIEND CLASS AND FUNCTION (3)
#include <iostream>
class A {
int a; A simple and complete C++
public: program to demonstrate friend
A() { a = 0; }
// global friend function
function of another class
friend void showA(A&);
};
void showA(A& x)
{
// Since showA() is a friend, it can access
// private members of A
std::cout << "A::a=" << x.a;
}
int main()
{
A a;
showA(a);
return 0;
}