F-IoT Unit-5

ANURAG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU-HYD)

Aushapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), Medchal (Dist.), Telangana-501 301.
FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET OF THINGS

B.Tech - III YEAR II SEM - CSE
Presented By:
G. Kiran Kumari
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
Anurag College of Engineering
Syllabus
UNIT – V
Cloud Computing, Sensor-Cloud, Smart
Cities and Smart Homes, Connected
Vehicles, Smart Grid, Industrial IoT, Case
Study: Agriculture, Healthcare, Activity
Monitoring.
Anurag College of Engineering 2

Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing is a transformative computing
paradigm that involves delivering applications and
services over the Internet.
• Cloud computing involves provisioning of computing,
networking and storage resources on demand and
providing these resources as metered services to the users.
• Cloud computing resources can be provisioned on-
demand by the users, without requiring interactions with
the cloud service provider.
• The process of provisioning resources is automated.
3
Cloud Computing continued
• Cloud computing resources can be accessed over the
network using standard access mechanisms that provide
platform-independent access through the use of
heterogeneous client platforms such as workstations,
laptops, tablets and smart-phones.
• The computing and storage resources provided by cloud
service providers are pooled to serve multiple users using
multi-tenancy.
• Multi-tenant aspects of the cloud allow multiple users to
be served by the same physical hardware.
• Users are assigned virtual resources that run on top of the
physical resources.
4
• Cloud computing services are offered to users in different
forms:
1. Infrastructure -as-a-Service (IaaS)
2. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
3. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
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1. Infrastructure -as-a-Service (IaaS):
• IaaS providers the users the ability to provision
computing and storage resources.
• These resources are provided to the users as virtual
machine instances and virtual storage.
• Users can start, stop, configure and manage the virtual
machine instances and virtual storage.
• Users can deploy operating systems and applications of
their choice on the virtual resources provisioned in the
cloud.
• The cloud service provider manages the underlying
infrastructure.
• Virtual resources provisioned by the users are billed
based on a pay-per-use paradigm. 6
2. Platform -as-a-Service (PaaS):
• PaaS providers the users the ability to develop
and deploy application in the cloud using the
development tools, application programming interfaces
(APIs), software libraries and services provided by the
cloud service provider.
• The cloud service provider manages the underlying
cloud infrastructure including servers, network,
operating systems and storage.
• The users, themselves are responsible for developing,
deploying, configuring and managing applications on the
cloud infrastructure.
7
3. Software -as-a-Service (SaaS):
• SaaS providers the users a complete software
application or the user interface to the application itself.
• The cloud service provider manages the underlying cloud
infrastructure including servers, network, operating systems,
storage and application software, and the user is unaware of
the underlying architecture of the cloud.
• Applications are provided to the user through a thin client
interface (e.g., a browser).
• SaaS applications are platform independent and can be
accessed from various client devices such as workstations,
laptop, tablets and smart-phones, running different operating
systems.
• Since the cloud service provider manages both the
application and data, the users are able to access the
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applications from anywhere.
Sensor-Cloud
• Sensor cloud is a integrated version of Wireless Sensor
Networks and Cloud Computing.
• It is a powerful and scalable high performance
computing and massive storage infrastructure.
• It is analysis of the processed information to extract
events of interest.
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Sensor-Cloud
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Why Sensor cloud?
• Sensors are limited in energy, processing power and
communication bandwidth.
• WSNs have been designed to support a specific
application service.
• Sensor data used for specific applications cannot be easily
shared among different groups of users.
• Cloud computing platform dynamically provisions,
configures and reconfigures the servers when needed by
users.
11
Sensor-Cloud for IoT:
• The technological advancement of wireless sensor networks
(WSNs) empowers numerous real-life applications such as target
tracking, battlefield monitoring, telemonitoring, ubiquitous
monitoring, and several other applications.
• However, these WSNs are single-user centric.
• On the other hand, for certain applications such as environment
monitoring and telemonitoring, the data from the single sensor
networks can be shared among multiple applications.
• In these scenarios, Sensor-Cloud can play a huge role to provision
the Sensors-as-a-Service (Se-aaS) platform, while satisfying the
requirements of multiple applications by forming virtual sensors in
a cloud platform.
• The sensor-cloud architecture has been conceived as a potential
solution for multiorganization WSN deployment and data access.
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Smart Cities
✓ Smart Parking
✓ Smart Lighting
✓ Smart Roads
13
Smart Parking:
• In crowded cities, finding a parking space during rush hours can be
time consuming and frustrating.
• Drivers blindly searching for parking spaces create additional
traffic.
• Smart parking make the search for parking space easier and
convenient for drivers.
• Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the number
of empty parking slots and send the information over the Internet to
smart parking applications back-ends.
• These applications can be accessed by the drivers from smart-
phones, tablets and in-car navigation systems.
• In smart parking, sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect
whether the slot is empty or occupied.
• This information is aggregated by a local controller and then sent
over the Internet to the database.
14
Smart Lighting:
• Smart lighting systems for roads, parks and buildings can
help in saving energy.
• Smart lighting allows lighting to be dynamically
controlled and also adaptive to the ambient conditions.
• Smart lights connected to the Internet can be controlled
remotely to configure lighting schedules and lighting
intensity.
• Custom lighting configurations can be set for different
situations such as foggy day, a festival, etc.
• Smart lights equipped with sensors can communicate with
other lights and exchange information on the sensed
ambient conditions to adapt the lighting.
15
Smart Roads:
• Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide
information on driving conditions, travel time estimates
and alerts in case of poor driving conditions, traffic
congestions and accidents.
• Such information can help in making the roads safer and
help in reducing traffic jams.
• Information sensed from the roads can be communicated
via internet to cloud-based applications and social media
and disseminated to the drivers who subscribe to such
applications
16
Smart Homes
✓ Smart Lighting
✓ Smart Appliances
✓ Intrusion Detection
✓ Smoke/Gas detectors
17
Smart Lighting:
• Smart lighting in homes helps in saving energy by
adapting the lighting to the ambient conditions and
switching on/off or dimming the lights when needed.
• Smart lighting solutions for home achieve energy savings
by sensing the human movements and their environments
and controlling the lights accordingly.
• Wireless enabled and Internet connected lights can be
controlled remotely from IoT applications such as a
mobile or web application.
• Smart lights with sensors for occupancy, temperature,
etc., can be configured to adapt the lighting based on the
ambient conditions sensed, inorder to provide a good
ambiance. 18
Intrusion Detection:
• Home intrusion detection systems use security camers and sensors
such as PIR sensors and door sensors to detect intrusions and raise
alerts.
• Alerts can be in the form of an SMS or an email sent to the user.
• Advanced systems can even send detailed alerts such as an image
grab or a short video clip sent as an email attachment.
• A cloud controlled intrusion detection system uses location-aware
services, where the geo-location of each node of a home automation
system is independently detected and stored in the cloud.
• In the event of intrusions, the cloud services alert the accurate
neighbours or local police.
• The system uses image processing to recognize the intrusion and
extract the intrusion instant and generate instant messaging for
alerts.
19
Smoke/Gas Detectors:
• Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect
smoke that is typically an early sign of fire.
• Smoke detectors use optical detection, ionization or air sampling
techniques to detect smoke.
• Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of signals to a
fire alarm system.
• Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as
carbon monoxide, LPG, etc.
• A smart smoke/gas detector can raise alerts in describing where the
problem is, send an SMS or email to the user or the local fire safety
department.
• Some systems detect gas leakage and smoke and gives visual level
indication.
20
Smart Appliances:
• Modern homes have a number of appliances such as TVs,
refrigerators, music systems, washer/dryers, etc.
• Managing and controlling these appliances can be cumbersome,
with each appliance having its own controls or remote controls.
• Smart appliances make the management easier and also provide
status information to the users remotely.
• An IoT-based appliance control system for smart homes uses a
smart central controller to set up a wireless sensor and actuator
network and control modules for appliances.
21
Connected Vehicles
• A connected vehicle is one that is capable of connecting
over wireless networks to nearby devices.
Why connected vehicles are required?
• There are different vehicles on the road. Every vehicle has
it is own different sensors and it can even be feeded with
more sensors more communication equipment and so on.
• In a single vehicle in a connected vehicle scenario these
vehicle could be talking to the immediate next vehicle the
neighbour vehicle. This vehicle could be talking to other
vehicle may be either directly or with the help of some
intermediate vehicle which is there in it is neighborhood,
this vehicle could be talking to a roadside person you
know. Anurag College of Engineering
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Connected Vehicles: continued
• This connection flow or this communication flow might
be possible or there could be these different existing
communication infrastructure with which this information
exchange may happen.
• We have V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure ),V2V (vehicle to
vehicle communication), vehicle to human or even human
to vehicle. When we are talking about human we are
talking about the humans who are not in the vehicle who
are on the road side.
• So, all these things are made possible in the connected
vehicles
23
• So, in connected vehicles we have the vehicles that are
equipped with different sensors, networking and
communication infrastructure different devices, or by
intra vehicle communication.
• So, in a connected vehicles scenario
1. It would be possible to communicate with the
different devices inside a single vehicle.
2. Between different vehicles from a vehicle to the
roadside infrastructure or a fixed infrastructure means(a
non mobile infrastructure).
24
So, typically in a connected vehicle the most popular
concept is the vehicle to everything paradigm i.e.,V2X
(Vehicle to everything )
• V2X is basically part of the future it is intelligent
transportation system(ITS), which enables vehicles to
wirelessly share a diverse range of information, and the
information sharing may be with other vehicles, pedestrians or
fixed infrastructures, such as mobile towers, parking meters
and so on.
• This vehicle can communicate with the pedestrians on the
way, with the other vehicles on the road or with fixed
infrastructures such as mobile towers or parking meters and so
on.
• So, this basically allows for graphic management ensuring on
road and off road safety mobility for travelling and so on. 25
Smart Grid
• Smart Grid is a data communications network integrated
with the electrical grid that collects and analyzes data captured
in near real-time about power transmission, distribution and
consumption.
• Smart Grid technology provides predictive information and
recommendations to utilities, their suppliers and their
customers on how best to manage power.
• Smart Grids collect data regarding electricity generation
(centralized or distributed), consumption (instantaneous or
predictive), storage, distribution and equipment health data.
• Smart grids use high-speed, fully integrated, two-way
communication technologies for real-time information and
power exchange.
26
Smart Grid: continued
• By using IoT based sensing and measurement technologies,
the health of equipment and the integrity of the grid can be
evaluated.
• Smart meters can capture almost real-time consumption,
remotely control the consumption of electricity and remotely
switch off supply when required.
• Power thefts can be prevented using smart metering.
• By analyzing the data on power generation, transmission and
consumption smart grids can improve efficiency throughout
the electric system.
• Storage collection and analysis of smart grids data in the cloud
can help in dynamic optimization of system operations,
maintenance and planning.
27
Smart Grid: continued
• Cloud-based monitoring of smart grids can improve energy
usage levels via energy feedback to users coupled with real-
time pricing information.
• Real-time demand response and management strategies can be
used for lowering peak demand and overall load via appliance
control and energy storage mechanisms.
• Condition monitoring data collected from power generation
and transmission systems can help in detecting faults and
predicting outages.
28
Industrial IoT
✓ Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis

✓ Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
29
Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis:
• Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of a
machine by analyzing the data of the current operating
conditions and how much deviations exist from the normal
operating conditions.
• Machine diagnosis refers to determining the cause of a
machine fault.
• IoT plays a major role in both prognosis and diagnosis of
industrial machines.
• Industrial machines have a large number of components that
must function correctly for the machine to perform its
operations.
• Sensors in machines can monitor the operating conditions
such as temperature, vibration levels.
30
Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis: continued
• The sensor data measurements are done on time scales of few
milliseconds to few seconds, which leads to generation of
massive amount of data.
• IoT based systems integrated with cloud-based storage and
analysis back-ends can help in storage, collection and analysis
of such massive scale machine sensor data.
• A number of methods have been proposed for reliability
analysis and fault prediction in machines.
• Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a commonly used method that
finds solutions to new problems based on past experience.
This past experience is organized and represented as cases in a
case-base.
31
Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis: continued
• CBR is an effective technique for problem solving in the fields
in which it is hard to establish a quantitative mathematical
model, such as machine diagnosis and prognosis.
• Since for each machine, data from a very large number of
sensors is collected, using such high dimensional data for
creation of case library reduces the case retrieval efficiency.
• Therefore, data reduction and feature extraction methods are
used to find the representative set of features which have the
same classification ability as the complete of features.
32
Indoor Air Quality Monitoring:
• Monitoring indoor air quality in factories is important
for health and safety of the workers.
• Harmful and toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen
monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, etc., can cause serious health
problems.
• IoT based gas monitoring systems can help in monitoring the
indoor air quality using various gas sensors.
• The indoor air quality can vary for different locations.
• Wireless sensor networks based IoT devices can identify the
hazardous zones, so that corrective measures can be taken to
ensure proper ventilation.
• A wireless solution for indoor air quality monitoring measures
the environmental parameters like temperature, humidity,
gaseous pollutants, aerosol and particulate matter to determine
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the indoor air quality. Anurag College of Engineering
Case study – Agriculture
• Smart Irrigation
• Green House control
34
Case study – Agriculture:
Smart Irrigation
• Smart irrigation systems can improve crop yields while
saving water.
• Smart irrigation systems use IoT devices with soil moisture
sensors to determine the amount of moisture in the soil and
release the flow of water through the irrigation pipes only
when the moisture levels go below a predefined threshold.
• Smart irrigation systems also collect moisture level
measurements on a server or in the cloud where the
collected data can be analyzed to plan watering schedules.
• Cultivar’s RainCloud is a device for smart irrigation that
uses water valves, soil sensors and a Wi-Fi enabled
programmable computer.
35
Implementation of a Smart Irrigation system
36
Implementation of a Smart Irrigation system
• The deployment design for the system consists of multiple
nodes placed in different locations for monitoring soil
moisture in a field.
• The end nodes send the data to the cloud and the data is
stored in a cloud database.
• A cloud-based application is used for visualizing the data.
• The end node includes a Raspberry Pi mini computer and
soil moisture sensor.
• A solenoid valve is used to control the flow of water
through the irrigation pipe.
• When the moisture level goes below a threshold, the valve
is opened to release water.
37
Green House Control
• Green houses are structures with glass or plastic roofs that provide
conducive environment for growth of plants.
• The climatological conditions inside a green house can be monitored and
controlled to provide the best conditions for growth of plants.
• Temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light and carbon dioxide levels are
monitored using sensors and the climatological conditions are controlled
automatically using actuation devices such as valves for releasing water
and switches for controlling fans.
• IoT systems play an important role in green house control and help in
improving productivity.
• The data collected from various sensors is stored on centralized servers or
in the cloud where analysis is performed to optimize the control strategies
and also correlate the productivity with different control strategies.
• The system uses wireless sensor network to monitor and control the
agricultural parameters like temperature and humidity in real time for
better management and maintenance of agricultural production. 38
Case study – Healthcare
• Health and fitness Monitoring

• Wearable Electronics
39
Case study – Healthcare:
Health and fitness Monitoring
• Wearable IoT devices allow non-invasive and continuous
monitoring of physiological parameters that can help in
continuous health and fitness monitoring.
• These wearable devices may be in various forms such as
belts and wrist-bands.
• The wearable devices form a type of wireless sensor
networks called body area networks in which the
measurements from a number of wearable devices are
continuous sent to a master node such as smart-phone which
then sends the data to a server or a cloud-based back-end for
analysis and archiving.
• Health-care providers can analyze the collected health-care
data to determine any health conditions
Anurag College of Engineering or anomalies. 40
Health and fitness Monitoring
• Commonly used body sensors include body temperature,
heart rate, pulse oximeter oxygen saturation(SPO2), blood
pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), movement with
accelerometers and electroencephalogram (EEG).
• Fitbit wristband is a wearable device that tracks steps,
distance, calories burned during the day and sleep quality at
night.
41
Wearable Electronics
• Wearable electronics such as wearable gadgets (smart watches, smart
glasses, wristbands, etc.) and fashion electronics integrated in clothing and
accessories like Google Glass or Moto 360 smart watch provide various
functions and features to assist in daily activities and make to lead healthy
lifestyles.
• Smart watches that run mobile operating systems provide enhanced
functionality beyond just timekeeping.
• With smart watches, the users can search the Internet, play audio/video
files, make calls, play games and use various kinds of mobile applications.
• Smart glasses allow users to take photos and record videos, get map
directions, check flight status and search the internet by using voice
commands.
• Smart shoes monitor the walking or running speeds and jumps with the
help of embedded sensors and be paired with smart-phones to visualize the
data.
• Smart wristbands can track the daily exercise and calories burnt. 42
Case study – Activity Monitoring
• Wearable sensors have nowadays become very popular.
This has been due to multiple reasons-
1.They are very efficient
2.They are low power consuming
3.They generate reliable data
so, that your activities can be accurately tracked.
• So, they have found many applications in various fields
such as medical field, childcare, elderly care,
entertainment, industry security, military and so on.
• These sensors help in monitoring the physical activities
of human.
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Case study – Activity Monitoring continued
• In medical field imagine a patient is hospitalized and his
or her activities need to be monitored, suppose there is a very fragile
patient ,he needs to go to the washroom to relieve himself or
herself, and while doing so, the patient falls down. So, normally it
may be a while before someone finds that patient in a foreign state.
So, to avoid this kind of injury or this duration after falling down.
• So this recovery duration can be massively reduced by using
activity trackers. The patients are made to wear bracelets embedded
with small activity trackers, which are trained to detect fall in
patients or may be they detect the changes in biomedical parameter
like your pulse rate heartbeat and so on.
• These are now available in the market and collectively called
wearables, there are smart watches with activity trackers,
standalone activity trackers and so on. So, in the medical field this
can be very important for monitoring patients.
44
• In child care if the child is playing on the streets,

if the child is going to school, we can monitor the child’s
activities.
• If the child falls down or there has been accident,
automatically the system will alert the parent that child
has met with an injury or an accident.
45
• In the IoT based scenarios, this activity monitoring plays
a very important role and since mainly if you keep the
security aspects the entertainment aspects aside normal
medical and human implications in day to day life they
provide and they promise for a better quality of life and
they safeguard the humans against various accidents. By
promising and providing quicker response quicker
emergency action and other system.
46
• Suppose ,while driving a person is wearing an activity
monitor which normally under emergency alerts some emergency
numbers as well as his family members.
If the person meets with an accident on the road, and there is a sudden change in the
persons activity and the person is only wearing an accelerometer on his wrist, and within
normal limits the accelerometer is giving two units of reading and the impact of with the
impact of the accident these two units will be translated to 100 units. So, that would be a
massive jump in the persons daily activities that means, the person has received a big
physical shock. So, that the sensor is giving such an abnormal reading. In this way we can
train the system both on the device as well as offline or online on the network, to generate
abnormal activities sometimes it may be due to sensor malfunction sometimes it may be
due to electrical disturbance, but sometimes it maybe even due to some serious life
threatening situations. So, once this abnormal activity has been registered maybe some
emergency numbers are alerted, family members are alerted and they are notified of the
persons location the present location or the last location from which the alert was
generated, and immediately rescue teams reach that person and eventually the person will
survive. May there are high chances that the person may survive. So, another thing is to
provide information accurately and in a very reliable manner, and we need to provide a
continuous monitoring support while considering activity monitor.
47
• So, typical architectures deal with the person and he is
equipped with multiple wearables, one is tracking the heartbeat, one
is tracking the body temperature, one is tracking the activity on the
wrist and all this data is being forwarded maybe to a remote router
or a network server, and then an analyzer analyses the activities and
instead of transmitting the raw data, the analyzer transmits the
analyzed activities to various connected stations that may be a
home computer to which the family members are keeping track of
view, that maybe a laptop or a mobile computer or even a cloud or
maybe your medical doctors or consultants are keeping track of
your activities. So, this is a online base model, maybe for offline
based models we can have all these things on a single wrist band in
a small minute size, and it is doing all the processing offline that is
within the device itself. So, they inherently have certain advantages
like continuous monitoring of activity will result in daily
observation of human behavior, and repetitive patterns in the
48
activities. Anurag College of Engineering
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ANURAG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU-HYD)

FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET OF THINGS

Anurag College of Engineering 2

✓ Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis

• Health and fitness Monitoring

• In child care if the child is playing on the streets,

Anurag College of Engineering 49

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