SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

18MEE305T - FINITE ELEMENT

METHOD
UNIT : III
SESSION : 1
PREPARED BY : Dr. SRIHARI D
 CONTENTS

• Introduction to Elasticity
• Stresses and equilibrium
• Strain-Displacement relations
• Stress-Strain relations
• Two dimensions (Plane stress and plane
strain)
 INTRODUCTION TO
ELASTICITY
• Elasticity deals with stress and deformation of
solid continuum.
• Linearized elasticity is related with small
deformations (i.e., strains and displacements
are very small) in linear elastic solids (which
obeys Hooke’s law).
 INTRODUCTION TO
ELASTICITY
• Some of the problems in elasticity whose
solutions (i.e., displacements and stresses) are
not dependent on one of the coordinates
because of their geometry, boundary
conditions and external applied loads . Such
problems are called plane elasticity (plane
strain and plane stress) problems .
 STRESSES AND EQUILIBRIUM
• A three-dimensional body with a volume V and
having a surface S is shown in figure 1. The
boundary is constrained on some region, where
displacement is specified.

Figure 1. Three-dimensional body

 STRESSES AND EQUILIBRIUM
• On part of the boundary, distributed force per unit
area T, also called traction is applied. With the
force, the body deforms. The deformation of a
point is given by the three components
of its displacement

• The distributed force (the weight) per unit volume,

is the vector f given by
 STRESSES AND EQUILIBRIUM
• The body force acting on the elemental volume
dV is shown in figure 1. The surface traction T may
be given by its component values at points on the
surface
• A load P acting at a point i is represented by its
three components

Figure 2. Equilibrium of elemental volume

 STRESSES AND EQUILIBRIUM
• The stresses acting on the elemental volume dV
are shown in Figure 2. When the volume dV
shrinks to a point, the stress tensor is given by the
six independent components

• Where are normal stresses and

are shear stresses.
• Consider equilibrium of the elemental volume
shown in Figure 2. Forces on each face is obtained
by multiplying the stresses by the corresponding
areas.
 STRESSES AND EQUILIBRIUM
• Writing , and using we
get the equilibrium equations

Figure 3. An elemental volume

at surface
• Boundary conditions: Consider the equilibrium of
an elemental tetrahedron ABCD, shown in Figure 3,
where DA, DB, and DC are parallel to x, y and z
axes and area ABC, denoted by dA, lies on the
 STRESSES AND EQUILIBRIUM
• If is the unit normal to dA, then area
, area and area
• Consider the equilibrium along the three axes
directions gives

• The above boundary conditions must be satisfied

on the boundary ST, where the tractions are
applied.
 STRAIN-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
• The strains in a vector form is given as

• Where are normal strains and are

the engineering shear strains.
• Figure 4 gives the deformation of the dx-dy face for
small deformations.
• The strain – displacement relation
is given as

Figure 4. Deformed
elemental surface
 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
• For linear elastic materials, using the generalized
Hooke’s law the stress-strain relations can be
found. For an isotropic case, the two material
properties are Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s
ratio .
• Consider a cubical element inside the body, the
Hooke’s law gives

(1)
 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
• The rigidity modulus G is given by
(2)

• Using Hooke’s law relations (Eq. 1),

(3)

Substituting for and so on into Eq. 1, we get

the inverse relations

(4)
 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
• D is the symmetric (6x6) elasticity matrix given by

(5)

• In the one-dimensional case, we have the normal

stress along x and the corresponding normal
strain . Stress-strain relations (Eq. 4) are given by
(6)
 PLANE STRESS AND PLANE STRAIN
• In the two-dimensional case, the problems are
solved as plane stress and plane strain.
PLANE STRESS
• A very thin planar body subjected to in-plane
loading on its edge surface to be in plane stress. A
ring press fitted on a shaft (Fig. 5) is an example.
• Here stresses are set as zero.

Figure 5. Plane stress

 PLANE STRESS
• The Hooke’s law relations (Eq. 1) then gives as

• The inverse relations are given by

(or)
 PLANE STRAIN
• For a long body of uniform cross section, which
is subjected to transverse loading along its
length, a small thickness in the loaded area as
shown in Fig. 6. This can be treated as
subjected to plane strain.
• Here are assumed as zero. Stress
may not be zero in this case.

Figure 6. Plane strain

 PLANE STRAIN
• The stress-strain relations can be found from
Eq. 4 and 5.

• Here D is a (3x3) elasticity matrix which relates

three stresses and three strains.
 REFERENCES
• Hutton, D. V., Fundamentals of finite element
st
analysis, 1 ed., McGraw Hill, 2004.
• Chandrupatla, T. R., Belegundu, A. D.,
Introduction to Finite Elements in
Engineering, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, New
Jersey, 2002.
• Singiresu, S. R., The Finite Element Method in
Engineering, 5th ed., Elsevier, 2011.
Course Committee Members
Course faculty /
S.No Members campus
Coordinator
1 Mr.S.Balamurugan Course Coordinator Kattankulathur
2 Dr.Sandipan Roy Course faculty Kattankulathur
3 Dr. Srihari Dodla Course faculty Kattankulathur
4 Mr.D.Raja Course faculty Kattankulathur
5 Dr.P.V.Jeyakarthikeyan Course faculty Kattankulathur
6 Mr.J.Daniel Glad Stephen Course faculty Kattankulathur
7 Mr.K.Jegadeesan Course faculty Kattankulathur
8 Mr.P.Susai Manickam Course faculty Kattankulathur
9 Mr.M.Sachidhanandam Course faculty Kattankulathur
Mr. Esakkiyappan alias
10 Course Coordinator Ramapuram
Gurusamy S
11 D.K.Mohan Kumar . Course faculty Ramapuram
12 Mr. Arunraj Course faculty Ramapuram
13 Mr.Ravikumar Course Coordinator Vadapalani
14 Mr. Arunnath Course faculty Vadapalani
Thank you