Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4) Frequency and Phase Modulation
4) Frequency and Phase Modulation
Frequency Deviation
fi= fc+ kf.m(t)
fi= fc+ kf. Am cosωmt
since 𝚫𝐟 = 𝐤𝐟 𝐀𝐦
fi= fc+ 𝚫𝐟cosωmt
Therefore, maximum frequency of the FM signal,
fmax= fc + 𝚫𝐟 when ωmt = 0
Narrowband FM
We have the FM equation, [ if φ vv small, sinφ= φ
VFM= 𝐀𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ 𝛚𝒄 𝐭 + 𝜷 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝒎 𝒕] cos φ=1]
VFM = 𝐀𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛚𝒄 𝐭 cos(𝜷𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝒎 𝒕)- 𝐀𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝒄 𝐭𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜷 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝒎 𝒕)
β<< 1 for NBFM,
VNBFM = 𝐀𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛚𝒄 𝐭 -𝜷 𝐀𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝒄 𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝒎 𝒕
𝜷 𝐀𝐜 𝜷 𝐀𝐜
= Ac cos ωct + Cos ( ωc+ωm)t - Cos ( ωc - ωm)t
𝟐 𝟐
Thus, the output of NBFM contains three frequency
components like AM.
Oscillator for
generating
Ac cos ωct
Subtractor
Ac cos ωct -
90° Phase βAc sin ωct sin ωmt
Shifter
Balanced
Ac sin ωct Modulator
𝜷 sin ωmt
Regulated
Power
Supply(Vr)
𝟏
= 𝒌
𝟐𝝅√𝑳(𝑪+ )
√𝑽𝒓 + 𝐦(𝐭)
FM Demodulator : there are different methods.
Frequency Discriminator
VCO
FM wave and the VCO output v(t) are applied as inputs of the
phase comparator.