Origin and formation

of soil

By:

Dr. Amizatulhani Abdullah

Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology
amizatulhani@ump.edu.my
Course Synopsis
01 Rock cycle, weathering and erosion

02 Particle size and shape

TOPIC
OUTLINE 03 Mechanical analysis of soil
Course Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module, students should be able to:

• Use science and mathematical knowledge to

determine soil’s basic properties and the
classification.
Lesson Outcome
At the end of this notes, students should be able to:

• Identify, describe and sketch the origin, formation and

the rock cycle.
Rock cycle

ROCK CYCLE is the diagram of

the formation cycle of different
types of rock and the processes
associated with them.
Types of rock

METAMORPHIC Basic types of rock :

SEDIMENTARY ROCK
ROCK
 Igneous :
intrusive and extrusive.
 Sedimentary :
detrital and chemical.
 Metamorphic :
IGNEOUS ROCK
low, medium and high grade.
Basic types of rock :
 Igneous – intrusive and extrusive. Form due to the
crystallization of
 Sedimentary – detrital and chemical.
magma
 Metamorphic – low, medium and high grade.

Common types of rock :

1. Igneous rock:
granite, gabbro intrusive
basalt extrusive
 Intrusive :
GRANITE : igneous intrusive granite, gabbro
GABBRO : igneous intrusive Extrusive :
basalt

BASALT : igneous extrusive

Basic types of rock :
 Igneous – intrusive and extrusive. Form due to the
 Sedimentary – detrital and chemical. lithification of
 Metamorphic – low, medium and high grade. sediments
resulted from
weathering
Common types of rock :

2. Sedimentary rock:

conglomerate, sandstone, shale detrital

limestone, dolomite, gypsum chemical
 Detrital :
SANDSTONE SHALE conglomerate, sandstone, shale
LIMESTONE GYPSUM Chemical :
limestone, dolomite, gypsum
 Basic types of rock :
 Igneous – intrusive and extrusive.
 Sedimentary – detrital and chemical.
Form due to the
 Metamorphic – low, medium and high grade. metamorphism
process
Common types of rock :
SCHIST
3. Metamorphic rock:
gneiss  granite, gabbro
slate  shale, mudstone
quartzite  sandstone
schist  igneous, sedimentary
marble  dolomite, calcite

MARBLE
 Parent rock Metamorphic rock

GRANITE

GABBRO

GNEISS
Parent rock Metamorphic rock

SANDSTONE QUARTZITE

SHALE SLATE
 QUESTION
Why igneous intrusive rocks have a coarse
grained texture while igneous extrusive rocks
have a fine grained texture?
From rock to soil

What is rock?

What is soil?
Soil is a product of weathering
• process of breaking down rocks by mechanical
and chemical processes into smaller pieces.
Types of weathering :
1. Mechanical weathering : expansion and
contraction of rocks from the continuous gain
and loss of heat.
2. Chemical weathering : the original rock materials
are transformed into new minerals by chemical
reaction. Involve water and carbon dioxide from
atmosphere that reacts with the existing rock
minerals to form new minerals and soluble salts.
Transportation of weathering products
• All loose weathered particles will be transported and
deposited in other place = EROSION
• Transportation agents play an important
WIND role in this process.
WATER
• The most common transportation agent in Malaysia are
gravity and water.

GRAVITY
Can you think other possible
transportation agent?
Types of soil
Transported soils : depends on their
mode of transportation.

LACUSTRINE  Glacial soils – transported and

ALLUVIAL SOILS MARINE SOILS SOILS deposited by glaciers.

 Alluvial soils – transported by

water.

 Lacustrine soils – deposition in

quiet lakes.

 Marine soils – deposition seas.

COLLUVIAL SOILS GLACIAL SOILS
AEOLIAN SOILS
 Aeolian soils – transported and
deposited by wind.

 Colluvial soils – transported by

gravity.
THANK YOU