Coordinates: 30°35′36″N 114°18′17″E

Wuhan
Wuhan (/wuːˈhæn/, US also /wuːˈhɑːn, ˈwuː-/;[15] simplified Chinese: 武汉 ; traditional Chinese: 武 ;
Wuhan
pinyin: Wǔhàn; [ù.xân] ( listen)) is the capital of Hubei Province in the People's Republic of China.[16] It
is the largest city in Hubei and the most populous city in Central China,[17] with a population of over
eleven million, the ninth-most populous Chinese city and one of the nine National Central Cities of
武汉
China.[18] Prefecture-level & Sub-provincial city

The name "Wuhan" came from the city's historical origin from the conglomeration of Wuchang, Hankou,
and Hanyang, which are collectively known as the "Three Towns of Wuhan" ( 武汉三镇 ). Wuhan lies in
the eastern Jianghan Plain, at the confluence of the Yangtze river and its largest tributary, the Han River,
and is known as "Nine Provinces' Thoroughfare" ( 九 ).[1]

Wuhan is considered by some to be one of the potential sites of the pivotal Battle of the Red Cliffs,[19] a
battle that stopped warlord Cao Cao's incursion into southern China at the end of the Eastern Han dynasty.
Other historical events taking place in Wuhan include the Wuchang Uprising of 1911, which led to the
downfall of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China.[20] Wuhan was briefly the
capital of China in 1927 under the left wing of the Kuomintang (KMT) government led by Wang
Jingwei.[21] The city later served as the wartime capital of China for ten months in 1937 during the Second
Sino-Japanese War.[22][23] Wuhan is considered the political, economic, financial, commercial, cultural,
and educational center of Central China.[17] It is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads,
and expressways passing through the city and connecting to other major cities.[24] Because of its key role
in domestic transportation, Wuhan is sometimes referred to as "the Chicago of China" by foreign
sources.[3][4][5] The "Golden Waterway" of the Yangtze River and the Han River traverse the urban area
and divide Wuhan into the three districts of Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang. The Wuhan Yangtze River
Bridge crosses the Yangtze in the city. The Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest power station in terms of
installed capacity, is located nearby. Historically, Wuhan has suffered risks of flooding,[25] prompting the
government to alleviate the situation by introducing ecologically friendly absorption mechanisms.[26]

While Wuhan has been a traditional manufacturing hub for decades, it is also one of the areas promoting
modern industrial changes in China. Wuhan has three national development zones, four scientific and
technological development parks, over 350 research institutes, 1,656 high tech enterprises, numerous Clockwise from top: Skyline of Wuhan across the
enterprise incubators and investments from 230 Fortune Global 500 firms.[27] It produced GDP (nominal) Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, Tortoise Mountain
of US$240 billion in 2020. The Dongfeng Motor Corporation, an automobile manufacturer, is TV Tower, causeway on the East Lake, Hubei
Provincial Museum, Yellow Crane Tower
headquartered in Wuhan. The city is home to multiple notable institutes of higher education, including
Wuhan University[28] and the Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Wuhan is a major city in Nickname(s): 九 [1][2]
("China's Thoroughfare")
the world by scientific research outputs and it ranks 14th globally and 5th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai,
The Chicago of China[3][4][5]
Nanjing and Guangzhou).[29] In 2017, Wuhan was designated as a Creative City by UNESCO, in the field 江城 ("River City")
of design.[30] Wuhan is classified as a Beta- (global second tier) city together with seven other cities in
China, including Changsha, Dalian, Jinan, Shenyang, Xiamen, Xi'an and Zhengzhou by the Globalization
武汉， 不⼀样
Motto(s):
("Wuhan, Different Everyday!")
and World Cities Research Network.[31]

Contents
Etymology
History
Antiquity
Imperial China
Wuchang Uprising
Republic of China
People's Republic of China
Geography
Overview
Climate
Government and politics
Administrative divisions
Diplomatic missions
Economy
Industrial zones Location of Wuhan City jurisdiction in Hubei

Demographics
Religion
Transportation
Railways Wuhan
Wuhan Metro
Trams
Maritime transport
Ferry Location of the city center in Hubei
 Airports
Highways and expressways
Bicycle-sharing system
Destinations
Education
Wuhan
Schools and universities
Scientific research
Media
Culture
Language
Cuisine
Opera
Sports Wuhan (Eastern China)

Architecture
Bridges
Skyscrapers
Notable Wuhanese
Politics Wuhan
Business
Science
Sports
Arts Wuhan (China)
Other fields Coordinates (Wuhan municipal government):
30°35′36″N 114°18′17″E
Sister cities
Former Twinnings Country China
Province Hubei
Nature and wildlife
Settled 1500 BC
See also First unified January 1, 1927[7]
References Hancheng walls 223 BC
built
Sources
Municipal seat Jiang'an District
Further reading Divisions[7][8]
External links County-level 13 districts
Township-level 156 subdistricts, 1 towns, 3
townships

Etymology Government
• Type Prefecture-level &
sub-provincial city
The name "Wuhan" comes from the two major cities on the banks of the Yangtze River that make up the
Wuhan metropolis: "Wu" refers to the city of Wuchang (Chinese: 武昌
), which lies on the southern bank of
• Body Wuhan Municipal People's
Congress
the Yangtze, while "Han" refers to the city of Hankou (Chinese: 汉⼝
), which lies on the northern bank of • CCP Secretary Wang Zhonglin
the Yangtze. • Congress Hu Lishan
Chairman
In 1926, the Northern Expedition reached the Wuhan area and it was decided to merge Hankou, Wuchang • Mayor Cheng Yongwen
and Hanyang into one city in order to make a new capital for Nationalist China. On January 1, 1927,[32] • CPPCC Yang Zhi
the resulting city was proclaimed as '武 ' (the traditional Chinese characters for 'Wuhan'), which was later Chairman
武汉
simplified as ' ' (also 'Wuhan').[33][34][35] Area[9]
• Prefecture- 8,494.41 km2
level & Sub- (3,279.71 sq mi)
History provincial city
• Urban (2018)[10] 1,528 km2 (590 sq mi)
Population (2018)
Antiquity • Prefecture- 11,081,000[6]
level & Sub-
The Wuhan area has been settled for 3,500 years. Panlongcheng, an archaeological site primarily associated provincial city
with the Erligang culture (c. 1510 – c. 1460 BC) (being sparsely populated during the earlier Erlitou • Urban (2018)[10] 8,896,900[6]
period), is located in modern-day Huangpi District of Wuhan. • Metro[11] 19 million
Demonym(s) Wuhanese
During the Western Zhou the State of E, which gives its name to the single character abbreviation for
Languages
Hubei province, controlled the present-day Wuchang area south of the Yangtze River. After the conquest of
• Languages Wuhan dialect, Standard
the E state in 863 BC, the present-day Wuhan area was controlled by the State of Chu for the rest of the Chinese
Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou periods. After the State of Huang was conquered by State of Chu in the
summer of 648 BC,[36] the people of Huang were moved into the area in and around present-day Wuhan. Major ethnic groups
Local geographical terms including the name of Wuhan's Huangpi District were named after the State of • Major ethnic Han
groups
Huang. Chu was in turn conquered by Qin in 223 BC.
Time zone UTC+08:00 (China
Standard)
Imperial China Postal code 430000–430400
Area code(s) 0027
During the Han dynasty, Hanyang became a fairly busy port. The Battle of Xiakou in AD 203 and Battle ISO 3166 code CN-HB-01
of Jiangxia five years later were fought in the region over control of Jiangxia Commandery, territories of GDP 2020
which included much of present-day eastern Hubei. In the winter of 208/9, one of the most famous battles – Total CNY 1.56 trillion
in Chinese history and a central event in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms—the Battle of Red Cliffs— US$240 billion (8th)
took place near the Yangtze River, with the cliffs near Wuhan identified as one of the potential - Per capita CNY 140,800
locations.[19] Around that time, walls were built to protect Hanyang (AD 206) and Wuchang (AD 223). US$21,700 (nominal);
The latter event marks the foundation of Wuhan. In AD 223, the Yellow Crane Tower, one of the Four US$40,000 (purchasing
power parity) (11th)
Great Towers of China, was constructed on the Wuchang side of the Yangtze River by order of Sun Quan,
- Growth 10.8% (2020)
leader of the Eastern Wu. The tower become a sacred site of Taoism.[37] License plate 鄂 A

Due to tensions between the Eastern Wu and Cao Wei kingdoms, in the autumn of 228,[a] Cao Rui,
prefixes 鄂 O (police and authorities)
HDI (2015) 0.839[12] (9th) – very high
grandson of Cao Cao and the second emperor of the state of Cao Wei, ordered the general Man Chong to
lead troops to Xiakou ( ⼝ ; in present-day Wuhan).[39][40] In 279, Wang Jun and his army conquered
City tree Metasequoia[13]

strategic locations in Wu territory such as Xiling (in present-day Yichang, Hubei), Xiakou ( ⼝
; present-
City flower Plum blossom[14]
武汉政府门户⽹站 (Wuhan
day Hankou) and Wuchang ( 武昌 ; present-day Ezhou, Hubei).
Website
Government Web Portal) (ht
tp://www.wuhan.gov.cn) (in
During the Northern and Southern dynasties period, the Wuhan area was part of the successive Southern Chinese); English Wuhan (h
dynasty states Liu Song (420–479), Southern Qi (479–502), Liang, and Western Liang. ttp://english.wh.gov.cn) (in
English)
In fall 550, Hou Jing sent Ren Yue to attack both Xiao Daxin and
Xiao Fan's son Xiao Si ( 嗣 ). Ren killed Xiao Si in battle, and Xiao Daxin, Wuhan
unable to resist, surrendered, allowing Hou to take his domain under control.
Meanwhile, Xiao Guan, who had by now settled at Jiangxia ( 江 , in modern
Wuhan), was planning to attack Hou, but this drew Xiao Yi's ire—believing that
Xiao Guan was intending to contend for the throne—and he sent Wang to attack
Xiao Guan. In summer 567, Chen Xu commissioned Wu Mingche as the
governor of Xiang Province and had him command a major part of the troops
against Hua, along with Chunyu Liang ( 于量 ). The opposing sides met at "Wuhan" in Simplified (top) and
Zhuankou ( ⼝ , in modern Wuhan). Traditional (bottom) Chinese
characters
The city has long been renowned as a center for the arts (especially poetry) and
for intellectual studies. Cui Hao, a celebrated poet of the Tang dynasty, visited the
Simplified Chinese 武汉
Yellow Crane Tower in the early 8th century; his poem made it the most Traditional Chinese 武漢
Panlongcheng, located in the celebrated building in southern China.[41] Literal meaning "[The
southernmost area of the Erligang
In spring 877, Wang Xianzhi captured E Prefecture ( , in modern Wuhan). combined
culture
He then returned north, joining forces with Huang again, and they surrounded cities of]
Song Wei at Song Prefecture ( , in modern Shangqiu, Henan). In winter 877, Wu[chang] and
Huang Chao pillaged Qi and Huang ( , in modern Wuhan) Prefectures. Han[kou]"
Transcriptions
Before Kublai Khan arrived in 1259, word reached him that Möngke had died. Kublai decided to keep the death of his
brother secret and continued the attack on the Wuhan area, near the Yangtze. The present-day Wuying Pagoda was Standard Mandarin
constructed at the end of the Song Dynasty between attacks by the Mongolian forces. Under the Mongol rulers (Yuan Hanyu Pinyin Wǔhàn
dynasty) (after 1301), the Wuchang prefecture, headquartered in the town, became the capital of Hubei province. Hankou,
from the Ming to late Qing, was under the administration of the local government in Hanyang, although it was already one
Bopomofo ㄨˇ ㄏㄢˋ
of the four major national markets (zh: ⼤ 镇 ) of the Ming dynasty. Gwoyeu Romatzyh Wuuhann
Wade–Giles Wu3-han4
Hanyang's Guiyuan Temple was completed in the 15th year of Shunzhi (1658).[42]
IPA [ù.xân] ( listen)
By the dawn of the 18th century, Hankou had become one of China's top four trading centers. In the late 19th century, Wu
railroads were extended on a north–south axis through the city, making Wuhan an important transshipment point between Suzhounese Vû-hǒe
rail and river traffic. Also during this period foreign powers extracted mercantile concessions, with the riverfront of
Hankou being divided up into foreign-controlled merchant districts. These districts contained trading firm offices, Yue: Cantonese
warehouses, and docking facilities. The French had a concession in Hankou.[43] During the Taiping Rebellion, the Wuhan Yale Romanization Móuh-hon
area was controlled for many years by rebel forces and the Yellow Crane Tower, Xingfu Temple, Zhuodaoquan Temple Jyutping Mou5-hon3
and other buildings were repurposed or damaged. During the Second Opium War (known in the West as the Arrow War,
IPA [mo̬ u.hɔ̄ ːn]
1856–1860), the government of the Qing dynasty was defeated by the western powers and signed the Treaties of Tianjin
and the Convention of Peking, which stipulated eleven cities or regions (including Hankou) as trading ports. In December Southern Min
1858, James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, High Commissioner to China, led four warships up the Yangtze River in Wuhan to Hokkien POJ Bú-hàn
collect the information needed for opening the trading port in Wuhan.

In the spring of 1861, Counselor Harry Smith Parkes and Admiral Herbert were sent to Wuhan to open a trading port. On
the basis of the Convention of Peking, Parkes concluded the Hankou Lend-Lease Treaty with Guan Wen, the governor-
general of Hunan and Hubei. It brought an area of 30.53 square kilometers (11.79 sq mi) along the Yangtze River (from
latter-day Jianghan Road to Hezuo Road) to become a British Concession and permitted Britain to set up its consulate in
the concession.

In 1889, Zhang Zhidong was transferred from Viceroy of Liangguang

(Guangdong and Guangxi provinces) to Viceroy of Huguang (Hunan and Hubei
provinces). He governed the province for 18 years, until 1907. During this period,
he elucidated the theory of "Chinese learning as the basis, Western learning for
application," known as the ti-yong ideal. He set up many heavy industries,
founded Hanyang Steel Plant, Daye Iron Mine, Pingxiang Coal Mine and Hubei
Arsenal and set up local textile industries, boosting the flourishing modern
industry in Wuhan. Meanwhile, he initiated education reform, opened dozens of
modern educational organizations successively, such as Lianghu (Hunan and
Hubei) Academy of Classical Learning, Civil General Institute, Military General Yellow Crane Tower
Institute, Foreign Languages Institute and Lianghu (Hunan and Hubei) General
Normal School, and selected a great many students for study overseas, which
well promoted the development of China's modern education. Furthermore, he trained a modern military and organized a
Wuhan in 1864
modern army including a zhen and a xie (both zhen and xie are military units in the Qing dynasty) in Hubei.

Originally known as the Hubei Arsenal, the Hanyang Arsenal was founded in 1891 by Qing official Zhang Zhidong, who
diverted funds from the Nanyang Fleet in Guangdong to build the arsenal. It cost about 250,000 pounds sterling and was built in 4 years.[44] On April 23, 1894,
construction was completed and the arsenal, occupying some 40 acres (160,000 m2 ), could start production of small-caliber cannons. It built magazine-fed rifles,
Gruson quick fire guns, and cartridges.[45]

Wuchang Uprising

By 1900, according to Collier's magazine, Hankou, the Yangtze River boom town, was "the St. Louis and Chicago of
China."[4] On October 10, 1911, Sun Yat-sen's followers launched the Wuchang Uprising,[46] which led to the collapse of
the Qing dynasty,[47] as well as the establishment of the Republic of China.[48] Foreign concessions along the
Hankow Bund c. 1900.
The Wuchang Uprising of October 1911, which overthrew the Qing dynasty, originated in Wuhan.[46] Before the
uprising, anti-Qing secret societies were active in Wuhan. In September 1911, the outbreak of the protests in Sichuan
forced the Qing authorities to send part of the New Army garrisoned in Wuhan to suppress the rebellion.[49] On
September 14 the Literary Society ( ) and the Progressive Association ( 共 ), two local revolutionary
organizations in Hubei,[49] set up joint headquarters in Wuchang and planned for an uprising. On the morning of October
9, a bomb at the office of the political arrangement exploded prematurely and alerted local authorities.[50] The
proclamation for the uprising, beadroll and the revolutionaries’ official seal fell into the hands of Rui Cheng, the governor-
general of Hunan and Hubei, who demolished the uprising headquarters the same day and set out to arrest the
revolutionaries listed in the beadroll.[50] This forced the revolutionaries to launch the uprising earlier than planned.[46]

On the night of October 10, the revolutionaries fired shots to signal the uprising at the engineering barracks of Hubei New
Army.[46] They then led the New Army of all barracks to join the revolution.[51] Under the guidance of Wu Zhaolin, Cai Wuchang Uprising Memorial, the
Jimin and others, this revolutionary army seized the official residence of the governor and government offices.[49] Rui original site of revolutionary
Cheng fled in panic into the Chuyu ship. Zhang Biao, the commander of the Qing army, also fled the city. On the morning government in 1911
of the 11th, the revolutionary army took the whole city of Wuchang, but leaders such as Jiang Yiwu and Sun Wu
disappeared.[46] Thus the leaderless revolutionary army recommended Li Yuanhong, the assistant governor of the Qing
army, as the commander-in-chief.[52] Li founded the Hubei Military Government, proclaimed the abolition of the Qing
rule in Hubei, the founding of the Republic of China and published an open telegram calling for other provinces to join
the revolution.[46][49]

As the revolution spread to other parts of the country, the Qing government concentrated loyalist military forces to
suppress the uprising in Wuhan. From October 17 to December 1, the revolutionary army and local volunteers defended
the city in the Battle of Yangxia against better armed and more numerous Qing forces commanded by Yuan Shikai. Huang
Xing would arrive in Wuhan in early November to take command of the revolutionary army.[49] After fierce fighting and
heavy casualties, Qing forces seized Hankou and Hanyang. But Yuan agreed to halt the advance on Wuchang and
participated in peace talks, which would eventually lead to the return of Sun Yat-sen from exile, founding of the Republic
of China on January 1, 1912.[48][53] Through the Wuchang Uprising, Wuhan is known as the birthplace of the Xinhai
Revolution, named after the Xinhai year on the Chinese calendar.[54] The city has several museums and memorials to the
revolution and the thousands of martyrs who died defending the revolution.

Republic of China Present-day Wuhan area in 1915

With the northern extension of the Northern Expedition, the center of the Great Revolution shifted from the Pearl River
basin to the Yangtze River basin. On November 26, the Kuomintang Central Political Committee decided to move the
capital from Guangzhou to Wuhan. In mid-December, most of the KMT central executive commissioners and national
government commissioners arrived in Wuhan, set up the temporary joint conference of central executive commissioners
and National Government commissioners, performed the top functions of central party headquarters and National
Government, declared they would work in Wuhan on January 1, 1927, and decided to combine the towns of Wuchang,
Hankou, and Hanyang into Wuhan City, called "Capital District". The new national government, later known as "Wuhan A map of Wuhan painted by the
nationalist government", was based in the Nanyang Building in Hankou, while the central party headquarters and other Japanese in 1930, with Hankou being
organizations chose their locations in Hankou or Wuchang.[21] the most prosperous sector

In March 1927, Mao Zedong appeared at the Third Plenum of the KMT Central Executive Committee in Wuhan, which
sought to strip General Chiang of his power by appointing Wang Jingwei leader. The first phase of the Northern Expedition was interrupted by the political split in
the Kuomintang following the formation of the Nanjing faction in April 1927 against the existing faction in Wuhan.[55] Members of the Chinese Communist Party,
who had survived the April 12 massacre, met at Wuhan and reelected Chen Duxiu (Ch'en Tu-hsiu) as the Party's Secretary General.[56] The split was partially
motivated by the purge of the Communists within the party, which marked the end of the First United Front, and Chiang Kai-shek briefly stepped down as the
commander of the National Revolutionary Army.[57]

In June 1927, Stalin sent a telegram to the Communists in Wuhan, calling for the mobilization of an army of workers and peasants.[58] This alarmed Wang
Jingwei, who decided to break with the Communists and come to terms with Chiang Kai-shek. The Wuhan coup was a political shift made on July 15, 1927, by
Wang Jingwei towards Chiang Kai-shek, and his Shanghai-based rival in the Kuomintang. The Wuhan Nationalist Government was established in Wuhan on
February 21, 1927, and ended by August 19, 1927.[59] After the end of the Northern Expedition, Hankou was elevated to a centrally-controlled municipality.

In the 1931 China floods, one of the deadliest flood disasters in world history, Wuhan was a refuge for flood victims from outlying areas, who had been arriving
since the late spring. But when the city itself was inundated in the early summer, and after a catastrophic dike failure just before 6:00 AM on July 27,[60]: 270 an
estimated 782,189 urban citizens and rural refugees were left homeless. The flood covered an area of 32 square miles and the city was flooded under many feet of
water for close to three months.[60]: 269–270 Large numbers gathered on flood islands throughout the city, with 30,000 sheltering on a railway embankment in
central Hankou. With little food and a complete breakdown in sanitation, thousands soon began to succumb to diseases.[61] Jin Shilong, Senior Engineer at the
Hubei Flood Prevention Agency, described the flooding:

There was no warning, only a sudden great wall of water. Most of Wuhan's buildings in those days were only one story high, and for many people
there was no escape – they died by the tens of thousands. ... I was just coming off duty at the company's main office, a fairly new three-story building
near the center of town ... When I heard the terrible noise and saw the wall of water coming, I raced to the top story of the building. ... I was in one of
the tallest and strongest buildings left standing. At that time no one knew whether the water would subside or rise even higher.[60]: 270
The high-water mark was reached on August 19 at Hankou, with the water level exceeding 16 m (53 ft) above normal.[62][63] In 1936, when natural disaster
struck Central China with widespread flooding affecting Hebei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Wuhan and Chongqing caused by the Yangtze and Huai Rivers bursting their
banks, Ong Seok Kim, as Chairman of the Sitiawan Fundraising and Disaster Relief Committee, raised money and materials in support of the
victims.[64][65][66][67]

During the Second Sino-Japanese War and following the fall of Nanking in December 1937, Wuhan had become the
provisional capital of China's Kuomintang government, and became another focal point of pitched air battles beginning in
early 1938 between modern monoplane bomber and fighter aircraft of the Imperial Japanese forces and the Chinese Air
Force, which included support from the Soviet Volunteer Group in both planes and personnel, as U.S. support in war
materials waned.[68] As the battle raged on through 1938, Wuhan and the surrounding region had become the site of the
Battle of Wuhan. After being taken by the Japanese in late 1938, Wuhan became a major Japanese logistics center for
operations in southern China.

In early October 1938, Japanese troops moved east and north in the outskirts of
The gunboat Zhongshan
Wuhan. As a result, numerous companies and enterprises and large numbers of
people had to withdraw from Wuhan to the west of Hubei and Sichuan. The
KMT navy undertook the responsibility of defending the Yangtze River on patrol
and covering the withdrawal. On October 24, while overseeing the waters of the Yangtze River near the town of Jinkou
(Jiangxia District in Wuhan) in Wuchang, the KMT gunboat Zhongshan came up against six Japanese aircraft. Though
two were eventually shot down, the Zhongshan sank with 25 casualties. Raised from the bottom of the Yangtze River in
1997, and restored at a local shipyard, the Zhongshan has been moved to a purpose-built museum in Wuhan's suburban
Jiangxia District, which opened on September 26, 2011.

Chiang Kai-Shek inspecting Chinese
soldiers in Wuhan as Japanese
forces approach the city
the December bombings of 1944."[71]
As a key center on the Yangtze, Wuhan was an important base for Japanese operations in China.[69] On December 18,
1944, Wuhan was bombed by 77 American bombers that set off a firestorm that destroyed much of the city.[70] For the
next three days, Wuhan was bombed by the Americans, destroying all of the docks and warehouses of Wuhan, as well as
the Japanese air bases in the city. The air raids killed thousands of Chinese civilians which American bombers did not
know.[70] "According to casualty statistics compiled by Hankou city in 1946, more than 20,000 were killed or injured in

Wuhan returned to Chinese control in September 1945. Administratively, Wuchang and Hanyang were initially combined into a new City of Wuchang, but in
October 1946 were separated into the City of Wuchang (including Wuchang only) and the County of Hanyang. Hankou became a centrally controlled
municipality in August 1947. Militarily, the Wuhan Forward Headquarters was established in Wuhan, headed by Bai Chongxi.[72]

During the later stages of the Chinese Civil War, Bai sought to broker peace, proposing that the Communist Party could
rule northern China while the Nationalist government retained southern China. This was rejected, and on May 15, 1949,
Bai and the Wuhan garrison retreated from the city. People's Liberation Army troops entered Wuhan on the afternoon of
Monday, May 16, 1949.[73][74][75]

People's Republic of China

The Changjiang Water Resources Commission was reestablished in February

1950 with its headquarters in Wuhan. From June to September 1954, the Yangtze
River Floods were a series of catastrophic floodings that occurred mostly in
Hubei Province. Due to an unusually high volume of precipitation as well as an People's Liberation Army troops at
extraordinarily long rainy season in the middle stretch of the Yangtze River late in Zhongshan Avenue, Hankou on May
the spring of 1954, the river started to rise above its usual level in around late 16, 1949
June. In 1969, a large stone monument was erected in the riverside park in
Hankou honoring the heroic deeds in fighting the 1954 Yangtze River floods.

Before construction of the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, Hunslet Engine Company built two extra heavy 0-8-0
locomotives for loading the train ferries for crossing the Yangtze River in Wuhan.

In his poem "Swimming" (1956),
engraved on the 1954 Flood
Memorial in Wuhan, Mao Zedong
envisions "walls of stone" to be
erected upstream.[76]
The project of building the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, also known as the First Yangtze River Bridge, was regarded as
one of the key projects during the first five-year plan. On October 25, 1955, construction began on the bridge proper. The
same day in 1957, the whole project was completed and an opening-to-traffic ceremony was held on October 15. The
First Yangtze River Bridge united the Beijing–Hankou Railway with the Guangdong–Hankou Railway into the Beijing–
Guangzhou Railway, making Wuhan a 'thoroughfare to nine provinces' ( 九 ) in name and in fact.
After Chengdu Conference, Mao went to Chongqing and Wuhan in April to inspect the countryside and factories. In
Wuhan, he called all the leaders of provinces and municipalities who had not attended Chengdu Conference to report their
work. Tian Jiaying, the secretary of Mao, said that Wuhan Conference was a supplement to Chengdu Conference.[77]

In July 1967, civil strife struck the city in the Wuhan Incident ("July 20th Incident"), an armed conflict between two
hostile groups who were fighting for control over the city at the height of the Cultural Revolution.[78]

In 1981, the Wuhan City Government commenced reconstruction of the Yellow Crane Tower at a new location, about 1 km (0.62 mi) from the original site, and it
was completed in 1985. In 1957, the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge was built with one trestle of the bridge on the site of the tower, which had been last destroyed
in 1884.[79]

During the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, students in Wuhan blocked the Yangtze River Railway bridge and another 4,000 gathered at the railway
station.[80]: 400 About one thousand students staged a railroad 'sit-in'. Rail traffic on the Beijing-Guangzhou and Wuhan-Dalian lines was interrupted. The students
also urged employees of major state-owned enterprises to go on strike.[80]: 405 The situation was so tense that residents reportedly began a bank run and resorted to
panic-buying.[80]: 408

In the wake of the United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade on May 7, 1999, protests broke out throughout China, including in Wuhan.[81]
On June 22, 2000, a Wuhan Airlines flight from Enshi to Wuhan was forced to circle for 30 minutes due to thunderstorms.
The aircraft eventually crashed on the banks of Han River in Hanyang District,[82] all on-board perished (there were
varying accounts of number of crews and passengers). In addition, the crash also killed 7 people on the ground.[83][84][85]

Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including
Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism.[86] The
BBC reported that hundreds of people demonstrated in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao.[87][88] On May
19, 2011, Fang Binxing, the Principal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (also known as "Father of
China's Great Fire Wall"[89][90]) was hit on the chest by a shoe thrown at him by a Huazhong University of Science and
Technology student who calls herself "hanjunyi" ( 君 , or ⼩湖北 ) while Fang was giving a lecture at Wuhan Huazhong University of Science and
University.[91][92][93][94][95][96] Technology

The city has been subject to devastating floods, which are now supposed to be controlled by the ambitious Three Gorges
Dam, a project which was completed in 2008.[97][98] The 2008 Chinese winter storms damaged water supply equipment in Wuhan: up to 100,000 people were out
of running water when several water pipes burst, cutting the supply to local households.[99] The 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave hit Wuhan on July
3.[100] In the 2010 China floods, the Han River at Wuhan experienced its worst flooding in twenty years, as officials continued sandbagging efforts along the Han
and Yangtze Rivers in the city and checked reservoirs.[101] In the 2011 China floods, Wuhan was flooded, with parts of the city losing power.[102] In the 2016
China floods, Wuhan saw 570 mm (22 in) of rainfall during the first week of July, surpassing the record that fell on the city in 1991. A red alert for heavy rainfall
was issued on July 2, the same day that eight people died after a 15-meter (49 ft) section of a 2 m (6.6 ft) tall wall collapsed on top of them.[103] The city's subway
system, the Wuhan Metro was partially submerged as was the main railway station.[104] At least 14 city residents were killed, one was missing, and more than
80,000 were relocated.[105]

In early July 2019, there were protests against plans for a new incinerator in Xinzhou District.[106]

The 2019 Military World Games were hosted in Wuhan in October.[107][108]

In December 2019, SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic, was first discovered in Wuhan,[109][110] and the city was the
location of the first lockdown of the pandemic in January 2020.[111] Wuhan and other Hubei cities were placed under lockdown for nearly three months to contain
the disease.[111][112] On April 8, 2020, the Wuhan lockdown officially came to an end after no new domestic cases were reported in Hubei province.[113]

Geography

Overview

Wuhan is in east-central Hubei, at latitude 29° 58'–31° 22' N and longitude 113° 41'–115° 05' E. Wuhan sits at the
confluence of the Han River flowing into the Yangtze River at the East of the Jianghan Plain along the Yangtze's middle
reaches.

The metropolitan area comprises three parts—Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang—commonly called the "Three Towns of
Wuhan" (hence the name "Wuhan", combining "Wu" from the first city and "Han" from the other two). The consolidation
of these cities occurred in 1927 and Wuhan was thereby established. The three former cities face each other across the
rivers and are linked by bridges, including one of the first modern bridges in China, known as the "First Bridge".

Map including the Wuhan area (AMS, Wuchang lies south east of the Yangtze River that separates it from both Hankou and Hanyang.
1953) Hankou sits north of the Yangtze River separating it from Wuchang. Hankou is north of the Han River
separating it from Hanyang.
Hanyang lies west of the Yangtze separating it from Wuchang. Hanyang is south of the Han river separating it
from Hankou.

It is simple in terrain—low and flat in the middle and hilly in the south, with the Yangtze and Han rivers winding through
the city. The She River enters the Yangtze in Huangpi District. Wuhan occupies a land area of 8,494.41 square kilometers
(3,279.71 sq mi), most of which is alluvial plain and decorated with hills and a great number of lakes and ponds. Water
makes up one quarter of Wuhan's urban territory, which is the highest percentage among major cities in China.[114]
Wuhan has nearly 200 lakes, including the East Lake of 33 km2, and Tangxun Lake, which are the largest lakes entirely
within a city in China.[114]

Other well-known lakes include South Lake and Sand Lake. Liangzi Lake, the largest lake by surface area in Hubei
province, is located in the southeast of Jiangxia District. At 709 m (2,326 ft) above sea level, the highest point in Wuhan is
the main peak of Yunwu Mountain ( 雾 ) in northwestern Huangpi District.[115] There are also several mountains
Hongshan District

within the city limits of Wuhan including Mount Luojia ( 珞珈 ) in Wuchang District as well as Mount Hong ( 洪 ) and
Mount Yujia ( 喻 / 珈 ) in Hongshan District.[116]

Climate

Wuhan's climate is humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa) with abundant rainfall in summer and four distinctive seasons. Wuhan is known for its humid summers, when
dewpoints can often reach 26 °C (79 °F) or more.[117] Historically, along with Chongqing and Nanjing, Wuhan is referred to as one of the "Three Furnacelike
Cities" along the Yangtze River for their hot summers.[118] However, the climate data of recent years suggests that Wuhan is no longer among the top tier of "The
hottest cities in summer" list, the New Four Furnacelike Cities are Chongqing, Fuzhou, Hangzhou, and Nanchang.[119][120] Spring and autumn are generally mild,
while winter is cool with quite low rainfall and occasional snow. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 4.0 °C (39.2 °F) in January to 29.1 °C
(84.4 °F) in July.[121] Annual precipitation totals just under 1,320 mm (52 in),[121] the majority of which falls from April to July; the annual mean temperature is
17.13 °C (62.8 °F),[121] the frost-free period lasts 211 to 272 days.[122] With monthly possible sunshine percentage ranging from 31 percent in March to
59 percent in August, the city proper receives 1,865 hours of bright sunshine annually.[123] Extreme low and high temperatures recorded are −18.1 °C (−1 °F) on
January 31, 1977, and 39.7 °C (103 °F) on July 27, 2017 (unofficial record of 41.3 °C (106 °F) in 1934).[124][125]
 Climate data for Wuhan (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1951–present)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

25.4 29.1 32.4 35.1 36.1 37.8 39.7 39.6 37.6 34.4 30.4 23.3 39.7
Record high °C (°F)
(77.7) (84.4) (90.3) (95.2) (97.0) (100.0) (103.5) (103.3) (99.7) (93.9) (86.7) (73.9) (103.5)

8.1 10.7 15.2 22.1 27.1 30.2 32.9 32.5 28.5 23.0 16.8 10.8 21.5
Average high °C (°F)
(46.6) (51.3) (59.4) (71.8) (80.8) (86.4) (91.2) (90.5) (83.3) (73.4) (62.2) (51.4) (70.7)

4.0 6.6 10.9 17.4 22.6 26.2 29.1 28.4 24.1 18.2 11.9 6.2 17.1
Daily mean °C (°F)
(39.2) (43.9) (51.6) (63.3) (72.7) (79.2) (84.4) (83.1) (75.4) (64.8) (53.4) (43.2) (62.9)

1.0 3.5 7.4 13.6 18.9 22.9 26.0 25.3 20.7 14.7 8.4 2.9 13.8
Average low °C (°F)
(33.8) (38.3) (45.3) (56.5) (66.0) (73.2) (78.8) (77.5) (69.3) (58.5) (47.1) (37.2) (56.8)

−18.1 −14.8 −5.0 −0.3 7.2 13.0 17.3 16.4 10.1 1.3 −7.1 −10.1 −18.1
Record low °C (°F)
(−0.6) (5.4) (23.0) (31.5) (45.0) (55.4) (63.1) (61.5) (50.2) (34.3) (19.2) (13.8) (−0.6)

48.7 65.5 91.0 135.7 166.8 218.2 228.1 117.5 74.0 80.9 60.0 29.6 1,316
Average precipitation mm (inches)
(1.92) (2.58) (3.58) (5.34) (6.57) (8.59) (8.98) (4.63) (2.91) (3.19) (2.36) (1.17) (51.82)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 9.5 9.8 13.1 12.5 12.2 11.8 11.6 9.6 7.5 9.0 8.0 6.9 121.5

Average relative humidity (%) 76 75 75 75 74 77 77 77 75 76 75 73 75

Mean monthly sunshine hours 101.9 97.0 121.8 152.8 181.0 170.9 220.2 226.4 175.8 151.9 139.3 126.5 1,865.5

Percent possible sunshine 33 33 31 39 43 43 54 59 48 46 45 43 43

Source: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days and sunshine 1971–2000)[121][123]

Government and politics

Wuhan is a sub-provincial city. Municipal government is regulated by the local Communist Party of China (CPC), led by
the Wuhan CPC Secretary (Chinese: 武汉 书记
), Wang Zhonglin ( 王 林
). The local CPC issues administrative
orders, collects taxes, manages the economy, and directs a standing committee of the Municipal People's Congress in
making policy decisions and overseeing the local government.

Government officials include the mayor ( ⻓), Zhou Xianwang (周先旺), and vice-mayors. Numerous bureaus focus on
law, public security, and other affairs.

Administrative divisions The main gate of Wuhan Municipal

Party Committee
The sub-provincial city of Wuhan currently comprises 13 districts.[126] As of the Sixth Census of China in 2010, the 13
districts comprised 160 township-level divisions including 156 subdistricts, 3 towns, 1 townships.[7][8]
 Population
Chinese Area Den
Map District Pinyin (2010
(S) (km2 )[9] (/km
census)[127][7][8]
Central Districts 6,434,373 888.42 7,24

Jiang'an 江岸 Jiāng'àn
Qū
895,635 64.24 13,9

Jianghan 江汉 Jiānghàn
Qū
683,492 33.43 20,4

Hankou districts
1. Jiang'an
Qiaokou 硚⼝ Qiáokǒu
Qū
828,644 46.39 17,8
2. Jianghan
3. Qiaokou Hanyang 汉阳 Hànyáng
Qū
792,183[128] 108.34 7,31
Huangpi
Wuchang 武昌 Wǔchāng
Qū
1,199,127 87.42 13,7

Xinzhou Qingshan ⻘ Qīngshān

Qū
485,375 68.40 7,09

Hongshan 洪 Hóngshān
Qū
1,549,917[129] 480.20 3,22
Dongxihu
1 Suburban and Rural Districts 3,346,271 7,605.99 440
Qingshan
3 2
Hongshan
HanyangWuchang
Dongxihu 东 湖 Dōngxīhú
Qū
451,880 439.19 1,02

Caidian
Hannan 汉南 Hànnán
Qū
114,970 287.70 400

Caidian 甸 Càidiàn
Qū
410,888 1,108.10 371
Hannan
Jiangxia Jiangxia 江夏 Jiāngxià
Qū
644,835 2,010.00 321

Huangpi ⻩陂 Huángpí
Qū
874,938 2,261.00 387

Xinzhou 洲 Xīnzhōu
Qū
848,760 1,500.00 566

Water Region ( 域) 4,748 - -

Total 9,785,392 8,494.41 1,15

Diplomatic missions

There are four countries that have consulates in Wuhan:

Consulate Year Consular District

France Consulate General Wuhan[130] October 10, 1998 Hubei/Hunan/Jiangxi
United States Consulate General Wuhan[131] November 20, 2008 Hubei/Hunan/Henan/Jiangxi
Republic of Korea Consulate General Wuhan[132] October 25, 2010 Hubei/Hunan/Henan/Jiangxi
United Kingdom Consulate General Wuhan[133] January 8, 2015 Hubei/Henan

The current U.S. Consul General, the Honorable Mr. Jamie Fouss, was posted to Wuhan in August 2017. The office of the U.S. Consulate General, Central China
(located in Wuhan) celebrated its official opening on November 20, 2008, and is the first new American consulate in China in over 20 years.[134][135]

In 2015, Japan[136] and Russia[137] announced their intentions to establish consular offices in Wuhan.

Economy
Up until the 21st century, Wuhan was largely an agricultural region. Since 2004 it has been a focal point of the Rise of
Central China Plan, which aims to build less-developed inland economies into hubs of advanced manufacturing.

Since 1890,[114] the steel industry has been the backbone of Wuhan's industry.[138] In 2010, automobile industry
exceeded GDP for Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation (WISCO) steel for the first time. There are 5 car manufacturers,
including Dongfeng Honda, Citroen, Shanghai GM, DFM Passenger Vehicle and Dongfeng Renault. Dongfeng-Citroen
Automobile Co., Ltd is headquartered in the city.[138]

As of 2016, Wuhan has attracted foreign investment from over 80 countries, with 5,973 foreign-invested enterprises
A night sight near a modern shopping established in the city with a total capital injection of $22.45 billion USD.[139] Among these, about 50 French companies
mall in Hongshan District including Renault and PSA Group have operations in the city, representing over one third of French investment in China,
and the highest level of French investment in any Chinese city.[140]

Wuhan is an important center for economy, trade, finance, transportation, information technology, and education in China. Its major industries include optic-
electronic, automobile manufacturing, iron and steel manufacturing, new pharmaceutical sector, biology engineering, new materials industry and environmental
protection. Environmental sustainability is highlighted in Wuhan's list of emerging industries, which include energy efficiency technology and renewable
energy.[139]
Industrial zones

Major industrial zones in Wuhan include in chronological order:

Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone

Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone is a national level industrial zone incorporated in 1993.[141] Its
current zone size is about 10–25 square km and it plans to expand to 25–50 square km. Industries encouraged in Wuhan
Economic and Technological Development Zone include Auto-mobile Production/Assembly, Wuhan CBD
Biotechnology/Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals Production and Processing, Food/Beverage Processing, Heavy Industry, and
Telecommunications Equipment.

Wuhan Export Processing Zone

Wuhan Export Processing Zone was established in 2000. It is located in Wuhan Economic and Technology Development
Zone, planned to cover 2.7 square kilometers (1.0 square mile) of land. The first 0.7-square-kilometer (0.3-square-mile)
area has already been created.[142]

Wuhan Donghu New Technology Development Zone

Wuhan Donghu New Technology Development Zone is a national level high-tech development zone. Optical-electronics,
telecommunications, and equipment manufacturing are the core industries of Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development
Wuhan Yangtze River Tunnel of
Zone (ELHTZ) while software outsourcing and electronics are also encouraged. ELHTZ is China's largest production
Road and Rail
center for optoelectronic products with key players like Yangtze Optical Fiber and Cable,[143] (the largest fiber-optical
cable maker in China), and Fiberhome Telecommunications.[144] Wuhan Donghu New Technology Development Zone
also represents the development center for China's laser industry with key players such as HG Tech[145] and Chutian
Laser being based in the zone.[146]

Wuhan Optical Valley (Guanggu) Software Park

Wuhan Optical Valley (Guanggu) Software Park is located in Wuhan Donghu New Technology Development Zone. Wuhan Optics Valley Software Park is jointly
developed by East Lake High-Tech Development Zone and Dalian Software Park Co., Ltd.[147] The planned area is 0.67 square kilometers (0.26 square miles)
with total floor area of 6,000,000 square meters (65,000,000 square feet). The zone is 8.5 km (5.28 mi) away from the 316 National Highway and is 46.7 km
(29.02 mi) away from the Wuhan Tianhe Airport.

Wuhan Biolake

Biolake is an industrial base established in 2008 in the Optics Valley of China. Located in East Lake New Technology Development Zone of Wuhan, Biolake
covers 15 km2 (5.8 sq mi), and has six parks including Bio-innovation Park, Bio-pharma Park, Bio-agriculture Park, Bio-manufacturing Park, Medical Device
Park and Medical Health Park, to accommodate both research activities and living.[148][149][150][151][152]

Demographics
Wuhan is the most populous city in Central China and among the most populous in China. In the Sixth Census of China in Historical population
2010, Wuhan's built-up area made of 8 out of 10 urban districts (all but Xinzhou and Hannan not yet conurbated) was Year Pop. ±%
home to 8,821,658 inhabitants.[159] As of 2015, the city of Wuhan had an estimated population of 10,607,700 people.[158] 1953 1,427,300 —
1982 4,101,000 +187.3%
The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and
[160][11] 1990 6,901,911 +68.3%
Development) to have, as of 2010, a population of 19 million. As of November 2019, urban development status
considering both spatial and socioeconomic processes has been examined using Night Time Lighting data and land cover 2000 8,312,700 +20.4%
data as proxies; it showed Wuhan's high concentration of socioeconomic activities compared to its urban spatial 2007 7,243,000 −12.9%
development.[161] 2010 9,785,388 +35.1%
2014 10,338,000 +5.6%
2015 10,607,700 +2.6%
Religion Population size may be affected by
changes on administrative divisions.
[153][154] 1982,[155] 1990,[156]
According to a survey published in 2017, 79.2% of the population of Wuhan are either irreligious or practice worship of 1953,[127]
2000 2007 [157] 2015 [158]
gods and ancestors; among these 0.9% are Taoists. Among other religious doctrines, 14.7% of the population adheres to
Buddhism, 2.9% to Protestantism, 0.3% to Catholicism and 1.6% to Islam, and 1.6% of the population adheres to
unspecified other religions.[162]

Religious sites in Wuhan

Baotong Buddhist Gude Buddhist Thanksgivi Holy

Temple Temple ng Family
Protestant Catholic
Church Church
 Religion in Wuhan
(2017)[162]

Chinese religion or not

religious (including Taoists
(0.9%)) (79.2%)
Buddhism (14.7%)
Protestantism (2.9%)
Islam (1.6%)
Catholicism (0.3%)
Other (1.6%)

Transportation

Railways

China Railway Wuhan Group manages the Wuhan Railway Hub. Wuhan Railway Hub is considered one of the four key railway hubs of China.[163] The city of
Wuhan is served by three major railway stations: the Hankou Railway Station in Hankou, the Wuchang Railway Station in Wuchang, and the Wuhan Railway
Station, located in a newly developed area east of the East Lake (Hongshan District). As the stations are many miles apart, it is important for passengers to be
aware of the particular station(s) used by a particular train.

The (original) Hankou Station was the terminus for the Jinghan Railway from Beijing, while the Wuchang Station was the terminus for the Yuehan Railway to
Guangzhou. Since the construction of the First Yangtze Bridge and the linking of the two lines into the Jingguang Railway, both Hankou and Wuchang stations
have been served by trains going to all directions, which contrasts with the situation in such cities as New York or Moscow, where different stations serve different
directions.

With the opening of the Hefei-Wuhan high-speed railway on April 1, 2009,[164] Wuhan became served by high-speed trains with Hefei, Nanjing, and Shanghai;
several trains a day now connect the city with Shanghai, getting there in under six hours. As of early 2010, most of these express trains leave from the Hankou
Railway Station.

In 2006, construction began on the new Wuhan Railway Station with 11 platforms, located on the northeastern outskirts of the city. In December 2009, the station
was opened, as China unveiled its second high-speed train with scheduled runs from Guangzhou to Wuhan. Billed as the fastest train in the world, it can reach a
speed of 394 km/h (244.82 mph). The travel time between the two cities has been reduced from ten and a half hours to just three. The rail service has been
extended north to Beijing.[165]

As of 2011, the new Wuhan Railway Station is primarily used by the Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed trains, while most regular trains to other destinations continue
to use the Hankou and Wuchang stations.

Construction work is carried out on several lines of the new Wuhan Metropolitan Area Intercity Railway, which will eventually connect Wuhan's three main rail
terminals with several stations throughout the city's outer areas and farther suburbs, as well as with the nearby cities of Xianning, Huangshi, Huanggang, and
Xiaogan. The first line of the system, the one to Xianning, opened for passenger operations at the end of 2013. The line to Xiaogen opened on December 1, 2016,
and it was extended with the opening of the Wuhan–Shiyan high-speed railway to Shiyan on November 29, 2019.[166][167]

The main freight railway station and classification yard of the Wuhan metropolitan area is the extensive Wuhan North railway station, with 112 tracks and over 650
switches. It is located in Hengdian Subdistrict of Huangpi District, located 20 km (12 mi) north of the Wuhan Station and 23 km (14 mi) from Hankou Station.

Dazhimen Railway Wuchang Railway Station Hankou Railway Station Wuhan Railway Station Platform view of Wuhan
Station, out of use Railway Station
currently
 Map of Wuhan
Metropolitan Area Intercity
Railways

Wuhan Metro

Wuhan Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Wuhan. Owned and operated by Wuhan Metro Group Co., Ltd., the network now includes 9 lines, 228
stations, and 339 km (211 mi) of route length. Line 1, the first line in the system, opened on July 28, 2004, which made Wuhan the seventh city in mainland China
with rapid transit system, after Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Changchun, and Dalian.[168] Line 2 opened on December 28, 2012, and is the first
underground metro line crossing the Yangtze River. Commuting across the Yangtze River and Han River has been the bottleneck of Wuhan traffic. However, the
appearance of Wuhan Metro greatly relieved this problem. With 1.22 billion annual passengers in 2019, Wuhan Metro is the sixth-busiest rapid transit system in
mainland China.[169] There are a number of lines or sections under construction. The government of Wuhan City promised the citizens that at least two lines or
sections open every year.[170] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the entire network was out of service from January 23 to March 27, 2020.

Wuhan Metro Map Wuhan Metro Line 4 Wuhan Metro Line 1 Train Interior of Wuhan Taipingyang Station
Metro Line 7

Huangpu Road Station

Trams

Trams were brought to the streets of Wuhan on July 28, 2017, with the first line (Auto-city T1 Line) opened that day.[171]
The trams under construction or planning in Wuhan are:

Auto-city trams, with Lines T1, T2, T6, and T8 in the Wuhan Economic Development Area, in the far
western reaches on Hanyang. T1 Line is operational as of 2017.
Optics Valley trams, two lines (T1 and T2) south and east of Guanggu Circle (Guanggu Guangchang) in
southeastern Wuchang. The system opened on January 18, 2018.[172]
The Old Hankou Streetcar, a loop line around Hankou city.
A tram in University Science Park
Station
Maritime transport

Wuhan is a major hub for maritime transport in central China. The Port of Wuhan provide services for the local population and shipping services.

Ferry

Located on the banks of the Yangtze River, Wuhan has a long history of ferry services. Modern ferry services were established in 1900 by steam boat. In 1937, a
train ferry was established to transport train cars from Hankou to Wuchang.[173] There are numbered stops around Wuhan where people can get on and off the
ferry and there is a tourist ferry in the night.

Currently, ferry services are provided by the Wuhan Ferry Company. In 2010, the company bought ten new ships to replace those that had been in service for 29
years.[174]
Airports

Opened in April 1995 to replace the old Hankou Wangjiadun Airport and Nanhu Airport as the major airport of
Wuhan,[175][176] Wuhan Tianhe International Airport is one of the busiest airports in central China. It is located in
Wuhan's suburban Huangpi District 26 kilometers (16 mi) north of Wuhan city proper. The extension of Line 2 of Wuhan
Metro to Tianhe Airport opened on December 28, 2016.[177] It has also been selected as China's fourth international hub
airport after Beijing Capital International Airport, Shanghai-Pudong and Guangzhou Baiyun. A second terminal was
completed in March 2008, having been started in February 2005 with an investment of CNY 3.372 billion. International
flights to neighboring Asian countries have also been enhanced, including direct flights to Tokyo and Nagoya, Japan.
Terminal 3 has been available for service since early 2017.
Tianhe Airport Terminal 3
Hannan Municipal Airport is an municipal airport that serves Hannan District. It is the biggest airport in China that only
handles general aviation,[178] and the biggest municipal airport in Hubei Province. On December 1, 2017, construction
began on Caidian Municipal Airport, which will serve Caidian District.[179]

Highways and expressways

Numerous major highways and expressways pass through Wuhan, including:

China National Highway 107

China National Highway 316
China National Highway 318
G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway
G0422 Wuhan–Shenzhen Expressway

Bicycle-sharing system

As of May 2011, the Wuhan and Hangzhou Public Bicycle bike-share systems in China were the largest in the world, with around 90,000 and 60,000 bicycles
respectively.[180] In 2012 the Wuhan and Hangzhou Public Bicycle programs in China are the largest in the world, with around 90,000 and 60,000 bicycles
respectively. China has seen a rise in private "dockless" bike shares with fleets that dwarf systems in size outside China.[181] Initially, a number of traditional
(third-generation) docked public bike systems operated by local municipal governments opened across China, with the largest ones being in Wuhan and
Hangzhou. The first was introduced in Beijing in 2007. However, third-generation bike sharing is not considered successful for the majority cities in China. Bike
sharing in Beijing virtually stopped and it also has encountered difficulties in Shanghai and Wuhan.[182]

Destinations

Replica instruments of ancient originals are played at the Hubei Provincial Museum.
A replica set of bronze concert bells is in the background and a set of stone chimes is to the right.

The Yellow Crane Tower (Huanghelou) is presumed to have been first built in approximately 220 AD. The
tower has been destroyed and reconstructed numerous times, and was burned last according to some
sources in 1884. The tower underwent complete reconstruction in 1981. The reconstruction utilized
modern materials and added an elevator while maintaining the traditional design in the tower's outward
appearance.
Wuchang has the largest and second largest lakes within a city in China, the East Lake and Tangxun
Lake, as well as the South Lake. East Lake in Wuhan is six times the size of the West Lake in Hangzhou,
Zhejiang province. The total area is more than 80 km2 (31 sq mi) of which the lake is covering an area of
33 km2 (13 sq mi). In the springtime, the shores of East Lake become a garden of flowers with the Mei
blossoms as the king and the Cherry Blossom as the queen among the species at East Lake Cherry Happy Valley Wuhan amusement
Blossom Park. Another famous flower is the lotus. The lake has a long history and especially the Chu park
Kingdom is well represented around East Lake. Moreover, in the Moshan Botanic Garden there are many
types of plum blossoms, as well as lotus flowers.
The Hubei Provincial Museum: With over 200,000 valued artifacts, this is one of the leading museums in China. Especially the artefacts from
the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (Zeng Hou Yi), who lived in the 5th century BC, is a world unique treasure. The bell chime of Marquis Yi of
Zeng is a bronze instrument performed 2430 years ago in ancient China (Warring States Period), and was discovered in the Tomb of Marquis
Yi of Zeng in Suizhou, Hubei in 1978. The whole chime weighs 5 tons, can perfectly play sound which was heard 2430 years ago, and was
considered "The Eighth Wonder of the World".
The Wuhan Museum has a collection of more than 100,000 artifacts, including ceramic, bronze ware, paintings and calligraphy, jade, wood
carving, enamel ware, seals and so on. As a modern comprehensive museum, Wuhan Museum has the function in cultural relic collection,
academic reach, publicity and education, cultural exchange, and recreation and entertainment.

[183]

Happy Valley Wuhan is a theme park in Hongshan District. Opened on April 29, 2012, it is the fifth installation of the Happy Valley theme park
chain.[184]
 The Rock and Bonsai Museum includes a mounted platybelodon skeleton, many unique stones, a quartz
crystal the size of an automobile, and an outdoor garden with miniature trees in the penjing ("Chinese
Bonsai") style.
Jiqing Street (吉庆街 ) holds many roadside restaurants and street performers during the evening and is the
site of a Live Show with stories of events on this street by contemporary writer Chi Li.
The Lute Platform in Hanyang was where the legendary musician Yu Boya is said to have played. This is the
birthplace of the renowned legend of seeking a soul mate through "high mountains and flowing water".
According to the story behind the Chinese word ' 知 ' (zhīyīn; 'understanding music'), Yu Boya played for the
last time over the grave of his friend Zhong Ziqi, then smashed his lute because the only person able to
Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng,
appreciate his music was dead.[185]
made in 433 BC, now on display at
the Hubei Provincial Museum in Mao's Villa ( ⽑ 東別墅 ), Mao Zedong's villa between 1960 and 1974; includes garden, living quarters,
Wuhan conference room, bomb shelter and swimming pool.[186][187]
Some luxury riverboat tours begin here after a flight from Beijing or Shanghai, with several days of flatland
cruising and then climbing through the Three Gorges with passage upstream past the Gezhouba and Three
Gorges dams to the city of Chongqing. With the completion of the dam, a number of cruises now start from the upstream side and continue
west, with tourists traveling by motorcoach from Wuhan.
Wuying Pagoda or the "Shadowless Pagoda" is the oldest standing architectural feature in Wuhan, dating from the closing days of the
Southern Song Dynasty.
Chu River and Han Street, a shopping district located in Wuchang with many tourist attractions, including Han Show theater, Madame
Tussauds wax museum, and Movie Culture Park, etc. This project was initiated as a water connecting channel between East Lake and Shahu
Lake.
Wuhan Zoo in Hanyang.[188]
The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market is a live animal and seafood market in the Jianghan District. The market is located in the newer part
of the city near shops and apartment blocks and is close to Hankou railway station. The market has been identified as a possible point of
origin of the COVID-19 pandemic.[189]
The Wuhan Institute of Virology is located in the Wuchan District. It is, "the key laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences for newly
emerging and fulminating infectious disease pathogen and biosecurity."[190]

Education

Schools and universities

There are 35 higher educational institutions in Wuhan, making it a leading educational hub for China. Prominent
institutions include Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Wuhan University. Three state-level
development zones and many enterprise incubators are also significant in Wuhan's education and business development.
Wuhan ranks third in China in overall strength of science and technology.[191]

As of the end of 2013, in Wuhan there were 1,024 kindergartens with 224,300 children, 590 primary schools with
424,000 students, 369 general high schools with 314,000 students, 105 secondary vocational and technical schools with
98,600 students, and 80 colleges and universities with 966,400 undergraduates and junior college students and 107,400
postgraduate students.[192] There are several international schools in Wuhan. The old library (center), dorm (below),
and schools of literature and law (left
Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), located in the Optics Valley of China near East Lake, is a and right) of Wuhan University
Project 985 and Class A Double First Class University.[193] HUST manages Wuhan National Laboratories for Opto-
electronics (WNLO), which is one of the five national laboratories in China. HUST is also one of four Chinese
universities eligible to run the national laboratory and the national major science and technology infrastructure. Founded in 1953 as Huazhong Institute of
Technology, it combined with three other universities (including former Tongji Medical University founded in 1907) in 2000 to form the new HUST, and has 42
schools and departments covering 12 comprehensive disciplines.[194][195] HUST has 12 Fellows of Chinese Academy of Sciences and 17 Fellows of Chinese
Academy of Engineering.[196] U.S. News' 2022 U.S. News & World Report ranked HUST 176th in the world, 24th in Asia and 10th in China,[197] while the
Academic Ranking of World Universities has ranked the university at 101-150th in the world and 8-10th in China since 2019.[198] More than 2,000 international
students from 120 countries pursue degrees at HUST.[199]

Wuhan University is another Project 985 and Class A Double First Class University,[193] which was ranked 225th by the 2022 QS World University
Rankings[200] and 209th by the 2022 U.S. News;[201] established in 1893, the old Wuhan University absorbed three other schools (two of them being its spin-offs
since the 1950s) in 2000 to become a university with 36 schools in 6 faculties. Since the 1950s it has received international students from more than 109
countries.[202]

Scientific research

Wuhan contains three national development zones and four scientific and technological development parks, as well as
numerous enterprise incubators, over 350 research institutes, 1470 high-tech enterprises, and over 400,000 experts and
technicians.

Founded in 1958, the Wuhan Branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences is one of the twelve national branches of CAS. It
is composed of 9 independent organizations, including the headquarters at Xiaohongshan, Wuchang. It has had a staff of
3,900, among which 8 are CAS fellows, and one is a Chinese Academy of Engineering fellow. As of 2013, the
achievements gained by WHB had won 23 National Awards and 778 Provincial Awards.[203] Wuhan Research Institute
of Post and Telecommunications (now known as FiberHome Technologies Group) is the national center for optical The Institute for Advanced Studies
at Wuhan University
communication research in China, and is where the first optical fiber in the country was produced.[204] The Wuhan
Institute of Virology is also operated by the CAS.

Wuhan University of Technology is another major national university with three main campuses located in the Wuchang District. Founded in the year 2000, it was
merged from three major universities, Wuhan University of Technology (established in 1948), Wuhan Transportation University (established in 1946) and Wuhan
Automotive Polytechnic University (established in 1958). Wuhan University of Technology, together with China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Huazhong
Agricultural University, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law and Central China Normal University (or Huazhong Normal University), are the leading
Chinese universities accredited by the Ministry of Education under the "State Project 211" for Chinese higher education institutions. Other major research
universities have its seat in the city, including Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei University, Hubei University of Technology, and South
Central University for Nationalities.[205][206]

Media
The headquarters of Hubei Television is located in Wuchang District. Tortoise Mountain TV Tower is China's first self-developed
TV tower, opened in 1986. The modern newspapers in Wuhan can be dated back to 1866, when Hankow Times, a newspaper in
English, was founded. Before 1949, more than 50 newspapers and magazines were published by foreigners in Wuhan. Chao-wen
Hsin-pao, founded by Ai Xiaomei in 1873, was the first Chinese newspaper to appear in Hankou (one of the cities that was
merged into Wuhan). During the Northern Expedition era (1926–1928), journalism in Wuhan came to a climax; more than 120
newspapers and periodicals, including national newspapers such as Central Daily News and Republican Daily News, were
founded or published during this time.[207] Chutian Metropolis Daily and Wuhan Evening News are two major local commercial
tabloid newspapers. Both of them have entered the list of 100 most widely circulated newspapers of the world.

Tortoise Mountain TV Tower

Culture
The plum blossom is the city's emblem, chosen partly because of the long history of local plum cultivation and use, and partly to recognize the plum's current
economic significance in terms of cultivation and research. Local wild plums were used medicinally during the Qin and Han dynasties. Cultivation of the fruit
began during the Song dynasty. Some traditional new year customs revolve around the planting of plums.[14]

Language

Wuhan natives speak a variety of Southwestern Mandarin Chinese referred to as Wuhan dialect that differs slightly between the districts of Wuhan, including
Wuchang dialect in Wuchang District, Hankou dialect in the Hankou districts, Hanyang dialect in Hanyang District, and Qingshan dialect in Qingshan District.

Cuisine

Hubei cuisine is one of China's ten major styles of cooking. With a history of more than 2,000 years, Hubei cuisine,
originating in ancient Chu cuisine, has developed a number of distinctive dishes, such as steamed blunt-snout bream in
clear soup, preserved ham with flowering Chinese cabbage, and others. On the third day of the third month of the lunar
calendar, many in Wuhan eat dìcài zhǔ jīdàn ( 地菜煮鸡蛋 ), an egg dish which is supposed to prevent illness in the
coming year.[208]

"No need to be particular about the recipes; all foods have their own uses. Rice wine and tangyuan are excellent midnight
snacks, while fat bream and flowering Chinese cabbages are great delicacies."[209] This attitude expressed in Hankou
Zhuzhici reflects indirectly the eating habits and a wide variety of distinctive snacks with a long history in Wuhan, such as
Qingshuizong (a pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves) in the Period of the Fried hongshan caitai ( 洪 )
Warring States, Chunbinbian in Northern and Southern dynasties, mung bean jelly in the Sui dynasty, youguo (a deep-
fried twisted dough stick) in the Song and Yuan dynasties, rice wine and mianwo in the Ming and Qing dynasties, as well
as three-delicacy stuffed skin of bean milk, tangbao (steamed dumpling filled with minced meat and gravy) and hot braised noodles (reganmian) in modern times.

Guozao ( 早 ) is a popular way to say 'having breakfast' in Wuhan,[210] and a part of the city's culture. As a hub for land transport in China, Wuhan has gathered
and mixed together various habits and customs from neighboring cities and provinces in all directions, which gives rise to a concentration of diverse cuisines from
different places. The most famous place to guozao (have breakfast) is Hubu Street ( 巷 ), a 150-meter-long street in the neighborhood of Simenkou ( 司⻔⼝ ).
Along its short length one can find nearly all the traditional foods of Wuhan, such as:

Hot and dry noodles, re-gan mian ( 热⼲⾯ ), consists of long freshly boiled noodles mixed with sesame paste.
It is considered to be the most typical local food for breakfast.
Duck's neck or Ya Bozi ( 鸭 ) is a local version of this popular Chinese dish, made of duck necks and
spices.
Bean skin or doupi ( ⽪) is a local dish with a filling of egg, rice, beef, mushrooms and beans cooked
between two large round soybean skins and cut into pieces, structurally like a stuffed pizza without enclosing
edges.

Doupi on the left and Re-gan mian on

Soup dumpling or xiaolongtangbao ( ⼩笼汤 ) is a kind of dumpling with thin skin made of flour, steamed with
very juicy meat inside, hence the name: tang (soup) bao (bun) – every time one takes a bite from it the "soup"
the right inside is liable to spill out.
A salty doughnut or mianwo ( ) is a kind of savory donut with a salty taste. It is much thinner than a
common donut and is a typical Wuhan local food.

Opera

Han opera, which is the local opera of Wuhan area, was one of China's oldest and most popular operas. During the late Qing dynasty, Han opera, blended with
Hui opera, gave birth to Peking opera, the most popular opera in modern China. Thus Han opera has been called the "mother of Peking opera."[211][212]
Sports

Wuhan has a professional football team, Wuhan, that plays in the Chinese Super League. Xinhua Road Sport Center, the team's home stadium, with a capacity of
32,137, is located in the heart of the city next to Zhongshan Park. For the 2013 season, Wuhan Zall was promoted to the top-tier league of Chinese football,
Chinese Super League, and relocated its home to Wuhan Sports Center Stadium, a modern stadium with 54,357 seats located in the suburbs of the city. However,
the team did not play well in the ensuing season and was demoted back to China League One as the 2013 season ended. For financial and transportation reasons,
the team moved back to Xinhua Road Sport Center in 2014.

The Wuhan Gators are a professional arena football team based in Wuhan. They are members of the China Arena Football League (CAFL).[213]

The 13,000-seat Wuhan Gymnasium held the 2011 FIBA Asia Championship and was one of the venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.[214] The 7th
Military World Games were hosted in Wuhan from Oct 18 to 27, 2019.[215][216]

The city has been the venue for the women's tennis tournament, the Wuhan Open, one of the WTA's Premier 5 tournaments, since 2014.

Architecture

Bridges

Wuhan has eleven bridges and one tunnel across the Yangtze River. The Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, also called the First Bridge, was built over the Yangtze in
1957, carrying a railroad directly across the river between hills known as Snake Hill and Turtle Hill. Before this bridge was built it could take up to an entire day to
barge railcars across. Including its approaches, it is 5,511 feet (1,680 m) long, and it accommodates both a double-track railway on a lower deck and a four-lane
roadway above. It was built with the assistance of advisers from the Soviet Union.

The Second Bridge, a cable-stayed bridge built of prestressed concrete, has a central span of 400 meters (1,300 feet); it is 4,678 meters (15,348 feet) in length
(including 1,877 meters (6,158 feet) of the main bridge) and 26.5 to 33.5 meters (86.9 to 109.9 feet) in width. Its main bridgeheads are 90 meters (300 feet) high
each, pulling 392 thick slanting cables together in the shape of double fans so that the central span of the bridge is well poised on the piers and the bridge's stability
and vibration resistance are ensured. With six lanes on the deck, the bridge is designed to handle the daily passage of 50,000 motor vehicles. The bridge was
completed in 1995.

The Third Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, also called Baishazhou Bridge, was completed in September 2000. Located 8.6
kilometers (5.3 miles) southwest of the First Bridge, construction of Baishazhou Bridge started in 1997. With an
investment of over 1.4 billion yuan (about US$170,000,000), the bridge, which is 3,586 meters (11,765 feet) long and
26.5 meters (86.9 feet) wide, has six lanes and has a capacity of 50,000 vehicles a day. The bridge is expected to serve as
a major passage for the future Wuhan Ring Road, greatly easing the city's traffic and aiding local economic development.

The Yangluo Bridge carries Wuhan's Ring Road across the Yangtze in the city's eastern suburbs (connecting the
Hongshan District with the Xinzhou District). It was opened on December 26, 2007.

The Wuhan Tianxingzhou Yangtze River Bridge crosses the Yangtze in the northeastern part of the city, downstream of
Second bridge the Second bridge. It is named after Tianxing Island (Tianxingzhou), above which it crosses the river. Built at a cost of 11
billion yuan, the 4,657-meter cable suspension bridge was opened on December 26, 2009,[217] in time for the opening of
the Wuhan Railway Station. It is a combined road and rail bridge, and carries the Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed
Railway across the river.

Skyscrapers

The Yellow Crane Tower, historically one of the tallest buildings in Wuhan, is considered one of the Four Great Towers of China
and was destroyed twelve times, both by warfare and by fire. The tower is classified as an AAAAA scenic area by the China
National Tourism Administration.[218] At 438 meters (1,437 ft) in height,[219] the Wuhan Center skyscraper, the tallest structure in
Wuhan and in Central China, is the eighth tallest structure in China. The Minsheng Bank Building, the second tallest structure in
Wuhan, was the tallest building in Wuhan when it was completed in 2007. It retained the title until Wuhan Center surpassed it in
2014.[220][221] Wuhan World Trade Tower is a 273-meter (896 foot) tall skyscraper located in Wuhan. It became the tallest
building in Wuhan after its completion in 1998. However, it was surpassed by the Minsheng Bank Building in 2007.

Wuhan Center, tallest
building in Wuhan since
2014
The Wuhan Greenland Center[222] is a planned 636-meter (2,087 ft), 126-floor mixed-use skyscraper currently under construction
and scheduled for completion in 2019. If completed as planned, it will be among the world's tallest structures, and one of the
world's tallest buildings by occupiable floor height. The Phoenix Towers are proposed supertall skyscrapers planned for
construction in Wuhan. At 1 kilometer (3,300 ft) high, the towers would also be among the tallest structures in the world when
completed.[223]
Notable Wuhanese

Politics
Li Yuanhong – former President of the Republic of China (1916–17, 1922–23).
Wu Yi – former Vice-Premier and Minister of Health of the People's Republic of China[224]

Business
Wei Brian – Chinese entrepreneur

Science
 Chang-Lin Tien – seventh Chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley (1990–1997) and a major founder
of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering (NAE). Professor Tien is the first Asian to head a top university in
the United States.
E Dongchen – "father of polar surveying and mapping" in China
Weiping Zou – Charles B. de Nancrede Professor of Pathology, Immunology, Biology, and Surgery at the
University of Michigan, American Association for Cancer Research Cancer Immunology (CIMM) Chairperson
2018–2019, Abstract Programming Chair for the American Association of Immunologists

Sports
Deng Zhuoxiang – professional football player, scored many impressive goals for Chinese national team in
important games including 3:0 South Korea and 1:0 France in 2010.
Fu Mingxia – female diver, four-time Olympic Gold Medalist (one in Barcelona 1992, two in Atlanta 1996, one in
Sydney 2000), the only diver that has won gold medals at three Olympics as well as one of the very few divers in
the world who is able to win world championships in both platform diving and springboard diving. Li Na, a former professional
Gao Ling – professional badminton player, two-time Olympic gold medalist (Sydney 2000, Athens 2004). tennis player and two-time
Grand Slam champion,
Hao Junmin – professional football player, played for Schalke 04 in the German League.
serving at Wimbledon 2008,
Hu Jia – Chinese diver who won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the men's 10 meter platform. 1st round against Anastasia
Mei Fang – Chinese footballer playing for Guangzhou Evergrande in the Chinese Super League. Rodionova
Li Na – former tennis player, champion of the French Open 2011 and Australian Open 2014.
Li Ting – tennis player, Olympic gold medalist (in women's doubles, Athens 2004).
Qiao Hong – female table tennis player, two-time Olympic gold medalist (in women's doubles, Barcelona 1992,
Atlanta 1996).
Rong Hao – professional football player, with six Chinese Super League titles and two AFC Champions League
champion titles.
Tang Jieli – AIBA Women's Boxing World Champion.[225]
Xiao Hailiang – Chinese diver, Olympic gold medalist (in 3-meter (9.8-foot) springboard synchronized diving,
Sydney 2000).
Zeng Cheng – professional football player, with six Chinese Super League titles and two AFC Champions
League champion titles.
Zhou Jihong – female diver, Olympic gold medalist (Los Angeles 1984), the first Chinese athlete to win an
Olympic gold medal in diving.
Tian Tao – Olympic weightlifter President Li Yuanhong
Lü Xiaojun – Olympic weightlifter

Arts
Chi Li – writer[226]
Ying Chang Compestine, a Chinese American author, speaker, television host and chef
Liu Yifei – actress and singer. Childhood friend with Yao Beina
Peng Xiuwen – composer and conductor
Tian Yuan – singer and actress
Paula Tsui – singer who spent most of her singing career in Hong Kong
Wang Kai – actor
Zhou Mi – musician, member of the band Super Junior M
Zhu Yilong – actor
Yao Beina – singer, (during 2005–2015) known as the "Voice of China", spiritual leader of organ donation and charity (1981–2015).
Xu Fan – actress
Yan Wenjing – writer whose work is included as one of the literary selections on the Putonghua Proficiency Test.
Wang Xiaosong – artist who studied in Germany and is now professor at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou
Han Dong – Musician, member of the Kpop group Dreamcatcher

Other fields
Saint Francis Regis Clet, who was martyred here
Hua Mulan – Ancient Chinese heroine whose story has been passed through ages in China and has been presented in a great number of
books and motion pictures, including the Disney animated feature Mulan (1998).
Samuel David Hawkins – American soldier in the Korean War who was captured by the North, subsequently defected to China at the time of
the Korean Armistice Agreement. He worked as a mechanic in Wuhan before returning to the US in 1957.
Wu Shuqing – female revolutionary and militia leader during the Xinhai Revolution
Xiong Bingkun ( 秉坤) – the soldier who started and led the Wuhan Uprising in the Chinese Revolution of 1911 which gave birth to the
Republic of China, Asia's first republic country.
Zhong Ziqi – The best friend of Yu Boya, an ancient Chinese musician whose musical composition "Flowing Water" was included on the
Voyager Golden Record

Sister cities
Wuhan is twinned with:[227]
 Kópavogur 1 Izhevsk
2 3 5 6 Kyiv Saratov
7 Galați
Markham 4 Bishkek
Chalcis İzmir Cheongju
Pittsburgh Wuhan
Tijuana Ashdod
Ōita

Khartoum Bangkok

Entebbe

Concepción
Christchurch

Sister cities of Wuhan

1. Manchester 2. Swansea 3. Essonne 4. Bordeaux 5. Duisburg 6. Sankt Pölten 7. Győr
 City Country Since

Ōita Japan September 7, 1979

Pittsburgh United States September 8, 1982

Duisburg Germany October 8, 1982

Manchester United Kingdom September 16, 1986[228]

Galați Romania August 12, 1987

Kyiv Ukraine October 19, 1990

Khartoum Sudan September 27, 1995

Győr Hungary October 19, 1995

Bordeaux[229] France June 18, 1998

Cheongju South Korea October 29, 2000

Sankt Pölten Austria December 20, 2005

Christchurch[230] New Zealand April 4, 2006

Markham Canada September 12, 2006

Kópavogur Iceland April 25, 2008

Ashdod[231] Israel November 8, 2011

Essonne (not a city but a

France December 21, 2012
department)[232]

İzmir Turkey June 6, 2013

Tijuana[233] Mexico July 12, 2013[234]

Saratov[235] Russia August 7, 2015

Concepción[236] Chile April 7, 2016

Bishkek Kyrgyzstan November 15, 2016

Chalcis Greece May 11, 2017

Izhevsk Russia June 16, 2017

Swansea[237] Wales January 31, 2018

Entebbe Uganda April 13, 2018

Bangkok[238] Thailand November 16, 2018

And Wuhan has friendly exchange relationships with:[239]

 City Country Since

Kobe Japan February 16, 1998

Hirosaki Japan October 17, 2003

St. Louis United States September 27, 2004

Atlanta United States September 9, 2006

Daejeon South Korea November 1, 2006

Gwangju South Korea September 6, 2007

Kolkata India July 24, 2008

Suwon South Korea December 5, 2008

Taebaek South Korea December 5, 2008

Columbus United States October 30, 2009

Bremen Germany November 6, 2009

Port Louis Mauritius November 10, 2009

Cebu City Philippines August 19, 2011

Yogyakarta Indonesia November 12, 2011

Perm Russia September 10, 2012

Chicago United States September 20, 2012

Košice Slovakia November 6, 2012

Naples Italy September 18, 2012

Moselle France July 16, 2013

San Francisco United States November 21, 2013

Siem Reap Province Cambodia November 21, 2013

Biratnagar Nepal November 21, 2013

Bangkok Thailand November 21, 2013

Częstochowa Poland March 14, 2014

Oliveira de Azeméis Portugal April 11, 2014

Sydney Australia May 30, 2014

Durban South Africa June 2014

Burlingame United States June 23, 2014

Menlo Park United States June 23, 2014

Cupertino United States June 23, 2014

East Palo Alto United States June 23, 2014

Hayward United States June 23, 2014

Millbrae United States June 23, 2014

Moraga United States June 23, 2014

Morgan Hill United States June 23, 2014

Mountain View United States June 23, 2014

Oakley United States June 23, 2014

Union City United States June 23, 2014

Betong Thailand June 25, 2014

Salo Finland August 25, 2014

Gävle Sweden August 27, 2014

Patan Nepal October 20, 2014

Pattaya Thailand October 24, 2014

 Berane Montenegro October 24, 2014

Córdoba Argentina October 24, 2014

Liège Belgium October 29, 2014

Lille France November 3, 2014

Holbæk Denmark November 24, 2014

Heraklion Greece December 11, 2014

Cape Town South Africa December 9, 2014

São Luís Brazil April 29, 2015

Varaždin Croatia May 7, 2015

Kota Kinabalu Malaysia May 20, 2015

Erdőkertes, Pest
Hungary July 4, 2015
Megye
Gold Coast Australia September 29, 2015

Le Mans France November 1, 2015

Southern Province Sri Lanka December 3, 2015

Galle Sri Lanka December 5, 2015

Mungyeong South Korea December 22, 2015

Daegu South Korea March 25, 2016

Tacoma United States April 5, 2016

Lima Peru April 8, 2016

Tabriz Iran May 28, 2016

Marrakesh Morocco June 3, 2016

Phnom Penh Cambodia July 11, 2016

Dublin Ireland September 5, 2016

Houston United States September 10, 2016

Jinja Uganda September 20, 2016

Pucallpa Peru September 20, 2016

Maribor Slovenia September 23, 2016

Montego Bay Jamaica September 28, 2016

Victoria Seychelles October 17, 2016

Kemi Finland November 25, 2016

San Nicolás de los

Argentina December 16, 2016
Arroyos

Foz do Iguaçu Brazil March 9, 2017

Dunkirk France March 20, 2017

Jihlava Czech Republic May 10, 2017

Brest Belarus August 29, 2017

Zhytomyr Ukraine November 14, 2017

Marseille France November 20, 2017

Herstal Belgium May 21, 2018

Fergana Uzbekistan October 14, 2018

Former Twinnings
The city of Arnhem has unilaterally ended its twinning with Wuhan on July 21, 2021, citing concerns about the Uyghur genocide.[240]
City Country From
Arnhem Netherlands September 6, 1999 July 21, 2021
Nature and wildlife
In Chinese mythology, the Baiji ("Yangtze River dolphin") has many origin stories. In one legend, the Baiji was the daughter of a general who was deported from
the city of Wuhan during a war. During his duty, the daughter ran away. Later, the general met a woman who told him how her father was a general, and when he
realized that she was his daughter, he threw himself into the river out of shame. The daughter ran after him and also fell into the river. Before they were drowned,
the daughter was transformed into a dolphin, and the general a porpoise.[241]
See also
Historical capitals of China
List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China
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Sources
de Crespigny, Rafe (1990), Generals of the South: The foundation and early history of the Three Kingdoms state of Wu (https://digitalcollection
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Taylor, Jay (2009), The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

Further reading
Acerbi, Jacob (2020). Chaos and Grime: A Year in the Life of a Chinese City. Philadelphia: LSI Holdings, LLC. ISBN 1734454415, 978-
1734454413.
Chi, Li (2000). Lao Wuhan (Old Wuhan): Yong Yuan De Lang Man... (part of the "Lao Cheng Shi" series). Nanjing: Jiangsu Meishu
Chubanshe.
Coe, John L. (1962). Huachung University (Huazhong Daxue). New York: United Board for Christian Higher Education.
Danielson, Eric N. (2005). "The Three Wuhan Cities," pp. 1–96 in The Three Gorges and the Upper Yangzi. Singapore: Marshall
Cavendish/Times Editions.
Latimer, James V. (1934). Wuhan Trips: A Book on Short Trips in and Around Hankow. Hankow: Navy YMCA.
MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2000). "Wuhan's Search for Identity in the Republican Period," in Remaking the Chinese City, 1900–1950, ed. by
Joseph W. Esherick. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Rowe, William T. (1984). Hankou: Commerce and Society, 1796–1889. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Rowe, William T. (1988). Hankou: Conflict and Community in a Chinese City, 1796–1895. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Song, Xiaodan & Zhu, Li (1999). Wuhan Jiu Ying (Old Photos of Wuhan). Beijing: Renmin Meishu Chubanshe (People's Fine Arts Publishing
House).
Walravens, Hartmut. "German Influence on the Press in China." In: Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers Presented by the
Newspaper Section at IFLA General Conferences. Walter de Gruyter, 2003. ISBN 3110962799, 978-3110962796 Also available at (http://ifla.q
ueenslibrary.org/IV/ifla62/62-walh.htm) (Archive (https://web.archive.org/web/20030617073505/http://ifla.queenslibrary.org/IV/ifla62/62-walh.ht
m)) the website of the Queens Library This version does not include the footnotes visible in the Walter de Gruyter version. Also available in
Walravens, Hartmut and Edmund King. Newspapers in international librarianship: papers presented by the newspapers section at IFLA
General Conferences. K.G. Saur, 2003. ISBN 3598218370, 978-3598218378.

External links
Wuhan Government website (https://web.archive.org/web/20120415231453/http://english.wh.gov.cn/)
Wuhan Time (https://web.archive.org/web/20130125035031/http://www.wuhantime.com/)
Google Maps Wuhan (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Wuhan)
Wuhan 2019 Population (https://populationof2019.com/population-of-wuhan-2019.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201908121754
19/https://populationof2019.com/population-of-wuhan-2019.html) August 12, 2019, at the Wayback Machine

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