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Dinamarca Anexo Ao en DS en 1992-1-1 DK NA 2011
Dinamarca Anexo Ao en DS en 1992-1-1 DK NA 2011
Dinamarca Anexo Ao en DS en 1992-1-1 DK NA 2011
National Annex to
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures –
Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
_______________________________________________________________________
Foreword
This National Annex (NA) is a revision of EN 1992-1-1 DK NA:2007 including Addendum 1 of
15-12-2008 and Addendum 2 of 2010-05-31, and supersedes these documents as from 2011-12-31.
During a transition period until 2012-03-31, this NA as well as the NAs referred to above may be
used.
Previous versions, addenda and an overview of all National Annexes can be found at
www.eurocodes.dk
This national Annex (NA) lays down the conditions for the implementation in Denmark of this Eu-
rocode for construction works in conformity with the Danish Building Act or the building legisla-
tion. Other parties can put this NA into effect by referring thereto.
This NA lays down the conditions for the application of DS/EN 1992-1-1 in Denmark.
National provisions are nationally applicable values and options between methods as specified in
the Eurocode as well as complementary information.
This NA includes:
Headings and numbering refer to the clauses of DS/EN 1992-1-1 where choices have been made
and/or complementary information is given.
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DS/EN 1992-1-1 DK NA:2011
Overview of possible national choices and complementary information
The list below identifies the clauses where national choices are possible and the applicable/not ap-
plicable informative annexes. Furthermore, clauses giving complementary information are identi-
fied. Complementary information is given at the end of this document.
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Clause Subject National choice Complementary infor-
mation
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Clause Subject National choice Complementary infor-
mation
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Clause Subject National choice Complementary infor-
mation
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Clause Subject National choice Complementary infor-
mation
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National choices
2.4.2.2(2) Partial factors for prestress
The following value shall be applied: γP,unfav = 1,2.
Table 2.1Na NA - Partial factors for materials for ultimate limit states for persistent and tran-
sient design situations
Structures, general
Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of reinforced concrete c 1,45 3
Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of plain concrete 3) c 1,60 3
Tensile strength of concrete 4) c 1,70 3
Strength of non-prestressed reinforcement s 1,20 3
Strength of prestressing tendons s 1,20 3
NOTE 1 – The partial factor for precast concrete elements can be used if the elements are covered by a harmonised
product standard or subject to third party surveillance according to DS/EN 13369, Annex E.
NOTE 2 – Precast elements subject to transverse load are assumed to exhibit ductile failure if at least one of the follow-
ing conditions is fulfilled:
Yielding of the reinforcement at failure is documented by measurement.
Prior to failure, a uniformly distributed crack pattern occurs corresponding to the load applied.
Prior to failure, deflection exceeds 3/200 of the span.
Other failure modes are regarded as brittle failures. Failure of precast concrete elements subject to axial forces is always
to be assumed to be brittle failure.
NOTE 3 – The partial factor for the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of plain concrete γc applies to struc-
tures not provided with minimum reinforcement conforming to the rules in this Eurocode. The rules for minimum rein-
forcement can be modified if it is documented by experiments that the type of failure will not differ from the type of
failure for the structure which complies with the rules for minimum reinforcement given in the Eurocode.
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NOTE 4 – The partial factor for the tensile strength of concrete γ c is applied in cases where failure of the concrete is
depending upon tensile failure and/or where the structure is not provided with minimum reinforcement. For beams and
slabs without shear reinforcement and for punching, shear failure can be considered to be compressive failure. For unre-
inforced structures, construction joints not provided with minimum reinforcement, and at anchorages/laps, failure is
assumed to be tensile failure.
The partial factors are determined in accordance with the National Annex to EN 1990, Annex F,
where M = 1 2 3 4, where:
1 takes into account the type of failure
2 takes into account the uncertainty related to the design model
3 takes into account the level of inspection
4 takes into account the variation of the strength parameter or resistance.
When determining 1, the types of failure given in Table 2.1.Nb NA are applied.
The following partial factor is applied for ultimate limit states for accidental design situations M =
1,0.
For the verification of fatigue for persistent design situations, the partial factors given in Table
2.1Na NA multiplied by 1,1 are used for the values C,fat and S,fat.
The reduced inspection level is not to be applied for structures assigned to the high consequences
class.
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The provisions, including the level of inspection, refer to the individual inspection levels specified
in DS/EN 1990 DK NA, DS/EN 13670 and DS 2427.
3.1.2(4) Strength
The value of kt is determined based on documentation of the concrete strength regarded in relation
to the concrete strength at 28 days.
Structural members are assigned to the exposure classes specified in Table 4.1. A structural member
may be subject to several of the exposures contained in Table 4.1, and the environmental conditions
to which the structural member is exposed can be described by a combination of exposure classes.
The exposure classes are related to environmental classes as specified in DS 2426 and reproduced
in Table 4.1 NA. Four environmental classes are used: passive, moderate, aggressive and extra ag-
gressive, designated P, M, A and E, respectively.
For individual structural members, exposed surfaces can be assigned to different exposure classes
depending on the environmental actions.
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o buried foundations in high consequence classes;
o external walls and facades;
o external columns;
o external beams with structurally protected surfaces at the top side;
o balcony parapets;
o installation ducts;
o service corridors;
o lift shafts.
Generally the aggressive environmental class should include the following structural mem-
bers:
o external slabs;
o external beams without structurally protected surfaces at the top side;
o retaining walls;
o light shafts;
o external staircases;
o external basement walls partly above terrain;
o ducts, piles and pits in moderately aggressive ground water;
o structural members in moderately aggressive ground water.
The extra aggressive environmental class should be considered for the following structural
members:
o access balconies, balcony slabs and balcony corbels;
o parking floors;
o swimming pools;
o bridge piers;
o edge beams on bridges;
o marine structures, e.g. splash zones;
o ducts, piles and pits in highly aggressive ground water;
o structural members in highly aggressive ground water.
Deviation from the examples is allowed if the exposure classes in Table 4.1 and their relation to the envi-
ronmental classes in Table 4.1 NA justify assignment to a lower environmental class. A concrete boundary
can be exposed both through the actual surface and through other surfaces of the structural member.
For tightened and normal inspection levels, the concrete cover shall be at least as specified in Table
4.4N NA for non-prestressed reinforcement in conformity with DS/EN 10080 and as specified in
Table 4.5N NA for prestressing steels.
In the case of reduced inspection levels, the prescribed concrete cover shall be increased by 5 mm.
The values given can be assumed to correspond to a design working life of 50 years.
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Table 4.4N NA - Values of minimum cover, cmin,dur, requirements with regard to durability
for non-prestressed reinforcing steel in accordance with DS/EN 10080
Table 4.5N NA - Values of minimum cover, cmin,dur, requirements with regard to durability for
prestressing steel in accordance with DS/EN 10138
Restraining moments are chosen between the values found by the theory of elasticity and one third thereof. For
continuous beams and slabs of approximately equal spans and uniformly distributed loads, verification of the position of
the restraining moments in relation to the theory of elasticity may be omitted if at restraints and intermediate supports
reinforcement is applied for restraining moments which are taken numerically as not less than 1/3 and not more than
twice the maximum design moments in adjacent spans.
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5.2(1)P Geometric imperfections
See the complementary information.
5.10.1(6) General
The following method shall be applied: Method A.
5.10.9(1)P Effects of prestressing at serviceability limit state and limit state of fatigue
The following values shall be applied: rsup rinf 1,0.
⁄ ⁄
( )
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Normally, the upper limits for cotθ ensure that no unacceptable shear cracks occur at the servicea-
bility limit state for beams and slabs without prestress. The limits for the strut inclination may be
exceeded if circumstances permit. For example cotθ may be increased for fully prestressed struc-
tures where shear cracks do not normally cause problems.
Class A steels according to Annex C of EN 1992-1-1 may be used to resist shear, provided that ad-
equate deformation capacity ensures that shear failure can develop as predicted by the shear design.
This can be assumed to be the case if the value applied for cotθ implies that the overall design rein-
forcement for the structure is a minimum. For statically determinate beams subjected solely to shear
(V), torsion (T) and bending (M), and where vertical stirrups (α = 90°) are used, the values 1 cotθ
2 may be applied for cotθ, if T 0,1V, where T is given in kNm and V in kN.
Class A steels according to Annex C of EN 1992-1-1 may be used if adequate deformation capacity
is ensured. This can be assumed to be the case if the value applied for cotθ implies that the overall
design reinforcement for the flange structure is a minimum.
6.4.5(4) Punching shear resistance of slabs and column bases with shear reinforcement
The following values shall be applied: k = 2,0.
6.5.2(2) Struts
The following value shall be applied: 0,6 ' according to the complementary information in
5.6.1(3)P.
6.5.4(4) Nodes
The following values shall be applied: k2 = k3 = 1,0 and ' according to the complementary in-
formation in 5.6.1(3)P.
6.5.4(6) Nodes
The following value shall be applied: k4 = 1,0, which is a conservative value. The value depends on
transverse compression.
Table 7.1 NA - Recommended maximum values of calculated crack widths wmax (mm)
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8.6(2) Anchorage by welded bars
The applied value of Fwd shall be documented by experiments and conform to the safety level pre-
scribed by the standard, and at the same time documentation shall be provided that the properties of
the reinforcement after welding continues to fulfil the requirements specified in this standard for the
properties of reinforcement.
NOTE – See also Annex C.1(1).
The tie force Ftie,per is at least taken as a characteristic value of 40 kN for the normal consequence
class and 80 kN for the high consequence class.
For the high consequence class the value of the tensile force ftie,fac is taken as 30 kN/m at the top and
the bottom of the wall. Ftie,col is taken as 160 kN at the top and the bottom of the column.
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11.3.5(1)P Design compressive and tensile strengths
The following value shall be applied: αlcc = 1,0.
⁄ ⁄
( )
C.1(1) General
The fatigue strength of the reinforcement expressed in terms of fatigue properties shall be docu-
mented. For coil to be used in structures where the reinforcement is subjected predominantly to stat-
ic loads, the documentation provided by the coil manufacturer is adequate.
As an alternative, documentation of the fatigue strength may be provided by determining the fatigue
strength R0/+p for 2 x 106 cycles applied with a free impact of a given form, alternating between R0
and R0/+p = 1/3 of the characteristic value of the upper yield strength or the 0,2 % proof strength for
the strength class.
E.1(2) General
Exposure classes are assigned to environmental classes in clause 4.2. For reinforced concrete, the
following minimum value of the prescribed fck is required depending on the environmental class:
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Complementary (non-contradictory) information
1.2.2 Other reference standards
In Denmark, DS/EN 206-1, Concrete - Part 1: Specification, performance, production and con-
formity shall be used together with DS 2426, Concrete - Materials - Rules for application of EN
206-1 in Denmark.
DS/EN 13670, Execution of concrete structures shall be used in Denmark together with DS 2427,
Concrete execution – Rules for application of EN 13670 in Denmark.
For reinforcement with smooth surfaces DS/EN 10025-1, Hot rolled products of structural steels -
Part 1: General technical delivery conditions, and DS/EN 10025-2, Hot rolled products of struc-
tural steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural steels, apply.
2.3.1.4(2) Prestress
For unbonded tendons and tendons immersed in oil or equivalent, the methods of analysis adopted
shall reflect that no shear forces are transmitted between reinforcement and concrete.
Unbonded tendons are not allowed where there is a risk of corrosion or frost damage due to pene-
trating water or harmful liquids.
3.1.1(1)P General
Crushed concrete shall fulfil the requirements for aggregates according to DS/EN 206-1 and DS
2426. Crushed concrete shall be divided into coarse and fine fractions.
Crushed concrete from a pure source may be used as aggregate for concrete in passive environmen-
tal class op to strength class C30/37. The crushed concrete shall constitute no more than 20% of the
coarse fraction and 10% of the fine fraction.
NOTE – Crushed concrete from a pure source is concrete, excluding reinforcement, containing only materials that can
be referred to current or previously current standards and codes of practice dealing with concrete structures.
Crushed concrete from an extra pure source may be used as aggregate for concrete in passive envi-
ronmental class op to the original strength class of the crushed concrete. The crushed concrete shall
constitute no more than 10% of the coarse fraction and 10% of the fine fraction.
NOTE – Crushed concrete from a pure source is concrete, excluding reinforcement, manufactured according to applica-
ble codes of practice and standard and manufactured at the place of production where it is recycled.
3.2.1(1)P General
CE Marking and certification
Reinforcing steel shall either be CE marked or manufactured in accordance with the requirements
specified in DS/EN 10080, Annex ZA, and the production/product shall be certified according to
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the requirements of Annex ZA in the relevant standard. Where the product is not CE marked, the cer-
tification body and the testing laboratory shall be accredited to the standard concerned by an accredita-
tion body that has signed the Multilateral Agreement of European Co-operation for Accreditation for the
field in question.
After straightening, coils supplied according to DS/EN 10080 shall be certified to the requirements
of DS/EN 10080 for the properties which are changed by the straightening process, in conformity
with the requirements for straightened material in DS/EN 10080.
Reinforcing steels with smooth surfaces shall be manufactured as structural steels in accordance
with DS/EN 10025-2 or as reinforcing steels in accordance with DS/EN 10080.
Structural steels in accordance with DS/EN 10025-2 shall be steel grades S235, S275 or S355 and
be declared by means of inspection certificate 3.1 in conformity with DS/EN 10204.
3.2.2(3)P Properties
The lower limit of 400 MPa does not apply to reinforcing steels with smooth surfaces.
If, for reinforcement with smooth surfaces, transmission of bond forces between concrete and rein-
forcement is assumed, the characteristic yield strength shall not be taken as larger than 250 MPa.
3.3.1 General
CE Marking and certification
Prestressing steels shall either be CE marked or manufactured in accordance with the requirements
specified in FprEN 10138-1, Annex ZA, and the production/product shall be certified according to
the requirements of Annex ZA in the relevant standard. Where the product is not CE marked, the
certification body and the testing laboratory shall be accredited to the standard concerned by an
accreditation body that has signed the Multilateral Agreement of European Co-operation for Ac-
creditation for the field in question.
Application of prestressing steels certified to other standards than DS/EN 10138-1 in connec-
tion with the use of Eurocode 2
Prestressing steels with a Zulassungcertifikat may be accepted in the same manner as prestressing
steels certified to the FprEN 10138 series.”
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5.2(1)P Geometric imperfections
As an alternative to (5.2) and 0, deviations in the geometry of the structure and the position of
loads can be taken into account by applying a minimum value of the horizontal load on the struc-
ture. Reference is made to the rules given in the National Annex to EN 1990. Until these rules are
established, the provisions specified in Annex 3 of the Complementary Information can be applied.
Adoption of the theory of plasticity presupposes that the structure has adequate capacity, i.e. yield-
ing in the reinforcement will develop to a sufficient extent before other failure modes such as insta-
bility intervene in a progressing, ductile failure. When applying the theory of plasticity, verification
of sufficient yield capacity can be omitted if the following conditions are fulfilled:
The distribution of internal forces and moments does not deviate strongly from that
corresponding to the theory of elasticity. An accurate calculation of the distribution
of internal forces and moments corresponding to the theory of elasticity is not re-
quired. It will normally be adequate to apply a qualified estimate or simple approxi-
mation methods. For lower-bound solutions, the following principle may be used:
Where the reinforcement area associated with plastic design at any point of the struc-
ture is denoted AsP and the reinforcement area associated with the elastic solution at
the same point of the structure is denoted AsE, the above may be assumed to be ful-
filled if 1/3 AsE ≤ AsP ≤ 3 AsE for all points of the structure. The elastic solution may
be assumed to correspond to the plastic solution where the overall design reinforce-
ment for the structure is a minimum.
The structure is provided with normal reinforcement, i.e. requirements for minimum
reinforcement are fulfilled and the reinforcement yields at failure.
Class B and Class C steels only according to Annex C in DS/EN 1992-1-1 are used.
A stress-strain curve for the reinforcement is used where it is assumed that stress in-
crements do not occur after the point corresponding to the yield strength. Where a
stress-strain curve is used assuming that stress increments occur after the point corre-
sponding to the yield strength, equilibrium as well as compatibility conditions shall
be fulfilled.
Satisfactory performance of the structure in the serviceability and ultimate limit states may require
an arrangement of reinforcement that takes account of the actual distribution of internal forces and
moments without redistribution. Where e.g. a plastic solution is adopted disregarding torsional mo-
ments in the design, the reinforcement shall be arranged so that it allows for the actual torsional
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moments, e.g. by using closed stirrups as shear reinforcement and by closing free edges of slabs by
U-stirrups.
Plastic redistribution of the necessary reinforcement, e.g. by applying cotθ, cf. 6.2.3(2), 6.2.4(4),
6.3.2(2) and Annex F(4) of DS/EN 1992-1-1, requires the use of Class B or Class C steels in ac-
cordance with Annex C of DS/EN 1992-1-1.
For precast concrete elements covered by a harmonised product standard or subject to third party
surveillance according to DS/EN 13369, Annex E, Class B steel, where εuk ≥ 5,0 % is replaced by
εuk ≥ 3,3 %, can be used.
Satisfactory performance of the structure at serviceability limit state may require that the distribu-
tion of internal forces and moments obtained does not deviate significantly from that determined by
the theory of elasticity assuming cracked sections.
Where the action and thus the internal forces and moments depend on the deformation capacity of
the structure, e.g. in structures subject to earth pressure, the structural deformation capacity should
be assessed. Special consideration should be given to the influence of the deformation capacity on
the magnitude of e.g. shear forces and reactions at bearings. For structures where the action at the
serviceability limit state is greater than at the ultimate limit state, e.g. in certain structures subject to
earth pressure, the serviceability limit state should always be assessed.
Stringer method
The stringer method simplifies an in-plane stress condition by assuming that all axial
stresses are adopted by stringers, while the rectangular shear fields adopt the shear
stresses between the stringers. The extension of the shear fields is defined as the dis-
tance between the centroids of the stringers. The intersections between the stringers
are called nodes. The width of the stringers should not exceed 20% of the width of
the adjacent shear field with the smallest length perpendicular to the longitudinal di-
rection of the stringer.
To resist tension in the stringers, the necessary reinforcement is provided. The varia-
tion of the force of the tension stringers should not be greater than corresponding to
the stringer force increasing from zero to the design yield force over a length corre-
sponding to the anchorage length. The compressive stress of the stringers should not
exceed vfcd, where the strength reduction factor v should be taken as v = vm, assum-
ing a section provided with normal reinforcement. The force in the compression rein-
forcement shall not be assumed to exceed the design compressive force in the con-
crete. If the reinforcement is assumed to resist forces exceeding half the design force
resisted in the concrete, lap splices shall not be used.
The reinforcement area and the magnitude of the concrete compressive stress in the
shear fields are calculated using the expressions specified in Annex F. The concrete
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compressive stress is controlled by applying the strength reduction factor given be-
low. It is a prerequisite for the applicability of the method that the shear reinforce-
ment is effectively anchored in the stringers. If shear reinforcement is omitted, the
stringers and the nodes related to the shear fields considered should be designed ac-
cording to the rules applying to the strut-and-tie model.
Unless otherwise specified, the values of the strength reduction factor given in this clause apply,
provided that the reinforcement at least corresponds to the minimum reinforcement.
Where the requirement for minimum reinforcement is not fulfilled, is determined by:
2
(fck in MPa) (5.100 NA)
f ck
The value determined using (5.100NA) always constitutes a lower limit of the value of ν.
In the following it is assumed that actions are referred to an orthogonal coordinate system that coin-
cides with the directions of reinforcement.
Pure actions
f yk f ck
m 0,97 ,but not less than 0,6 (fck and fyk in MPa) (5.101 NA)
5000 300
For cross sections provided with normal reinforcement with respect to the bending moment, the
following may be applied
f ck
m 0,98 ,but not less than 0,6 (fck in MPa) (5.102 NA)
500
For combined axial force and bending, a weighted average value of n is used, weighting being car-
ried out between the values of pure axial force and pure bending.
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Pure shear
The strength reduction factor for pure shear is denoted νv and is determined by
f ck
v 0,7 ,but not less than 0,45 (fck in MPa) (5.103 NA)
200
The value of νv also applies to beams in cases where inclined reinforcement is used as shear rein-
forcement.
νv applies where shear is produced by a shear action. Where shear is due to torsion, the strength re-
duction factor is denoted νt and is determined by:
f ck
t 0,7 (0,7 ) (fck in MPa) (5.104 NA)
200
For pure shear caused by both an external shear force and an external torsional moment, a weighted
mean value of vv and vt is applied, weighting being carried out between the values related to pure
shear and pure torsion.
For cross sections subjected to torsion where the individual subwalls constituting the thin-walled
cross section are reinforced by means of closed stirrups along the perimeter and uniformly distribut-
ed longitudinal reinforcement at both sides, vt can be taken as vv. This also applies to reinforced
slabs, provided that shear reinforcement is arranged along edges subjected to torsion.
ν = νt ν = νv
For plastic expressions for the resistance of non-shear reinforced members subjected to shear, the
value of the strength reduction factor may be increased, taking into account the favourable influence
of arching action on the concrete strength.
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Figure 5.101 NA – Strength reduction factor for concrete struts contributing to the shear ca-
pacity
For nodes, e.g. in the strut-and-tie models and at supports, the strength reduction factor can general-
ly be taken as ν = 0,8. For nodes where reinforcement is not arranged through the node and node
stress is due solely to an external compression, the strength reduction factor may, however, be taken
as ν = 1,0.
Where a compressive axial stress is subject to a perpendicular tensile axial stress due to a tensile
axial force or a bending moment, the strength reduction factor is denoted νnr and is determined by:
Ed
nr n 0,2 (σEd and fyd in MPa) (5.105 NA)
f yd
where σEd is the external design tensile axial stress and ρfyd is the design tensile strength perpendicu-
lar to the direction of compression.
σcd ≤ νnrfcd
σEd σEd
σcd
Figure 5.102 NA – Strength reduction factor for compression combined with transverse ten-
sion
For combined shear and axial stresses, a conservative strength reduction factor corresponding to
pure shear may be used. As an alternative, the concrete compressive stress is obtained by fulfilling
the following conditions:
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Edxy
2
( f cdx Edx )( f cdy Edy ) (5.108 NA)
where
σEdx, σEdy and τEdxy are the external actions, assumed to be positive as tension.
fcdv is the effective design compressive strength at pure shear, i.e. either fcdv = νv fcd, fcdv = νt fcd or
weighted values of νv fcd and νt fcd, depending on the external action.
fcdx and fcdy are the design compressive strengths of the point in question in the x and y directions,
respectively, assuming that the contribution of the concrete to expressions (5.106 NA) and (5.107
NA) is no more than νnrfcd, while the contribution in expression (5.108 NA) is assumed to be no
more than νn fcd.
For slabs with small reinforcement ratios, i.e. (ρfyd/fcd) less than approx. 0,1, the strength reduction
factor may be taken as ν = νm when calculating the moment action, viz. the influence of torsion on
the strength reduction factor can be disregarded.
Taking account of the effect of bent-up prestressing tendons in the shear zone, the shear resistance
is determined by:
where Vpd is the force component perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the capacity of the bent-
up prestressing tendons.
Vpd cannot exceed the value corresponding to utilisation of the prestressing tendons up to the design
yield strength or the 0,2% proof strength. The force is determined taking into account the anchorage
capacity, local crushing and splitting of the concrete at reinforcement bends.
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For the length x ≤ 2,0d, the effect of the arching action can be combined with the calculation for
shear reinforced beams and slabs as shear reinforcement shall be provided according to (6.8) for
cross sections where VEd > βVRd,c.
The shear reinforcement intensity required where VEd ≥ βVRd,c, shall be continued to the support.
When the interface is kept effectively together by minimum reinforcement, the specified values of c
and μ can be assumed to apply. If not, conservative values of c and μ shall be determined.
The design internal forces and moments acting on the cross section are converted according to elas-
tic or plastic methods into axial and shear stresses in the effective cross section.
The design method for plane stress specified in Annex F is used to determine the necessary rein-
forcement and the magnitude of the concrete compressive stresses in the effective cross section.
The reinforcement determined according to Annex F can be changed to another statically equivalent
reinforcement arrangement, provided that account is taken of the effects of the change in areas close
to beam ends and holes.
For an arbitrary point in the effective cross section it is checked as specified in Annex F that σcd
νfcd, reference being made to 5.6.1(3)P for ν.
Regardless of the analysis, fulfilment of a specific crack width may require a minimum amount of
reinforcement that exceeds the minimum reinforcement. This reinforcement is denoted minimum
reinforcement for control of crack width. The normal minimum reinforcement secures controlled
cracking.
For structures where it is essential that a defined crack width requirement is not exceeded, e.g. for
water proof structures, the following reinforcement ratio for members exposed to pure tension
should be provided:
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f
ct, eff
(7.100 NA)
4E k w
sk k
where ϕ is the diameter of the bars used, fct,eff is the effective concrete tensile strength which can be
taken as √ , where fck is the cylinder strength in MPa, and wk is the maximum allowed
crack width. The expression applies to reinforcement fulfilling the requirements of the standard for
ribbed and indented reinforcement. If reinforcement with a smooth surface is used, the expression is
multiplied by √ . For the fine crack system, k = 1 is assumed, taking k = 2 for the coarse crack sys-
tem.
The size of the effective tension area Ac,eff depends on the crack system considered.
For a structure subject to bending or bending with axial force, Ac,eff is the largest concrete area the
centroid of which coincides with the centroid of the tension reinforcement, see Figure7.100 NA.
For cross sections subjected to pure tension, Ac,eff for the fine crack system is the sum of the largest
concrete area the centroid of which coincides with the centroid of the reinforcement. For the coarse
crack system, Ac,eff is the entire tension area, see Figure 7.100 NA.
Figure 7.100 NA – Effective tension areas for the calculation of crack widths
The above-mentioned requirement for reinforcement is in particular applied in cases where a structure or
parts thereof to a large or small extent are restrained with respect to shrinkage and/or temperature strains and
where joints are not provided to prevent cracking or where any subsequent repair of single cracks of consid-
erable widths is unacceptable.
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DS/EN 1992-1-1 DK NA:2011
7.3.4(1) Calculation of crack widths
Expression (7.8) applies to the calculation of crack widths related to the fine crack system. For the
coarse crack system, the crack width can be determined by using (7.8), determining Ac,eff as stated
in Figure 7.100 NA and multiplying the right hand side by ½.
where (εsm - εcm)y and (εsm - εcm)z are the strain of the reinforcement in the y and z directions, respec-
tively. Account can be taken of tension stiffening by applying (7.9) for each of the two directions.
θ can be calculated as indicated if the reinforcement is determined on the basis of an elastic solution
or an optimum plastic solution. In other cases θ is determined by the expression:
Ezy Ez cot3 Ey cot Ezy
cot 4 0 (7.102 NA)
z z y y
The permissible minimum ratio of D/ϕ where D is the inner diameter (bending diameter) to which
bars with diameter ϕ may be bent is 2 for bars where ϕ ≤ 12 mm and 3 for bars where ϕ > 12 mm.
The bending diameters stated only indicate what the reinforcing steels will withstand.
Rebending of steels according to DS/EN 10025-2 is permitted for ϕ ≤ 12 mm if the original bending
diameter D is at least twice the minimum bending diameter. In all other cases the properties of the
reinforcement shall be verified after rebending.
The above applies to bending in cold condition which may take place at temperatures not lower than
-5 ⁰C.
8.4.1(2) General
The methods of anchorage do not apply to reinforcing steels with smooth surfaces.
For reinforcing steels with smooth surfaces reference is made to the requirements specified in
3.2.2(3)P regarding maximum stress permitted in the reinforcement at anchorages and laps.
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The rules below apply to smooth reinforcement.
If the nominal diameter is larger than 10 mm, the reinforcement shall be provided with hooks de-
tailed as shown in Figure 8.100 NA. The anchorage length lb is calculated from the line perpendicu-
lar to the reinforcement and tangential to the outside of the hook, see Figure 8.100 NA.
60 s f 2
c s cc
f bd r
ctk
(8.100NA)
c f yk
where c is the partial factor for concrete, s is the partial factor for reinforcement, and κ depends
on the surface structure of the reinforcement.
c cc
For s , , Λ and Δr reference is made to the provisions below.
For smooth reinforcement where ϕ > 10 mm with hooks, κ = 2 is used, and for smooth reinforce-
ment where ϕ 10 mm, κ = 3 is used.
For a uniform ratio over the entire anchorage length and the stress σs in the reinforcement, the actu-
lb,net
al anchorage length lb,net is determined from s
4 f bd
When calculating the anchorage capacity, conditions are assumed to be uniform over the anchorage
length concerned. If this is not the case, the length is divided into sub-lengths of uniform conditions
and the anchorage capacity is calculated for each sub-length. The total anchorage capacity is calcu-
lated as the sum of anchorage capacities of the individual sub-lengths. The capacity of the individu-
al sub-length of length l is πϕlfbd.
cs is the width parallel to the concrete surface provided for the anchored bar, i.e. the sum of half the
distance, ½s, to adjacent reinforcement which is anchored, or the distance to the edge cc.
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c cs s s
For s > 12, = 12 is assumed and for > 12, = 12 is assumed, see Figure 8.101
NA.
c b
For beams s is assumed, where b is the width of the beam and nsp is the number of bars
nsp
c s c
anchored in the same layer, provided that the requirements for s , and c are met.
c
cc is the smallest distance from the free surface to the central bar, see Figure 8.101 NA. For c >
c
6, c = 6 is assumed.
2
n n f yd f
s ss t 1,3 ck (8.101 NA)
10 nsp f ctk f ctk
where ϕt is the diameter of the stirrup reinforcement perpendicular to the edge, fyd is the design
yield strength for stirrups, and ns is the number of stirrups along the anchorage length enclosing the
nsp bars to be anchored. For the stirrup to be regarded as effective for the anchorage capacity of the
reinforcement concerned, it shall be provided within the distance cs. nss specifies the number of sec-
tions in stirrups, see Figure 8.102 NA.
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Figure 8.102 NA - Definition of number of sections in stirrups and number of stirrups
For the anchorage of bars subjected to tension, anchorage lengths smaller than 10 may not be
used, assuming a minimum length of 100 mm. takes into account anchorages or laps, where
η = 1 is applied for anchorages and η = 2 for laps.
For the anchorage of bars subjected to compression, anchorage lengths smaller than 15 may not
be used, assuming a minimum length of 150 η mm.
At bearings a favourable contribution from transverse compression can be included. The allowance
Δr is determined by
Ls cs rSd
r 0,06
(8.102 NA)
f ctk
where rSd is the external design reaction stress (transverse compression), and Ls and b are the sizes
of the supporting area in the direction of and perpendicular, respectively, to the beam axis, see Fig-
ure 8.103 NA. The transverse compression rSd shall not be taken as larger than 0,7fcd. When includ-
ing the effect for transverse compression, cs /ϕ cannot be assumed larger than 3.
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Sufficient transverse reinforcement shall be provided at anchorages and laps in tension and com-
pression reinforcement in boundary zones. In order to be effective the transverse reinforcement
shall be placed in the concrete cover of the longitudinal reinforcement, and may e.g. consist of stir-
rups. The transverse reinforcement shall be evenly distributed over the anchorage or lap length.
At anchorages and laps in longitudinal reinforcement in beams and similar structural members
transverse reinforcement should be provided, and it should be uniformly distributed over the an-
chorage or lap length and fulfil the requirement
lb,net
ns (8.103 NA)
55 t2
1 f yd nss lb,net
(8.104 NA)
550 f ctk nsp
Stirrups taken into account as shear reinforcement may also be used as transverse reinforcement.
For reinforcement bent with a small diameter it is recommended that transverse reinforcement be
provided to prevent splitting.
Wire fabrics of smooth reinforcement shall be anchored and lapped as non-welded reinforcement.
C.1(1) General
The requirement for shear strength, cf. the requirement for Fw in DS/EN 10080, does not apply. The
requirements specified in this standard for the properties of reinforcement cannot normally be as-
sumed to be met at the same time as fulfilment of the requirement for shear strength. The shear
strength value, Fw, may be specified if documentation can be provided that the reinforcement after
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welding continues to meet the requirements specified in this standard for the properties of rein-
forcement.
Tack welded reinforcement of nominal diameter shall bend 60º when subjected to the bend test
using a mandrel of a diameter size as given in Table C100 NA.
The bend test is carried out across the weld with the weld in the tension zone. After testing, the base
metal of test pieces of tack welded reinforcing steel shall not be fractured or cracked, whereas total
or partial detachment of the cross bar due to fracture of the welded metal or welded line is accepta-
ble. Visual evaluation is carried out.
The Annex applies to reinforcing steels with ribbed surfaces. With the exception of requirements
for anchorage, yield strength range and bendability, the Annex also applies to reinforcing steels
with smooth surfaces according to DS/EN 10080 and DS/EN 10025-2.
Smooth bars of hot-rolled non-alloy structural steels of grades S235, S275 and S355 in accordance
with DS/EN 10025-2 are applicable. The properties appear from DS/EN 10025-2. The requirements
specified in DS/EN 10025-2 shall be fulfilled.
The characteristic value of the yield strength is assumed to be equal to the minimum yield strength
value given in DS/EN 10025-2 for the type concerned.
The properties of reinforcement with a smooth surface according to DS/EN 10080 shall conform to
the Annex with the exception of surface geometry and yield strength range. The characteristic yield
strength fyk shall be less than 500 MPa.
C.3(1)P Bendability
The clause applies to reinforcing steels conforming to DS/EN 10080 only. For the purpose of the
test for suitability for bending of reinforcement with a smooth surface, Table 4 of DS/EN 10080 is
omitted and replaced by the following:
Reinforcing steel of nominal diameter ø shall be bent through 180⁰ around a mandrel having a di-
ameter D equal to ø for bars of ø ≤ 12 mm and equal to 2ø for bars of ø > 12 mm. After the test, the
test piece shall have no fracture or cracks. Visual examination shall be carried out without the aid of
optical instruments.
For steels according to DS/EN 10025-2 no further testing is required with the exception of identifi-
cation.
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F 1(4)
For Class A steels, the reinforcement shall be determined using (F.2)-(F.7). For Class B or Class C
steels, (F.8)-(F.10) may be used.
Annex 1
Design of some columns cast in situ
In housing construction, reinforced columns cast together with beams or slabs may be assumed to
be centrally loaded, eccentric action being accounted for by increasing the axial force in the col-
umn. The approximate calculation may be used provided:
that λ < 90, the free column length being taken as equal to the clear length of the column;
that the column is not subject to significant moments, and that it forms part of a structure
which is restrained against sidesway, and which has commonly used dimensions;
that the total design action from the floor directly over the column in question is multiplied
by
a) a factor of 2 when the column is subjected to actions unilaterally in two directions
from beams or slabs;
b) a factor of 1,25 when the column is subjected to actions from continuous beams or
continuous slabs. For a beam or slab to be taken as continuous, it shall have approx-
imately the same stiffness on either side of the column. Otherwise, calculation shall
be performed as under a or c, respectively;
c) a factor of 1,5 for all other columns.
Annex 2
Verification of robustness
For structures of low consequence classes and for buildings of normal consequence classes of up to
two storeys where a collapse as a maximum will affect 360 m2, the requirement for robustness will
be met by designing for general loads etc. according to the standards.
For buildings of normal consequences classes in general where the main structure of the building
consists of connected walls and floors, the requirements for robustness will normally be fulfilled by
the requirements for ties described in 9.10 of EN 1992-1-1 and this National Annex to EN 1992-1-
1.
For buildings of high consequences classes where the main structure of the building consists of
connected walls and floors that following collapse as stated in the National Annex to DS/EN 1990
can be assumed to constitute a stable static system, the requirements for robustness can normally be
assumed to be fulfilled by the requirements for ties described in 9.10 of DS/EN 1992-1-1 and this
National Annex to EN 1992-1-1.
For other structures, robustness shall be verified according to the National Annex to DS/EN 1990 in
addition to the verification of the requirements for ties.
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Annex 3
Calculation of geometric imperfections by means of mass load
Instead of including the effect of a fictitious inclination of vertical structural members, account may
be taken of unfavourable effects of possible deviations of the geometry of the structure and the posi-
tion of loads by adding a horizontal mass load in one of the following ways.
All vertical loads are assumed to be capable of giving rise to horizontal mass loads. Horizontal mass
loads are assumed to occur together with the associated vertical loads only.
Horizontal mass loads act at the centres of gravity of the associated vertical loads and are assumed
to be capable of acting in any horizontal direction, but such that this direction is the same for all of
the horizontal mass loads occurring at the same time.
Method 1: Horizontal mass load due to geometric imperfections acting simultaneously with
other horizontal loads
For persistent ultimate limit states and accidental design situations a horizontal mass load of 0,5%
of the design vertical load is added, other horizontal loads being assumed to act at the same time.
The value of the horizontal mass load may be reduced according to the provisions of 5.2(5) regard-
ing the reduction of the value of θ0.
Method 2: Horizontal mass load due to geometric imperfections acting independently of other
horizontal loads
A horizontal mass load of 1,5% of the vertical load is applied. The design value of the horizontal
mass load, Ad, is determined on the basis of the vertical load as follows:
Ad = 1,5 % ( Σ KFI Gk,j ”+” KFI γQ,1 Qk,1 ”+” Σ KFI γQ,i ψQ,i Qk,i )
The load includes the effect of seismic action. The load does not act simultaneously with other hori-
zontal loads
The horizontal mass load is the smallest horizontal load that shall be assumed to affect a structure.
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