UNIT 5.

BEING PART OF ASEAN

I. Choose A, B, C or D that best fits each blank in the sentences BẢO
1. ____ is a real health hazard.
A Stupidity B Sturdiness C Animosity D Obesity
2. The old lady was becoming increasingly affected by ____.
A senility: sự lão hóa (senile) B masculinity C virility D chivalry
2. His ____ excuses invariably exasperated the manager.
A feeble B frail C robust D wealthy
3. I don't ____ to be a genius but I am not stupid either.
A permit B agree C compare D claim
4. Smoking can be ____ to your health.
A delightful B harmless C detrimental D indifferent
5. People ____ their spending power when prices rise.
A increase B curtail: cắt bớt chi tiêu C prolong D think
6. He became an outlaw by ____ the law.
A defying: disobey B observing C sticking to D abiding by
7. ____ is a punishable offense.
A Hunting B Poaching: săn bắt bất hợp pháp C Jogging D Boxing
8. Marian was a beautiful ____ young lady.
A corpulent B gaunt C slender: mảnh khảnh D bony
9. Don't trust him; he's cruel, ____ and unscrupulous.
A loving B slack C treacherous: xảo trá D trustworthy
10. Many poets have ____ the beauties of the countryside.
A extolled: praise B feared C excited D inhibited
11. Hopes of finding the missing climbers are now beginning to ____.
A reduce B faint C dim D fade: tan biến
12. The team's coach insisted on a program of ____ training before the big game. A
rigorous B slack C severe D positive
13. Prices at Greek hotels are still affordable, but in Switzerland they are ____. A
moderate B inaccessible C reasonable D exorbitant: đắt vcl
14. The crash ____ the motorway for several hours.
A prevented B hindered: hãm sự phát triển C obstructed: cản trở gthong D inhibited
15. After his wife's death, he ____ drinking.
A got to B came to C held to D took to
16. The plague, otherwise known as the Black Death, was a ____ disease. A.
contagious: truyền nhiễm B contiguous C contingent D congenial
17. The young man felt ____ in the presence of so many young ladies.
A inhospitable B hindered C inhibited: gượng D prohibited
18. It was obvious that the child suffered from a serious speech ____.
A handicap B impediment: cản trở C inhibition D hindrance
19. His heavy boots ____ him at work.
A hampered: làm vướng víu B stemmed C repelled D compelled
20. Children under the age of 16 are not ____ to enter the competition.
A eligible: qualified B enabled C legible D promised
21. The driver's attention was ____ by a child running across the road.
A deterred B disturbed C distracted D destroyed
22. He's told us so many lies that we no longer place any ____ on what he says. A
conviction B reliance C prediction D reputation
23. His driving license has been ____ on the grounds of drink driving.
A repealed B revoked: tước bằng C nullified: vô hiệu hóa D recalled
24. The Conservatives declared their intention of ____ the whole Act once they came into power. A
repulsing: refuse B repelling C impelling D repealing
25. The problem of petty crime has largely been ____.
A annihilated: destroy complete B exterminated C eradicated D decimated

26. Bacteria can't be seen by the ____ eye. You have to use a microscope, A
nude B naked: bằng mắt thường C bare D mere
27. Mary is a(n) ____ liar. She was even arrested for lying to a police officer. A
physical B congenital: bẩm sinh C naive D abnormal
28. Fortunately, everything went off without a ____.
A hope B solution C alternative D hitch: không có tí khó khăn nào
29. The Prime Minister will decide whether to release the prisoner or not; that's his ____. A
prerogative: quyền B derogatory C abdication D humanity
30. ASEAN focuses on improving member states’ economies and maintaining regional ____.
A. stability B. regularity C. prosperity D. equality.
31. ____ is an organized group of people who have common interests, activities or purposes. A.
Group B. Bloc C. Association D. Team
32. Regional development activities have been carried out ____ ASEAN cooperation.
A. under B. for C. into D. off
33. The ASEAN charter came into ____ on 15 December 2008.
A. action B. act C. operation D. force: có hiệu lực
34. ASEAN was established ____ the five original member countries.
A. with B. from C. of D. by
35. The main principles of the ASEAN Charter include respect for the member states’ independence and ____ in their
internal affairs.
A. non-interference: không xem vào B. interference C. interruption D. coordination
36. The ____ is a legal agreement among the ten ASEAN member states.
A. charter B. principle C. slogan D. policy
37. The member states will act in accordance ____ the law to set out in various ASEAN instruments. A.
for B. of C. to D. with
II. Choose A, B, or C that best fits each blank in the following sentences DQ
1. There was little protection against the ____ wind.
A. bitter (bitter wind (n) gió rét buốt)
B. powerless
C. sour
2. It is sometimes very difficult to appreciate his ____ wit.
A. caustic (cay độc, ác ý)
B. nieve (ngây thơ)
C. frail (mỏng manh)
3. Josh's ____ irony is just a means of making him feel superior.
A. decrepit (già yếu, hom hem, lụ khụ)
B. intrepid (gan dạ, dũng cảm)
C. cutting (sự mỉa mai cay độc, gay gắt)
4. The professor, weary and increasingly ____ in mood, walked into the auditorium.
A. valiant (dũng cảm, can đảm)
B. biting
C. sour (sour mood: tâm trạng ko vui, mất bình tĩnh)
5. I'm sure that his ____ remarks and sarcasm were a result of your own hostile behavior towards him.
A. biting (những lời nhận xét chua cay, làm đau lòng người nghe)
B. gentle
C. robust (khoẻ mạnh, tráng kiện, cường tráng, làm mạnh khoẻ; đòi hỏi sức mạnh, ngay thẳng,
thiết thực (trí óc...)
6. I have often felt hurt by her ____ humor.
A. annihilating (tiêu diệt, tiêu huỷ)
B. acid (chua cay, gay gắt)
C. courageous
7. Her ____ reply left us shocked at her insolent behaviour.
A. hefty (lực lưỡng, vạm vỡ, khoẻ mạnh)
B. delicate
C. tart (a tart answer: một câu trả lời cộc lốc)
8. It has often been found that ____ punishment in many cases proves to be detrimental rather than beneficial.
A. caustic (châm chọc, châm biếm; cay độc, chua cay)
B. cutting (chua cay, cay độc, gay gắt)
C. harsh = strict
9. Failing their senior class was a ____ disappointment for many students.
A. gallant
B. feeble (yếu, yếu đuối, kém, nhu nhược)
C. bitter (bitter disappointment: thất vọng cay đắng)
10. She was often reduced to tears by her tutor's ____ remarks.
A. harsh
 B. gaunt (gầy, hốc hác)
C. luxuriant (hoa mỹ (văn)
III. Choose A, B, C or D that best fits each blank in the following sentences DQ
1. This road is _____ to floods in winter.
A. fragile
B. sensitive
C. leading
D. unprotected
2. The new town development has begun to _____ on the surrounding green belt.
A. reach
B. encroach (+ on, upon) xâm lấn, xâm phạm (lãnh thổ, quyền...)
C. enter
D. intrude
3. I was informed by the police officer that he would be forced to take me into _____.
A. guardianship (sự giám hộ (tài sản...); trách nhiệm giám hộ (tài sản...)
B. bail (người bảo lãnh)
C. custody (sự bắt giam, sự giam cầm, to take somebody into custody: bắt giữ ai)
D. protection
4. My inquiries did not _____ any information of value.
A. elicit (khêu ra, gợi ra, moi, suy ra, luận ra (sự thật)
B. arouse (khuấy động, gợi)
C. illicit (trái phép, không hợp pháp) = illegal
D. swell (phồng lên, sưng lên, to lên, căng ra)
5. Charles was not sure which profession to enter, but finally _____ for law.
A. chose
B. opted
C. accepted
D. selected
6. His _____ sarcasm(=irony) exasperated me.
A. biting
B. decorous (phải phép, đúng mực, đoan trang, đứng đắn)
C. benevolent (nhân từ, nhân đức, từ thiện)
D. fearful
7. His _____ as a brave soldier spread throughout the country.
A. renovation (sự làm mới lại, sự đổi mới; sự cải tiến; sự sửa chữa lại)
B. renown (danh tiếng, tiếng tăm)
C. pilgrimage (cuộc hành hương)
D. expedition
8. He found it all but impossible to bear the _____ of a nomadic life.
A. amenities (tiện nghi)
B. sourness
C. decorum (nghi lễ, nghi thức)
D. harshness
9. He _____ the illusion that he will live to be a hundred.
A. grows
B. relishes (thú vị, thích thú, ưa thích)
C. develops
D. cherishes
10. Samantha was dressed in a very _____ trouser suit.
A. contemptible (đáng khinh, đê tiện, bần tiện)
B. decorous
C. stinging (gây nhức nhối)
D. becoming: suitable
11. An international hotel has recently been built on the _____ of the old school.
A. expedition
B. landscape
C. site
D. ground
12. He was _____ manslaughter (tội giết người).
A. indicted for (bị truy tố vì)
B. blamed for
C. condemned to (lên án)
D. respected for
13. Many tax payers are _____ at what they regard as an illegal use of public funds.
 A. indifferent (lãnh đạm, thờ ơ, hờ hững, dửng dưng)
B. interested
C. happy
D. indignant (căm phẫn)
14. Due to the nature of the earthquake, a much larger _____ of the population might be affected
A. segment (bộ phận)
B. density
C. totality
D. division
15. They continued fighting despite all the _____ they met with.
A. adversities (tai họa, tai ương, sự bất hạnh; vận đen)
B. amenities
C. properties
D. liabilities (nợ)
16. He was in an extreme state of _____ when his wife left him.
A. calamity (tai họa, tai ương; thiên tai)
B. mishap (việc rủi ro, việc không may; tai nạn)
C. distress (cảnh khốn cùng, cảnh túng quẫn)
D. trial
17. At length, it _____ him that his life wouldn't take a turn for the better unless he left his present employment.
A. dawned on
B. assumed that
C. happened to
D. realized that
18. Unfortunately, not all scientists are working for a good _____.
A. end
B. aim
C. effect
D. cause
19. The media are always keen on reporting _____.
A. mishaps
B. calamities
C. reverses
D. hardships (sự gian khổ, sự thử thách gay go)
20. The threat of a general strike can only be _____ through government intervention.
A. averted (ngăn ngừa, ngăn chặn, tránh, đẩy lui)
B. converted
C. subverted (lật đổ (chính phủ...); phá vỡ (nguyên tắc...)
D. diverted
IV. Fill in each blank with the correct form of one of the provided verbs
represent ● fix ● jump ● form ● canvass ● capture ● receive ● concede ● renege ●
amend ● convene ● launch ● send ● vote ● heckle ICHI
1. The Prime Minister conceded that it will be very difficult for him to win the next election considering that his party’s
satisfaction rating in the polls is at an all-time low. thừa nhận
2. He reneged on a promise to his constituents to campaign for the closing down of the nuclear plant in Sellafield. nuốt
lời, không giữ lời hứa
3. The candidate who ___captures__ the hearts and minds of the voters with his passion for office and his integrity will
win this election. chiếm được trái tim
4. The leader of the opposition was ______heckled___ by members of his own party when making a speech in the House

of Commons yesterday. bị ngắt lời vì nói như loèn

5. They ___voted_____ down the proposed amendment to the bill, which was then passed in its original form. bỏ phiếu
bác
6. She ___convened___ an emergency cabinet meeting in light of the revelations that had emerged in the press. triệu tập,
tụ họp
7. The former minister surprised her ex-party colleagues by _ _jumping_ ship and running for election as a member of the
Labour Party this time around. đây là lúc để những chính trị gia nào từng ủng hộ những người bị thua trong các
cuộc bầu cử sơ bộ có thể đổi hướng và quay sang kết giao với phe đắc thắng
8. The test-firing of the rocket was interpreted as a less than subtle message ____ sent___ in the direction of neighbouring
countries to back off or face full-scale conflict.
9. Mary Malden ____represented____ the constituency of Bath for twenty-five consecutive years.
10. They were unable to __form___ any sort of government on account of the election resulting in a hung parliament.
11. They broke away from the Conservatives and ___ launched______ a new political party called the Neo Conservative
Party.
12. To ___amend__ a law, the bill proposing to do so must be passed by both houses of parliament. cải thiện, bổ sung
cái luật cũ
13. He ___received__ fewer first-preference votes than his opponent but still managed to win the seat on transfers. 14.
I’ve been out ___canvassing___ for the party door-to-door every evening so far this week and I’m exhausted. vận
động, bầu cử
15. The embattled Prime Minister faced accusations that the result of the no-confidence vote (bỏ phiếu tín nhiệm) had been
____fixed___.

adopt ● shift ● hold ● extend ● question ● pledge ● turn ● run ● spin ● polarise ● call ● defeat ● nominate ●
withdraw ● ratify ● reject ● hold ● veto ● suffer ● pursue THU
1. He __WITHDREW_____________ from the presidential race for personal reasons and appealed for privacy.
2. The treaty was formally __RATIFIED____________ this afternoon and will pass into law once signed by the President later
tonight. phê duyệt
3. They __NOMINATED_____________ a candidate for the vacant leadership position and he was elected unopposed.
4. Since forming a government three months ago, the party has been accused of __PURSUING____________ an extremely
liberal agenda.
5. She has confirmed that she will __RUN_____________ for: TRANH CỬ political office again in the September by-election.
6. Max Dalton has confirmed that he fully intends to be the leader of the party next March when the election is due to be
__HELD_____________.
7. The motion SUFFERED a comprehensive defeat : THẤT BẠI HOÀN TOÀN in the lower house.
8. The Prime Minister refused to be drawn on whether the recent press leak would make him ___QUESTION____________
the loyalty of some of the members of cabinet.
9. No matter what way the Prime Minister’s press office choses to try to _SPIN ST: PRESENT ST____________ this, it looks
very bad indeed. This will be a damage-limitation exercise at best.
10. The government _PLEDGED =TUYÊN HỆ, THỀ_____________ to reform the voting system if re-elected.
11. A snap election has been _ CALLED_= TRIỆU TẬP___ for the 25th June.
12. A referendum will be __HELD_____ on the 30th May to settle the issue once and for all.
13. Fewer people __TURNED___ out at the polls to vote in this election than ever before.
14. Public opinion has ___SHIFTED___ seismically in the wake of these new revelations about the Prime Minister’s private
life.
15. The motion was narrowly _DEFEATED ______________ in what will be a major embarrassment for the Prime Minister
who had proposed it in the first place.
16. He ____EXTENDED___________ his term of office by another five years.
17. The debate is becoming ___POLARIZED____________ and there appears to be little in the way of middle ground
between the two sides.
18. The government has the power to __VETO__ this proposal = BAI BO at the next meeting of the UN Security Council
should it deem it necessary to do so.
19. The opposition party has been accused of _ADOPTING______ dirty tactics in an effort to boost its popularity by
launching a very personal attack on the Prime Minister.
20. The electorate has emphatically __REJECTED_____________ the outgoing government and clearly thinks there is a
need for urgent change.
V. Fill in each blank with one of the provided words ICHI
intangible gagging nest learning labour
insider golden passing sleeping inheritance
hyper pyramid majority hush stamp
1. It is a steep ___learning____ curve, but you are expected to climb it without someone having to hold your hand all the
way; you must be quick to catch on to succeed in this company. học dựa vào trải nghiệm
2. The job was quite ___labour___ intensive, which is what brought the cost up from the original estimate. Đòi hỏi nhiều
lao động
3. He was paid some_____hush___ money in return for his public silence on the issue of who the child’s mother was. tiền
bịt miệng
 4. He invested in the company as a _____sleeping___partner, leaving the running of the business entirely in the hands of
the other owners. người cùng tham gia/hợp tác trong kinh doanh
5. It was exposed as a ____pyramid_____ scheme and he was arrested on the charge of misappropriating: ăn
chặn tiền some £6 million in total.
6. The ___passing_____ trade in this area is quite strong, which is just as well because there is not enough local business
to sustain a service station round here.
7. He had built up a considerable nest egg for himself by the time of his retirement. số tiền để gây vốn; số tiền dự trữ
(phòng sự bất trắc...)
8. The couple were exempt from paying ___stamp______ duty on their house purchase as the home’s value did not
exceed the threshold of £250,000. thuế tài khoản cá nhân
9. He strongly refutes the charge of ___insider___ trading and claims that he is a victim of his own success. thanh toán
giao dịch nội gián
10. The judge issued a ___gagging___ order to prevent the witness releasing a statement to the press. yêu cầu giữ bí
mật
11. He secured a ____majority____ interest in the company when his brother died as the latter’s shares passed to him
12. He was given a __golden_handshake to ensure that he would leave his post without incident. số tiền dành cho một
viên chức kỳ cựu khi nghỉ việc.
13. Naturally, you will be liable for __inheritance___ tax if you stand to gain to the tune of £ I million or more from the
proceeds of your father’s will. Thuế thừa kế
14. The phenomenon of ___hyper___ inflation is seldom an issue outside of wartime, during which it is nearly impossible
to avoid. rapid or out of control inflation
15. Goodwill is one of the most significant __intangible___ assets found on this company’s balance sheet. tài sản vô hình

apathy raucous booth bureaucratic gam

disaffected rhetoric old boys' bit
ovation bipartisan whistle-stop spin
appetite incumbent catalyst swin
partisan gerrymanderi g
unanimous
ng lame
bud
get
Thu
1. Her clever opening gambit gave her the edge in the presidential race.
2. His election may prove a(n) catalyst for real and meaningful change.
3. The candidates embarked on a(n) whistle-stop tour of the southern states.
4. This election looks set to be decided by a handful of swing voters.: người bỏ phiếu nma chưa biết bỏ cho ai
5. His spin doctors were hard at work this morning trying to put a positive slant on the latest opinion poll figures.
6. He is just the breath of fresh air that needed to be injected into this political system which has been for far too long
dominated by members of the elite old boys’ club.
7. He is looking more and more like the lame-duck candidate of this presidential election and cuts a sorry figure on the
campaign trial - he will surely pull out of the race before long.
8. The polling booths : hòm bỏ phiếu are set to open one hour earlier than normal at 7 a.m.
9. Voter apathy is the real talking point of this election; politicians on both sides of the political divide have failed to
engage the electorate.
10. He claims to retain the unanimous đồng lòng support of the cabinet despite the fact that the murmurings of
discontent are growing louder.
11. The party’s only hope of success is for it to attract disaffected voters.
12. The investigation confirmed that the boundary changes were tantamount to: means gerrymandering.
13. This looks set to be the most eagerly anticipated budget in living memory with speculation rife that a significant tax
cut is on the cards for low-income earners.
14. The civil service in this country is very bureaucratic in nature and there is a needless amount of paperwork necessary
to get even the simplest of things done.
15. He received a standing ovation: vỗ tay after making his final speech to the house.
16. The president faces a huge challenge in translating his campaign rhetoric/ incumbent into action.
17. This is the first genuinely bipartisan government to be formed since the war; the house stands united in the face of
the daunting task that lies ahead in trying to rebuild the nation’s crumbling economy following a triple-dip recession.
18. A partisan crowd gathered in support of the candidate and he was greeted with a rousing reception as he made his
way to the stage.
19. Raucous laughter broke out in the audience as the unpopular leader made his speech; the extent of the mocking and
level of disrespect was frankly disturbing.
20. There is a growing appetite for change amongst the electorate.

VI. Give the correct forms of provided words to complete the sentences BẢO
1. The level of market penetration: sự thâm nhập thị trường (penetrate) has not been as high as desired. That
said, we are confident of making steady inroads and growing our market share significantly over the next two
quarters.
2. The orientation: sự định hướng (orient) of the product appears to be towards women in their mid- to late-forties.
3. There were mitigating: giảm nhẹ (mitigate) factors at play and I do not think the product’s failure was down to it
simply having been poorly conceived.
4. The bank has been accused of predatory: cướp bóc (predator) lending and its loan book is to be closely
examined by the financial ombudsman, government sources have claimed.
5. This business is a meritocracy: chế độ do người tài nắm giữ (merit); we are led by and reward our best and
most talented staff members; who you know counts for very little here.
6. Protectionism: chế độ bảo vệ mậu dịch (protect) and the notion of free trade are two ideologically: về ý
thức (idea) opposed economic philosophies.
7. He was awarded punitive: trừng phạt (punish) damages over and above the amount of compensation he was due
for loss of profits as the judge felt the defendant needed to be taught a lesson.
8. Our boss is a nepotist: lạm dụng chức quyền (nepotic) of the highest order; he just hired his niece for the
newly-vacant position of Financial Officer despite the fact that she has only recently graduated and has no relevant
work experience.
9. This sets a precedent: tiền lệ (precede) of sorts by sending out the message that the mere act of calling a
lightning strike is sufficient to get you exactly what you want from the owners. I have never seen a more immediate
capitulation: sự đầu hàng (capitulate) by those in authority, have you?
10. The decision was made unilaterally: đơn phương (lateral); he did not consult his partners prior to the
announcement.
11. The viability: khả năng tồn tại (viable) of the proposal must now be called into question on the basis that the
estimated cost of the build alone is now three times greater than the original figure quoted.
12. The business is insolvent: vỡ nợ (solve) as it can no longer meet the repayments on its debt.
13. The company was put into receivership: sự tiếp nhận (receive) by the court after it was declared bankrupt on
Monday.
14. The army issued a requisition: lệnh trưng cầu (require) order for 50 new tank units.
15. There is a strong likelihood that your home will be repossessed: chiếm lại (possess) if you continue to miss your
repayments.
 VII. Choose A, B, C or D that best fits each blank in the passage
Slavery was not the only (1) ____ of life in New Orleans that would have been unfamiliar to men like Captain Amos Stoddard,
a New Englander who became one of the (2) ____ of the new lands. Stoddard might have been (3) ____ by the odd cultural
mix that New Orleans represented, and which it still (4) ____ in some forms, to this day. After the Spanish ceded Louisiana to
the French, much of the Spanish population In New Orleans departed for Cuba. As they left and French Immigrants came in
from Francophone (5) ____ like San Domingue, New Orleans took on a Gallic tinge. At the same time, traces of Spanish
occupation remained strong, with luxurious homes. In the city built in Spanish style, around courtyards and with stucco walls.
As a further (6) ____ of the territory's past governments, the
Louisiana State Legislature met in the former palace of the Spanish governors, until it burned down in 1827. In what might (7)
____ readers today as a particularly chilling reminder of the city's previous masters, two pillories stood on Chartres Street.
The Spanish authorities had locked prisoners in those stocks and sometimes publicly humiliated and abused them.
Thomas Jefferson, the American President, in purchasing Louisiana and bringing about the (8) ____ of control that occurred
on December 20, opened a new (9) ____ in American history and closed the old one, of which he had been a principal
author. Only a few years before, he had rejected Alexander Hamilton's proposal for a national bank by (10) ____ that the
Constitution didn't empower the U.S. government to create such an institution. By 1803 he seems to have changed his
feelings about the problem of "implied powers" - or at least been excited enough about the possible uses of 828,000 square
miles of property to set aside any legal qualms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A. aspect
A. slave traders A.
interested
A. refrains
A. continents A.
examination A.
present
A. hand-over A.
chapter
A. registering
B. position
B. numbers
B. frightened B.
retains
B. industries
B. reference
B. strike
B. transaction B.
book
B. arguing
C. view
C. governors C.
perplexed C.
relinquishes C.
colonies
C. plunder
C. inspire
C. ownership C.
piece
C. bickering
D. look
D. many
D. humoured D.
replaces
D. pasts
D. reminder D.
instill
D. transfer
D. paragraph D.
demanding
 Now, nearly 40 years later, the Cold War is over, but Churchill's ideals - (1) ____ democracy, freedom - are just as relevant.
So Westminster decided to give its galleries "on the lion of the twentieth century" a twenty-first-century (2) ____. In the
museum's new permanent collection, multimedia (3) ____ trace Churchill's life, philosophy, and writing, concentrating heavily
on World War II and the "Sinews of Peace" speech; a "leadership corridor" compares him with other British and American (4)
____. The rededication (5) ____ tonight with a talk by Churchill's daughter and granddaughter and continues over the
weekend with a community luncheon, black-tie gala, and a keynote address by the TV news (6) ____ Chris Matthews.
Another exhibit, (7) ____ to the Cold War itself, shows how true Churchill's predictions proved to be. Of course his (8) ____
was a long time coming. When he arrived in Richmond three days after his Westminster speech to address the Virginia
General Assembly, he (9) ____ the controversy he had created. "You have not asked to see beforehand what I am going to
say," he remarked to the legislators. "I might easily (10) ____ a lot of things people know in their hearts are true but are a bit
shy of saying in public."
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A. persistence
A. refresh
A. exhibits
A. governments A. is
A. celebrity
A. geared
A. vindication
A. accepted
A. conceal
B. vigilance
B. instigation
B. demonstrations B.
politics
B. kicks off
B. mogul
B. denouncing
B. conviction
B. declined
B. blurt out
C. power
C. update
C. evidence
C. tyrants
C. ends
C. anchor
C. commiserating C.
prediction
C. acknowledged C. lie
about
D. fussiness
D. renew
D. gadgets
D. rulers
D. continues
D. hot shot
D. dedicated
D. pessimism
D. greeted
D. assume

A solution to (1) _____ desires and expectations perhaps lies in the recognition that wealth does not involve having many
things. It involves having what we long for. Wealth is not an absolute. It is relative to desire. Every time we seek something
we cannot afford, we grow poorer, whatever our resources. And every time we feel satisfied with what we have, we can be
(2) _____ as rich, however little we may actually own. There are two ways to make people richer: to give them more money
or to (3) _____ their desires. Modern societies have succeeded spectacularly at the first option but, by continuously inflaming
appetites, they have at the same time helped to negate a share of their most impressive achievements.
 The most effective way to feel wealthy may not be to try to make more money. It can be to (4) _____ ourselves - practi cally
and emotionally - from anyone we both consider to be our equal and who has become richer than us. Rather than trying to
become bigger fish, we should concentrate our energies on (5) _____ around us smaller companions next to whom our own
size will not (6) _____ us. In so far as advanced societies provide us with historically elevated incomes, they appear to make
us richer. But, in truth, the net effect of these societies may be to (7) _____ us because, by fostering unlimited expectations,
they keep open a permanent gap between what we want and what we can afford, who we are and who we might be. The (8)
_____ we have paid for expecting to be so much more than our ancestors is the permanent feeling that we are far from being
all we might be. We should be careful what we read in the papers and what programmes we watch. No matter what the
media (9) _____ at us, we must remain realistic in our goals and expectations and not allow ourselves to be (10) _____ into a
life of materialism.
1. 2.
A. coiling A. counted
B. curving B. added
C. spiralling C. thought
D. revolving D.
accounted
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A. refer
A. dispute A. gathering
A. brood
A. redeem A. fee
A. sends
A. liberated
B. reassure B. vary
B. heaping B. fret
B. impoverish B. price
B. delivers
B. quarantined
C. recline
C. single
C. loading
C. trouble
C. enrich
C. fund
C. exploits
C. brainwashed
D. restrain
D. distance D.
distributing D. console
D. augment D. charge
D. throws
D. investigated
VIII. Fill in each blank with a suitable word to complete the passage THU
Young People and Technology
Danah Boyd is a specialist researcher looking at how young people use technology
If there's one cliche that really grates (1) _______ Danah Boyd, who has (2) _______ a career from studying the way
younger people use the web, it's (3) ______ of the digital native. There's (4) _______ native about young people's
engagement with technology she says, adamantly. She has little time for the widely (5) ________ assumption that kids are
innately more adept at coping with the web or negotiating the hurdles of digital life. 'Young people are learning about the
social world around them’ she says. 'Today that world has computer-mediated communications. (6) ___________, in order to
learn about their social world, they're learning about those things too. And they're leveraging that to work out the stuff that
kids (7) ________ always worked out: peer sociality, status, etc.'
It's no surprise she takes exception, really: as one of the first digital anthropologists to dig (8) _______ the way people use
social networking sites, Boyd has a track (9) ________ of exposing the truths that underpin many of our assumptions about
the online world. (10) ________ the way, she's gained insights into the social web - not just by conducting studies of how
many kids were using social-networking sites, (11) ________ by taking a closer look at (12) ________ was going on.
IX. You are going to read an article about work-life balance. Choose from the sections (A-D) for each question. The
sections may be chosen more than once.
Which section mentions the following? ICHI
C 1. involvement in decision-making leading to increased worker satisfaction
A 2. a term that was once used to refer to an inadequate work-life balance
D 3. a reduction in one business’s expenditure caused by improved staff retention
D 4. a recognition among some employees of the necessity for longer working hours
B 5. changes in the world of work leading to competition between established and emerging companies
D 6. the statutory regulation of work-life balance ideas
A 7. certain staff benefits no longer being seen as adequate by potential employees
C 8. a change in how work-life balance developments are generated
A 9. a way of defining what work-life balance involves
B 10. a theory as to what people require out of life
Issues arising out of the continuing work-life balance debate in the UK
A. Here in the UK, the continuous pressure of work and the relentless pace of change is impacting on people. Hard. And
some people have reached the point where they want their lives back or at least are questioning how they can balance their
work obligations with their domestic responsibilities This includes new recruits - employers also recognise that in the battle to
attract talented people the tried and tested incentives of high salary, a medical plan and use of a company car will not pull in
the high fliers any more. 7 But what exactly does work-life balance cover? In the recent past, 'stress' was the word that best
seemed to represent this general concern about too much work, too little life. 2 Everyone understood it, since they
experienced it at a personal level, but work-life balance has larger parameters. According to the Work Foundation, it is only
achieved when an individual's right to a fulfilled life inside and outside paid work is respected as the norm. (9) So, for
example, work-life balance also takes into account the contribution that people want to make to the world in which they live. It
includes the recognition that people have to manage family life and it considers the impact that an excessive workload has on
people's health. 9
B. We can point to the psychologist, Abraham Maslow, as the inspiration behind the work-life balance phenomenon.
Maslow's (10) 'hierarchy of needs' model posits five ascending levels of need, each stage of which has to be satisfied in turn
before the individual can move onwards and upwards. 10 So, at the base of the triangular model, individuals first have to
satisfy their physical survival needs, while at the apex of the triangle, is the 'self-actualised' individual whose priorities are
personal growth and fulfilment. Maslow's work fused with a trend that also affected the concerns about work-life balance.
Having a job for life, which had been part of the bedrock values of traditional companies, simply could not be sustained by the
dynamic marketplace of the 1990s and beyond. 5 The old certainties evaporated, and employers realised that the new
imperative was to ensure their employees became as innovative as the young entrepreneurs who were creating exciting new
businesses of their own.
C. The idea of a work-life balance has evolved over time. In the UK, there has been a long tradition of government-
based initiatives that were its forerunners. However, with work-life balance as it exists today, the influence of some corporate
role models has had the most impact. 8 Consider Ben & Jerry's, the US ice-cream company. Since the 1980s, this firm has
recognised that people wanted a different sort of work experience. It made a virtue out of donating 7.5 per cent of its pre-tax
profits to philanthropy -an employee-led initiative. Engaging employees in such a way has helped both to improve motivation
and drive innovation and productivity, making Ben & Jerry's into an extremely lucrative brand. A recent survey identified more
than 100 varieties of similar work-life initiatives. However, it is clear that the most important variable in work-life balance is the
nature of the job itself. People want jobs with autonomy, flexibility, meaning, managerial support 1 as well as a chance for
advancement.
D. So, do work-life balance policies work? In the UK there has been little doubt that they have had a positive impact. British
Telecom, for instance, used work-life balance initiatives both to draw more women into the workforce and to address the
significant problem of losing staff. (3) As a result, a staggering 98 per cent of women returned after maternity leave, saving
the organisation a tidy sum in recruitment and training. Work-life balance is already a catch-all term for many different new
policy developments and the list is still growing. 6 Many employees know from direct experience that the world of work is
changing. In a 24/7 society, they recognise that their customers expect service round-the-clock. 4 And they also know that
they have to juggle their home responsibilities while stretching their schedules to meet customer expectations. Employers
know this too.Indeed, there is a raft of legal provisions governing work-life balance being driven by the European Union. 6
And what the individual employee wants and the employer is set to deliver need not be in opposition.
X. Read the text and complete the tasks below it
The risks agriculture faces in developing countries
A .Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities: first, every single person needs food each day
and has a right to it; and second, it is hugely dependent on nature. These two unique aspects, one political, the other natural,
make food production highly vulnerable and different from any other business. At the same time, cultural values are highly
entrenched in food and agricultural systems worldwide.
B. Farmers everywhere face major risks; including extreme weather, long-term climate change, and price volatility in input
and product markets. However, smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal with adverse environments,
both natural, in terms of soil quality, rainfall, etc. and human, in terms of infrastructure, financial systems, markets, knowledge
and technology. Counter-intuitively, hunger is prevalent among many smallholder farmers in the developing world.
C. Participants in the online debate argued that our biggest challenge is to address the underlying causes of the agricultural
system’s inability to ensure sufficient food for all, and they identified as drivers of this problem our dependency on fossil fuels
and unsupportive government policies.
D. On the question of mitigating the risks farmers face, most essayists called for greater state intervention. In his essay,
Kanayo F. Nwanze, President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development, argued that governments can
significantly reduce risks for farmers by providing basic services like roads to get produce more efficiently to markets, or
water and food storage facilities to reduce losses. Sophia Murphy, senior advisor to the Institute for Agriculture and Trade
Policy, suggested that the procurement and holding of stocks by governments can also help mitigate wild swings in food
prices by alleviating uncertainties about market supply.
E. Shenggen Fan, Director General of the International Food Policy Research Institute, held up social safety nets and public
welfare programmes in Ethiopia, Brazil and Mexico as valuable ways to address poverty among farming families and reduce
their vulnerability to agriculture shocks. However, some commentators responded that cash transfers to poor families do not
necessarily translate into increased food security, as these programmes do not always strengthen food production or raise
incomes.
Regarding state subsidies for agriculture, Rokeya Kabir, Executive Director of Bangladesh Nari Progati Sangha, commented
in her essay that these ‘have not compensated for the stranglehold exercised by private traders. In fact, studies show that
sixty percent of beneficiaries of subsidies are not poor, but rich landowners and non-farmer traders.
F. Nwanze, Murphy and Fan argued that private risk management tools, like private insurance, commodity futures markets,
and rural finance can help small-scale producers mitigate risk and allow for investment in improvements. Kabir warned that
financial support schemes often encourage the adoption of high-input agricultural practices, which in the medium term may
raise production costs beyond the value of their harvests.
Murphy noted that when futures markets become excessively financialised they can contribute to short-term price volatility,
which increases farmers’ food insecurity. Many participants and commentators emphasised that greater transparency in
markets is needed to mitigate the impact of volatility, and make evident whether adequate stocks and supplies are available.
Others contended that agribusiness companies should be held responsible for paying for negative side effects.
G. Many essayists mentioned climate change and its consequences for small-scale agriculture. Fan explained that in addition
to reducing crop yields, climate change increases the magnitude and the frequency of extreme weather events, which
increase smallholder vulnerability. The growing unpredictability of weather patterns increases farmers’
difficulty in managing weather-related risks.
According to this author, one solution would be to develop crop varieties that are more resilient to new climate trends and
extreme weather patterns. Accordingly, Pat Mooney, co-founder and executive director of the ETC Group, suggested that ‘if
we are to survive climate change, we must adopt policies that let peasants diversify the plant and animal species and
varieties/breeds that make up our menus.
H. Some participating authors and commentators argued in favour of community-based and autonomous risk management
strategies through collective action groups, co-operatives or producers’ groups. Such groups enhance market opportunities
for small-scale producers, reduce marketing costs and synchronise buying and selling with seasonal price conditions.
According to Murphy, ‘collective action offers an important way for farmers to strengthen their political and economic
bargaining power, and to reduce their business risks. One commentator, Giel Ton, warned that collective action does not
come as a free good. It takes time, effort and money to organise, build trust and to experiment. Others, like Marcel Vernooij
and Marcel Beukeboom, suggested that in order to ‘apply what we already know’, all stakeholders, including business,
government, scientists and civil society, must work together, starting at the beginning of the value chain.
I. Some participants explained that market price volatility is often worsened by the presence of intermediary purchasers who,
taking advantage of farmers’ vulnerability, dictate prices. One commentator suggested farmers can gain greater control over
prices and minimise price volatility by selling directly to consumers.
Similarly, Sonali Bisht, founder and advisor to the Institute of Himalayan Environmental Research and Education (INHERE),
India, wrote that copipunity-supported agriculture, where consumers invest in local farmers by subscription and guarantee
producers a fair price, is a risk-sharing model worth more attention. Direct food distribution systems not only encourage
small-scale agriculture but also give consumers more control over the food they consume, she wrote.
Questions 1-3
Which paragraph contains the following information?
A - 1. a reference to characteristics that only apply to food production
B- 2. a reference to challenges faced only by farmers in certain parts of the world
H- 3. a reference to difficulties in bringing about co-operation between farmers
Questions 4-9
Look at the following statements (Questions 4-9) and the list of people below. Match each statement with the correct
person, A-G. NB You may use any letter more than once.
List of People
A Kanayo F. Nwanze B Sophia Murphy C Shenggen Fan
D Rokeya Kabir E Pat Mooney F Giel Ton G Sonali Bisht
D - 4. Financial assistance from the government does not always go to the farmers who most need it.
B - 5. Farmers can benefit from collaborating as a group.
C - 6. Financial assistance from the government can improve the standard of living of farmers.
 G - 7. Farmers may be helped if there is financial input by the same individuals who buy
B - 8. Governments can help to reduce variation in prices.
A - 9. Improvements to infrastructure can have a major impact on risk for farmers from them
Questions 10-11
Which TWO problems are mentioned which affect farmers with small farms in developing countries? A
lack of demand for locally produced food
B lack of irrigation programmes
C being unable to get insurance
D the effects of changing weather patterns
E having to sell their goods to intermediary buyers
Questions 12-13
Which TWO actions are recommended for improving conditions for farmers?
A reducing the size of food stocks
B attempting to ensure that prices rise at certain times of the year
C organising co-operation between a wide range of interested parties
D encouraging consumers to take a financial stake in farming
E making customers aware of the reasons for changing food prices

XI. Read the text and complete the tasks BẢO

Choose the correct heading for each section
List of Headings
i. Disputes over financial arrangements regarding senior managers
ii. The impact on companies of being subjected to close examination
iii. The possible need for fundamental change in every area of business
iv. Many external bodies being held responsible for problems
v. The falling number of board members with broad enough experience
vi. A risk that not all directors take part in solving major problems
vii. Boards not looking far enough ahead
viii. A proposal to change the way the board operates
UK companies need more effective boards of directors
A. iv
After a number of serious failures of governance (that is, how they are managed at the highest level), companies in
Britain, as well as elsewhere, should consider radical changes to their directors’ roles. It is clear that the role of a board
director today is not an easy one. Q8 Following the 2008 financial meltdown, which resulted in a deeper and more
prolonged period of economic downturn than anyone expected, the search for explanations in the many post-mortems of
the crisis has meant blame has been spread far and wide. Governments, regulators, central banks and auditors have all
been in the frame. Q1 The role of bank directors and management and their widely publicised failures have been
extensively picked over and examined in reports, inquiries and commentaries.
B. ii
Q2 The knock-on effect of this scrutiny has been to make the governance of companies in general an issue of intense
public debate and has significantly increased the pressures on, and the responsibilities of, directors. At the simplest and
most practical level, the time involved in fulfilling the demands of a board directorship has increased significantly, calling
into question the effectiveness of the classic model of corporate governance by part-time, independent nonexecutive
directors. Where once a board schedule may have consisted of between eight and ten meetings a year, in many
companies the number of events requiring board input and decisions has dramatically risen. Furthermore, the amount of
reading and preparation required for each meeting is increasing. Agendas can become overloaded and this can mean the
time for constructive debate must necessarily be restricted in favour of getting through the business.
C. vi
Often, board business is devolved to committees in order to cope with the workload, which may be more efficient but can
mean that Q3 the board as a whole is less involved in fully addressing some of the most important issues. Q10 It is not
uncommon for the audit committee meeting to last longer than the main board meeting itself. Q11 Process may take the
place of discussion and be at the expense of real collaboration, so that boxes are ticked rather than issues tackled.
D. viii
Q4 A radical solution, which may work for some very large companies whose businesses are extensive and complex, is
the professional board, whose members would work up to three or four days a week, supported by their own dedicated
staff and advisers. There are obvious risks to this and it would be important to establish clear guidelines for such a board
to ensure that it did not step on the toes of management by becoming too engaged in the day-to-day running of the
company. Problems of recruitment, remuneration and independence could also arise and this structure would not be
appropriate for all companies. However, more professional and better-informed boards would have been particularly
appropriate for banks where the executives had access to Q12 information that part-time non-executive directors lacked,
leaving the latter unable to comprehend or anticipate the 2008 crash.
E. vii
Q5 One of the main criticisms of boards and their directors is that they do not focus sufficiently on longer-term matters of
strategy, sustainability and governance, but instead concentrate too much on short-term Q13 financial metrics.
Regulatory requirements and the structure of the market encourage this behaviour. The tyranny of quarterly reporting can
distort board decision-making, as directors have to ‘make the numbers’ every four months to meet the insatiable appetite
of the market for more data. This serves to encourage the trading methodology of a certain kind of investor who moves in
and out of a stock without engaging in constructive dialogue with the company about strategy or performance, and is
simply seeking a short-term financial gain. This effect has been made worse by the changing profile of investors due to
the globalisation of capital and the increasing use of automated trading systems. Corporate culture adapts and
management teams are largely incentivised to meet financial goals.
F. i
Q6 Compensation for chief executives has become a combat zone where pitched battles between Q14 investors,
management and board members are fought, often behind closed doors but increasingly frequently in the full glare of
press attention. Many would argue that this is in the interest of transparency and good governance as shareholders use
their muscle in the area of pay to pressure boards to remove underperforming chief executives. Their powers to vote
down executive remuneration policies increased when binding votes came into force. The chair of the remuneration
committee can be an exposed and lonely role, as Alison Carnwath, chair of Barclays Bank’s remuneration committee,
found when she had to resign, having been roundly criticised for trying to defend the enormous bonus to be paid to the
chief executive; the irony being that she was widely understood to have spoken out against it in the privacy of the
committee.
G. iii
The financial crisis stimulated a debate about the role and purpose of the company and a heightened awareness of
corporate ethics. Trust in the corporation has been eroded and academics such as Michael Sandel, in his thoughtful and
bestselling book What Money Can’t Buy, are questioning the morality of capitalism and the market economy. Q7 Boards
of companies in all sectors will need to widen their perspective to encompass these issues and this may involve a
realignment of corporate goals. We live in challenging times.
Question 8-11: YES/ NO/ NOT GIVEN
8. Close scrutiny of the behaviour of boards has increased since the economic downturn. YES
9. Banks have been mismanaged to a greater extent than other businesses. NOT GIVEN
10. Board meetings normally continue for as long as necessary to debate matters in full. NO
11. Using a committee structure would ensure that board members are fully informed about significant issues. NO
Questions 12-14
Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
12. Before 2008, non-executive directors were at a disadvantage because of their lack of information.
13. Boards tend to place too much emphasis on financial considerations that are only of short-term relevance.
14. On certain matters, such as pay, the board may have to accept the views of investors.

XII. You are going to read an extract from a newspaper article. Six paragraphs have been removed from the extract.
Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap. THU
On a wing and a woof
Michael Cassell’s close encounter with a paragliding puppy inspires a desire to try out the sport I love dogs, but a dog’s place
is at your feet, not flying above your head. I was holidaying on the Cote d’Azure in France, and I couldn’t quite believe what I
was seeing. I think it was some form of terrier, although it was hard to tell because it wore goggles and a little bandana and
was moving at some speed as it passed over the house. (1) F_______
I kept my eye on the pair and saw them land on the beach, where they received warm applause from early bathers. I’m
sure they were breaking every rule in the book and if the police had intervened I imagine the dog at least could have lost his
licence.
(2) ___D____
Paragliding, by contrast, relies entirely on thermic air and the skill of its pilot; to take to the skies on such a lightweight
contraption is to soar free and silently in the arms of mother nature. The sport has spawned more than 650 clubs across
France, and fans travel from across Europe to enjoy the mix of wild scenery and placid weather that the country offers. The
most popular regions are the Alps, the Pyrenees and Corsica, and there are plenty of paragliding schools in those regions
that will get beginners off the ground in two or three days.
(3) __B_____
The Cote d’Azure, however, is not in itself natural paragliding country, and we have found ourselves under the flight path of a
growing number of enthusiasts simply because of the jagged ridge of red rock that towers three hundred metres above sea
level behind our house - the best jumping-off spot for miles around.
(4) __A_____
It’s a forty-five-minute climb from the beach to this ridge-top and although the gliders weigh around 7kg, there are a harness
and helmet and boots and other bits and pieces to carry as well. I calculate that each flight lasts about four minutes and
some of the keenest fans trudge past my gate three or four times a day. I tucked in behind one group to watch them get
ready for the jump.
(5) __E_____
The reality, of course, is that with proper training and preparation paragliding is a very safe sport; there are accidents, but
most are rarely that serious and usually occur on launching or landing. This group, however, knew their stuff. To forsake a
long run and lift off for a virtual leap into space takes experience and supreme confidence. (6) _G______
I’m not a natural-born daredevil and wouldn’t myself have found that experience thrilling. But I am nevertheless sorely
tempted to have a go - maybe on a gently sloping hillside. ‘You’ll need a medical certificate at your age,’ declared one of the
group, instantly extinguishing the flame of adventure. But then if puppies can paraglide, why shouldn’t an old dog like me?
A. But this is no place for beginners. There are no gentle, grass-covered slopes to run down — the rocks are vertical and
unyielding and anyone who leaps off them could easily get into difficulties unless they know what they are doing.
B. For the more courageous, the pleasures of advanced thermalling await, but if you are of a more timid disposition and want
to hold someone’s hand, you can take a tandem course; if you are a dog, the experience must be like sticking your head out
of the car window and letting the wind beat your ears round the back of your head.
C. Not all of these untrained novices reach the beach, however. In recent days, one paraglider has landed on a neighbours
pool terrace, wrecking several terracotta pots and a previously unblemished flight record.
D. Despite such unexpected intrusions on my privacy, I’ve decided that paragliding, with or without the canine companion, is
immensely superior to microlight flying, in which the airborne are propelled by a motor so clamorous and noisy that any idea
of soaring serenely through the heavens is soon lost.
E. The biggest surprise was that they were not all strong, strapping young men, intent upon ticking off another item on
some checklist of ‘dangerous things to do before I die’. Of the six preparing to jump, three were women and the average age
appeared to be somewhere in the mid-thirties.
F. The puppy was paragliding - a tiny, intrepid recruit to the sport that has taken off big time across the country. The
creature was not on its own, thank goodness, but on a machine piloted by a young man who greeted me cheerily as they
swooped beyond the end of the terrace and dived down the hillside.
G. There was one nasty moment when one of the women leapt and, instead of instantly catching the air beneath her
canopy, plunged alarmingly down the face of the cliff; but within seconds she had caught an updraft, was whooping gleefully
and on her way.
XIII. You are going to read an article about photographers. Choose from the photographers (A-E) for each question.
The people may be chosen more than once. ICHI
Which photographer...
1. says there's a need to be flexible at a shoot? C
2. admits to relying on instinctive decisions during a shoot? B
3. consciously adopts a particular type of behaviour during a shoot? C
4. criticises the attitude of certain other photographers? E
5. feels that aspects of a photographer’s skill cannot be taught? A
6. welcomes suggestions for shots from the subjects themselves? A
7. is critical of recent developments on photography courses? B
8. is keen to introduce new ideas in one branch of photography? D
9. likes to keep the photography focussed on social interaction? E
10. prefers not to take shots of people in a photographic studio? A
11. tends to work to a set routine? B
12. prefers not to do research about a subject before doing the shoot? C
13. believes in investing in the time needed to get the best shots? A
14, 15. feels that the identity of the photographer should be apparent from the shot? D E
The critical moment
Some of the world's greatest photographers tell us how they get their extraordinary images A.
Mary Elton Mark
I loved photography from the moment I first picked up a camera and knew my life would be devoted to it. I don’t think you can
develop or learn a ‘way of seeing’ or a ‘point of view’. It’s something that’s inside you. 5 It's how you look at the world. I want
my photographs not only to be real but to portray the essence of my subjects, too. To do that, you have to be patient - it can’t
be rushed. 13 I prefer doing portraiture on location: ngoài trời 10. On a subject’s home ground you pick up certain hints that
tell you personal things and they come up with ideas.6 During a session with an animal trainer who had a massive ego, he
took the trunk of his beloved elephant Shyama and wrapped it around his neck like a necklace, and of course that was my
picture. I’d never have thought of something that clever.
B. Tina Barney
I don’t know how my brain works, but I do know that I work really fast. My shoots don’t vary: an hour to set up, an hour to
take the shots. 11 And the minute I walk into a room I know what I’m going to shoot, although what that is only becomes clear
to me after seeing the result. So it’s a subconscious process 2. You couldn’t get those pictures in a million years if you took
your time . I started taking pictures in the 1970s for all the beautiful reasons photography was known for. Then all of a
sudden digital technology booms and darkrooms get annihilated from photography schools. But I really believe in the
classical way. 7 It all comes down to looking at a piece of art and dissecting it and understanding how it’s put together. I think
the most important thing is to go out in the world and see.
C. Rankin
I think if you aren’t fascinated by people, you’ll never succeed as a portrait photographer, because your pictures will look
cold. You don’t have to know anything about the people in advance of the session 12, you just tap into them - it’s a skill.
Every shoot is different and you have to alter your approach accordingly.1 You have to try to get into people’s heads, so that
they can open up to you and give you something. Sometimes we chat first, but sometimes it’s good for everyone to be fresh
and tense when you start out. I use the technique of being cheeky and rude or asking my subjects to do ridiculous things, 3
but I don’t set out to upset anyone. I hope the viewer sees what I see. I think two words that would describe my work well are:
humour and honesty.
D. Mario Sorrenti
I’ve always tried to push the boundaries of fashion photography. 8 After all, why should a fashion photograph only talk about
clothes? Why can’t it talk about something else? I want my pictures to ask questions: I want people to think. You don’t need
to be technically great, because if you have a strong philosophy people will be moved by your pictures regardless. The most
important thing is to figure out what you want to try and say. To make your name as a photographer, you have to have a
unique point of view that the viewer can recognise as yours, otherwise you’ll get lost
in the mix. 14 For me, photography is about exploring - either myself or another place.
E. Sebastiao Salgado
It’s difficult to explain why we’re more attracted to certain images than others. For me, black and white photography has a
certain kind of power.
I’m not talking about conceptual photography but instantaneous photography, the kind that happens in a fraction of a second.
A great picture is one that transmits a lot of emotion and where you can see who took it; who that person is 9. I come from a
Latin American world, where you believe in things and you form a relationship with your surroundings. I also grew up with a
sense of mysticism and belonging The cynicism that exists in certain kinds of photography 4, and that pleasure of seeing
oneself as a deep individualist, that’s not for me. We’re a gregarious: có tính cộng đồng species made to live together.
That’s the point of view of my photography 15 and the starting point of all my work.
XIV. Read the text and choose A, B, C or D to answer the questions below it THU
“THIRD WORLD" EXPERTS HELP LOCAL COMMUNITY FIND ITS FEET
For the first time in the five years since the closure of the notorious Millburgh Munitions Factory, smiles are to be seen on the
faces of residents of the Grange, Millburgh's most rundown inner city district. New businesses are becoming established and
unemployment, which until recently affected a staggering 45% of the working population, is now approaching the national
average of 5%. But the most amazing aspect of this remarkable recovery is, according to some analysts, the fact that the
initial boost for it came from the community development expertise of a village in what many readers will have been brought
up to know as the Third World.
In the dark days when unemployment and poverty characterised the Grange, one thing that Sddrt became abundantly clear
was that the amount of government support for such a badly-hit community was woefully inadequate. Yet, surprisingly to
some, the ideas that set Betty Bridges, one of the founding members of the Grange Revitalisation Initiative, on the path to
success came from Winnie, a pen-friend she has who was born and bred in a rural community in Africa. "Winnie's ideas
seemed rather alien to the ideas I'd been brought up with, but I was aware of how successful they'd proved to be in her own
community, and it didn't take much to convince me that they were worth trying,’ explained Ms Bridges.
Following Winnie's advice, Ms Bridges was able to convince many of her friends and neighbours to pool most of their pitifully
modest redundancy payments to set up a women's credit union. With their pooled resources, the women had enough capital
in their credit union to afford them some bargaining power. Each member was issued with a not-for
profit credit card, with which they are entitled to obtain small amounts of credit at a low interest rate. Initially, the main benefits
of the scheme were the low interest and the fact that the loans were collateral-free. Soon, however, the credit union had
persuaded most local shops to accept the credit card and also managed to negotiate substantial discounts on bulk
purchases. Thus, by coordinating their shopping requirements, the women were able to obtain the best quality for much
lower prices than they would have obtained as individuals. This strategy not only enabled them to make some savings, but
reduced their anxiety while boosting their self-esteem. 'In fact," commented Ms Bridges, I hadn't planned to set up a women's
union, but on the one hand I didn't have many male acquaintances and, on the other, the men we spoke to were too sceptical
of the idea to give it a go."
While the credit union members were making ends meet more successfully than other residents of the Grange, they could
not remain oblivious to the straitened circumstances of their more disadvantaged neighbours. Accordingly, with their credit
union experience and by further recourse to the community development expertise available. In some parts of the 'developing
 world', Ms Bridges and like-minded acquaintances set up the Grange Revitalisation Initiative. According to Ms Bridges,
'similar Initiatives had already proven their worth in other communities and, indeed, by the time I contacted Winnie about the
success of the credit union, her own community had set up the same sort of initiative."
Founded with the aim of embracing a wider section of the community and injecting a spirit of optimism and activity into the
Grange, the Initiative united a great many residents with the goal of determining their own future. Drawing on the expertise of
communities in Africa and Asia, the Initiative not only enabled people to pool their meagre savings, but also permitted the
most hard up to contribute their skills and labour.
Using the interest on the money of those who had contributed their savings, and more of the skills and energy of those who
had no savings, the Initiative quickly began to make a difference. Flats and homes were properly insulated, making them
warmer and drier while reducing heating bills. Starting with the homes of the elderly, solar heating is being installed. Co-
operative businesses have been established and, despite the cynicism of observers from the business community at large,
they are confounding critics by their disciplined success. Not only do the employees have a say in these enterprises, but the
wider community has a stake in them too. However, the most impressive headway has been made in the field of vocational
training provided and supported by the Initiative, whose aim is to make every resident both employable and employed.
Judging by its activities to date, the Initiative epitomises well-thought-out democratic decision-making and has already
resulted in many new jobs as well as a marked improvement in local amenities and facilities. Perhaps the most vital element,
even if it is not amenable to scientific measurement, is the community's new-found confidence in itself. The people of the
Grange now have a vision of their future: they know where they are going and have plans for how they will get there.

1. What does the writer imply about the expression "Third World"?
A. It is synonymous with unemployment. B. It is synonymous with recovery.
C. It is an insulting term. D. It is a term that is no longer appropriate. 2. We learn in the second
paragraph that Betty Bridges
A. got help from a friend who had moved to a rural community in Africa.
B. wrote to an African friend to ask for help.
C. was initially uneasy about taking advantage of her friend.
D. was unacquainted with the type of proposal her friend had made.
3. What appears to have been the main strength of the credit union?
A. It provided a good source of easy credit. B. It enabled members to negotiate better deals. C. It was
a not-for-profit arrangement. D. It was run by women for women.
4. What point does Ms Bridges make about men with regard to the credit union?
A. Their lack of faith prevented them from taking advantage of it.
B. They felt that they had been left out.
C. They thought hard about joining.
D. They were dissuaded by the fact that the idea originated in the developing world.
5. The founding of the Grange Revitalisation Initiative was prompted by
A. the jealousy of residents who weren't in the credit union.
B. the success that a similar initiative had enjoyed in Winnie's community.
C. the continuing plight of residents of the area.
D. the credit union's inability to succeed without guidance from overseas.
6. The writer regards the activities of the Initiative as being
A. somewhat exploitative of those who had no savings. B. instrumental in creating employment. C. rather
confounded by a lack of business experience. D. too disciplinarian despite their obvious success.
7. What point is the writer making when referring to scientific measurement?
A. There is little proof that the Initiative has achieved much.
B. The Initiative's main success is not easy to quantify.
C. There is no scientific basis for confidence in the Initiative.
D. Despite their success, the people behind the Initiative have not acted very logically.
XV. Fill in each blank with a correct preposition or particle BẢO 20C ĐẦU + CHI 20C SAU
1. I don’t think his statement bears on this case.
2. You can’t change your mind now. It’s too late to back out of the deal.
3. The plant manager answers directly to the head of the company.
4. I was prepared to back up her story because I knew it was the truth.
5. The baby has been acting up all day. I think she must be teething.
6. The murderer will answer for his crimes in the highest court in the land.
7. Faced with such formidable opposition to his plans, he had no choice but to back down
8. The teacher accused him of answering her back when he attempted to explain what he had been
doing.
9. If you can bear with me a little longer, I’ll tell you the rest of the story.
10.After a violent attack in the press on their welfare policies, the Conservatives answered back with
a statement of their reforms since taking office.
11.Susan gets all the perks because she’s in with the administration.
12.She feels it is beneath her to socialise with uneducated people.
13.As an ex-smoker, Paul is down on people who smoke.
14.He’ll be in for it when his parents discover he took the money.
15.Half the staff are down with the flu this week.
16.She doesn’t eat crisps or chocolate; she’s into health foods.
17.Our dog has been off its food for days now.
18.Do you know what’s on at the cinema tonight?
19.I don’t know what he’s been up to but he looks very embarrassed.
20.The roses have been out for a few days now. (Be in bloom)
21.The cinema which was adjacent to the bank was damaged when a bomb exploded in the bank.
22.What you’re saying amounts to blackmail.
23.Mr. Parker was arrested for driving while under the influence of alcohol.
24.She finds it difficult adjusting to the climate.
25.Your calculations do not accord with mine.
26.She was very appreciative of all the support she got from her friends.
27.I was totally abashed by his rude manner.
28.His abstinence from alcohol lasted only two months.
29.I have an aversion to spiders.
30.The child showed no animosity towards her new stepbrother.
31.The recommendations are based on a recent report by the Home Office.
32.My little sister still believes in Father Christmas.
33.Beware of strong currents when swimming in this area.
34.I bumped into an old school friend in town last week.
35.The tourists bartered for their souvenirs at the local market.
36.The children arrived at the fare and made a beeline for the ghost train.
37.There’s a ban on using hose-pipes because of the drought.
38.The cat basked in the warm sunshine.
39.He continually boasts of his fantastic job.
40.The man begged his wife for forgiveness.

XVI. Fill in each blank with a suitable preposition or particle CHI 11C ĐẦU + THU 13C SAU
 1. The children were late and had to make a dash
___FOR__ the school bus. xông tới phía ai đó hoặc cái
gì đó.
2. We’ll have to economise _ON____ heating or we won’t
be able to pay the bill. : tiết kiệm
3. I dream __OF___ becoming a millionaire and buying a
big yacht.
4. The student was eligible __FOR___ a full grant from the
authority. : đủ tư cách, điều kiện thích hợp
5. The employee showed total disregard __FOR___ the
company rules and was dismissed. sự coi thường
6. The man was distracted __BY___ a commotion and
didn’t notice the pick-pocket taking his wallet. : bị sao
nhãng sth distract sb from sth
7. John was so engrossed ___IN__ the film that he burnt
the dinner.
8. We were totally entranced ___BY__ the prima
ballerina’s dancing. : bị mê hoặc bởi
9. The doctor told me I was deficient _IN____ iron and
would have to take supplements.: thiếu cái gì
10. My brother eloped ___WITH__ his girlfriend because
her parents had forbidden them to marry. : chạy trốn với
người yêu
11. The woman exulted __IN___ her son’s success as a
writer. : hân hoan, đắc chí
1. We sold our house _at____ a profit; we made £2,000.
2. She’s working as a waitress _for____ the time being,
but her ambition is to become an actress.
3. I’ve met Elizabeth Taylor ___in__ the flesh. I even shook
her hand.
4. She’s been ___for__ a diet for weeks, but she hasn’t lost
much weight.
5. We have a car _on____ loan until ours has been
repaired.
6. Strictly __off___ the record, his work is below standard.
7. The workers have been __on___ strike for three weeks.
8. That performance was really __out___ __of___ the
ordinary.
9. We were shocked when she called him an idiot __to___
his face.
10. He was __in___ pain after the operation.
11. __At___ times he wishes he had never become a
doctor.
12. __By___ all accounts, he is the best basketball player
in the Association.
13. He put the car __into___ gear and drove off.

XVII. Fill in each blank with one of the idioms BẢO

all but ● all in ● all told ● for all ● of all people ● all along ● all the same ● all in all ● for all I know ● for all I care

1. I’ve all but finished; just give me a few minutes.

2. He’s promised to come to the party on Friday; all the same I don’t believe him.
3. For all his hard work he didn’t get a promotion.
4. I don’t know how they found out, but they’ve known about it all along.
5. I’ve been reading the newspapers and all in all I think the government will win the election.
6. She told me her name was Joan but for all I know she could be lying.
7. I don’t think I’ll go out tonight. I’m all in.
8. I never expected you, of all people to say such a thing!
9. Of course you can’t live with us! For all I care you can live in the street!
10. All told there were 50 people at the party, but not everyone stayed the whole evening.

to take sth into account ● on account of ● on no account ● on this/that account ● on the air (đang phát thanh, đang
truyền đi bằng rađiô) ● in the air (up in the air: chưa quyết định; không chắc chắn, chưa dứt khoát) ● to clear the air
(giải tỏa hiểu lầm hay hiềm khích giữa hai bên hoặc là làm rõ điều gì đó) ● to be up in arms (to be very angry) ● on the
alert (Đề cao cảnh giác) DQ
1. Instead of bottling up your feelings, let’s have a good talk and _CLEAR THE AIR__.
2. There’s talk _ON THE AIR_ of a possible stock-market crash.
3. The villagers are _UP IN ARMS_ about the proposed motorway.
4. I haven’t been able to travel much lately _ON ACCOUNT OF_ my car having broken down.
5. His future is still up _IN THE AIR_; he can’t decide whether to become a surgeon or a psychiatrist.
6. You must _TAKE INTO ACCOUNT_ his educational background when deciding what work to give him.
7. The meeting tomorrow is very important; _ON NO ACCOUNT_ must you be late.
8. There’s been a storm in Manila, so _ON THAT ACCOUNT_ we won’t be going there on
holiday.
9. You can’t go into the studio just yet as the programme is still _ON THE AIR_
10. The police are always _ON THE ALERT_ for terrorists, particularly at airports.
XVIII. Fill in each blank with one of the idioms DQ
show one’s true colours (để tiết lộ bản chất thật của một người) ● lost cause (sự nghiệp chắc chắn thất bại) ● chair a
meeting (chủ trì một cuộc họp) ● off colour (không hợp tiêu chuẩn, có vẻ ốm yếu, không thích hợp) ● have the cheek
(have a cheek to do something: táo tợn làm việc gì, mặt dạn mày dày làm việc gì) ● get a bit hot under the collar (trở
nên tức giận) ● keep one’s chin up ● with flying colours (với kết quả mỹ mãn) ● get a problem off one’s chest (nói ra
sự thật, mối ưu phiền đã giấu kín, làm cho bạn cảm thấy nhẹ cả người) ● different as chalk and cheese (khác nhau
hẳn) ● call sb names (use a name for someone which is rude or hurtful) ● a close shave (thoát ra hoặc tránh rất suýt
soát khỏi những tình huống nguy hiểm) ● play one’s cards right (behave in a way that gives you an advantage or allows
you to succeed at something)
1. Trying to make them understand is a _LOST CAUSE_. They are so conservative (bảo thủ).
2. Laura passed her exam _WITH FLYING COLOURS_. She came top of the class.
3. He _SHOWED HIS TRUE COLOURS_ when he started making rude jokes about women.
4. I don’t know how he _HAS THE CHEEK_ to moan about my spelling when his is even worse.
5. You look _OFF COLOUR_. Would you like me to call a doctor for you?
6. John managed to _KEEP HIS CHIN UP_ despite his illness.
7. If you _PLAY YOUR CARDS RIGHT_ and speak nicely to your father, he might take you to the fair this
afternoon.
8. Bert and Tom are as different as _CHALK AND CHEESE_. It’s hard to believe that they are brothers!
9. Those boys are very rude to me. They are always _CALLING MY NAMES_.
10. The two cars just avoided having a head-on collision. It was a very _CLOSE SHAVE_.
11. Instead of just sitting there feeling bad, why not talk about it and _GET IT OFF YOUR CHEST_.?
12. She _GOT A BIT HOT UNDER THE COLLAR_ when a colleague started criticising her work.
13. Paul was asked to _CHAIR A MEETING_ as the director was away on business.

a wild-goose chase (một sự đeo đuổi viển vông, một sự tìm tòi vô hy vọng) ● be caught red-handed ● crocodile tears ● a
piece of cake ● down the drain (lãng phí, phí phạm) ● down in the dumps (chìm đắm trong sự buồn bã, tuyệt vọng) ● on
the dole (sống nhờ vào của bố thí, sống nhờ vào tiền trợ cấp thất nghiệp) ● go to the dogs (sa sút trầm trọng, xuống
cấp nặng) ● a red-letter day (một ngày hay một dịp hết sức quan trọng, đáng ghi nhớ) ● let sleeping dogs lie (đừng gợi
lại những chuyện không hay trong quá khứ)
1. Fred thought the test was _A PIECE OF CAKE_; he has no doubt that he has passed it.
2. Kate is feeling _DOWN IN THE DUMPS_ because her boyfriend has left her.
3. 12 June is a _RED-LETTER DAY_ for my sister. It’s the day she launched her own business.
4. Looking for Susan in New York is simply _A WILD-GOOSE CHASE_. She could be anywhere.
5. You can’t fool me with your _CROCODILE TEARS_; I know you’re not really upset.
6. Please don’t bring up that old argument with Joe when you see him. Just _ LET SLEEPING DOGS LIE_.
7. While some people claim the country is _GOING TO THE DOGS_, others think the new government will be able to
improve matters.
8. The thief _WAS CAUGHT RED-HANDED_ as he was leaving the bank with the money.
9. All the money I’d invested went _DOWN THE DRAIN_ when the company failed.
10. I have plenty of spare time but very little money because I am _ ON THE DOLE_.
XIX. Rewrite the following sentences using provided words THU
1. Once the loan is promised, we ensure the investors don’t go back on it. hold
Our role is ________________________________________________ they have promised. 2. Being bilingual means
you can express yourself equally well in both the languages you speak. message People who are bilingual can
_________________________________________ in both the languages they speak. 3. The moment Carla enters a
room, everybody notices her. presence
Carla makes _________________________________________ as she enters a room.
4. All the construction work stopped because the company's economic situation changed. brought A change
in the company's economic situation _________________________________________ halt. 5. The police are
investigating the disappearance of a five-year-old boy. missing
The case of the five-year-old boy _________________________________________ is still being investigated. 6.
Sara hadn't expected her fiancé to propose so soon. took
The sudden _________________________________________ surprise.
7. Who did you think was the most suitable candidate for the job? cut
Which candidate _________________________________________ in your opinion?
8. The general public are not allowed to enter the study. bounds
The study _________________________________________ the general public.
9. It wasn't his fault that he delivered the wrong parcel. own
Through _________________________________________, he delivered the wrong parcel. 10.
It's unfortunate that we came all the way to the museum to find it closed. going
Had _________________________________________ closed, we wouldn't have come all the way to the museum. 11.
He ought to have had the house painted before trying to sell it. better
It _________________________________________ had the house painted before trying to sell it. 12.
They are rumoured to be about to sell their company. verge
Rumour has _________________________________________ selling their company.
13. Much as I like his Scottish accent, I find it impossible to understand what he says. single I
like his Scottish accent _________________________________________ he says.
14. When you work with other people, you have to tolerate their idiosyncrasies. put
When you work with other people, you have no choice _________________________________ their idiosyncrasies.