DC ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

Differential Amplifier +VCC 𝛽𝛽 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔

Exact Method Differential Amplifier

𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 𝛽𝛽𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 RC1 RC2
𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸 = 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 + 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸 = 𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 + 𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸 = 𝛽𝛽 + 1 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 VC1 VC2 𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸
Approximation Method Q1 Q2 𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸 = 2𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 2𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸 ≅ 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 Vi1 Vi2 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸 =
𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸
𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 0.7V
RE
Tail Current

-VEE
Example #1
• Find the bias voltage and currents for the differential amplifier circuit.
+12V
𝑽𝑽𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 − 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 By approximation 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 =
𝑹𝑹𝑬𝑬 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 β =100
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 = RC2
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐Ω 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪 = 𝜷𝜷𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 10kΩ
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 VC1 VC2
𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 =
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 𝜷𝜷 𝜷𝜷 Q1 Q2
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 =
𝟐𝟐 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩
𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 RB IE1 IE2 RB
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝟐𝟐 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 10kΩ IE 10kΩ
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 0.226 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝝁𝝁𝝁𝝁 RE
𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝝁𝝁𝝁𝝁 25kΩ

-12V
Example #1
• Find the bias voltage and currents for the differential amplifier circuit.
𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
+12V
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬
𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 0.226 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 β =100
𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩
𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 − 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑹𝑹𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 RC2
𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝝁𝝁𝝁𝝁 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝛀𝛀 10kΩ
𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟕 𝑽𝑽 VC1 VC2
𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝝁𝝁𝝁𝝁
Q1 Q2
RB IE1 IE2 RB
10kΩ IE 10kΩ
RE
25kΩ

-12V
Example #2
• The transistor are identical with β = 100. Find the output voltage.
𝑽𝑽𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 − 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 By approximation +15V
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
𝑹𝑹𝑬𝑬

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 = RC2
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌Ω
15 kΩ
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑽𝑽𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 = 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 Vout
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 − 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑹𝑹𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 =
𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝛀𝛀 Q1 Q2
𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝑽𝑽 RB1 IE1 IE2 RB2
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 =
𝟐𝟐 33 kΩ IE 33 kΩ
𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 0.477 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
RE
15 kΩ

-15V
Example #3
• The transistor are identical except for β. The left transistor has β = 90 and the right
transistor has β = 110. Find the base current and base voltages.
+15V
• Assume the VBE = 0.
𝑽𝑽𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 − 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 By approximation
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 =
𝑹𝑹𝑬𝑬 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
RC2
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽 − 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 15 kΩ
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌Ω
Vout
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪 = 𝜷𝜷𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 Q1 Q2
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
𝟐𝟐 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 =
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝜷𝜷 𝜷𝜷 RB1 IE1 IE2 RB2
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 33 kΩ 33 kΩ
𝟐𝟐 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = IE
𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 0.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 RE
𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝝁𝝁𝝁𝝁 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝝁𝝁𝝁𝝁 15 kΩ

-15V
Example #3
• The transistor are identical except for β. The left transistor has β = 90 and the right
transistor has β = 110. Find the base current and base voltages.
+15V
• Assume the VBE = 0.
𝑽𝑽 = 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 𝑹𝑹𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 RC2
𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 0.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 15 kΩ
𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝝁𝝁𝝁𝝁 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝛀𝛀
𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 Vout
𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝝁𝝁𝝁𝝁 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 Q1 Q2
𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 𝑹𝑹𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 RB1 IE1 IE2 RB2
𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝝁𝝁𝝁𝝁
𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝝁𝝁𝝁𝝁 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝛀𝛀 33 kΩ IE 33 kΩ
𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 RE
𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 15 kΩ

-15V
Example #4
• Most of the differential amplifiers are biased with a current source.
• Find the bias currents and voltages. +15V β =100
𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 − 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑹𝑹𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 =
𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝛀𝛀 RC1 RC2
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 10 kΩ 10 kΩ
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟓𝟓 𝑽𝑽
𝟐𝟐 VC1 VC2
𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 0.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Q1 Q2
By approximation
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 RB1 RB2
𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 10 kΩ 10 kΩ
1 mA

-15V
Example #5
• Most of the differential amplifiers are biased with a current source.
• Find the bias currents and voltages. VCC
𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 − 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 By approximation
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 = +12V
𝑹𝑹𝑬𝑬 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
RE β =100
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 25 kΩ
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 = IE
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌Ω
𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 IE1 IE2
𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬 Q1 Q2
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 − 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑹𝑹𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
𝟐𝟐
𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝛀𝛀
VC1 VC2
𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝑰𝑰𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = RC2
𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = −𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟕 𝑽𝑽
𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 0.226 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 10 kΩ

VEE
-12V