Magnetic Circuits

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 Magnetic Circuits
• Various parts
Salient pole – poles, pole shoes, air gap,
armature teeth, armature core and yoke.
Non salient pole – stator core, stator teeth, air
gap, rotor teeth and rotor core.

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 Difference between MC and EC

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 Magnetic Circuit
• MC is analogous to an EC
• Magnetic Circuit is the path of Magnetic flux.
• emf circulates current against resistance when
a closed path is provided.
• mmf creates flux in a closed path against
relactance of the path.

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 Magnetic Circuits

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 Magnetic
Let us take electro magnet
Circuit

Reluctance of the magnetic material can calculated

Design of Electrical Apparatus (EEE3005)

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 Magnetic Circuit
Strength of magnetic field is measured by the term magnetic force, H

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 Magnetic Circuit

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 Magnetic Circuit

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 Similarities of MC and EC

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 Magnetic Curve
• In the magnetic material the magnetizing force required to
establish a given flux density depends on saturation of
material.
• Not saturated - Small increase in magnetic force will result in a
proportional increase in flux density,
• Saturated – large increase in magnetic force will result in a
small increase in flux density ( therefore permeability of
material is constant).
• Non Magnetic Material like air, copper, etc., No Saturation
• Hence, permeability is constant, relation b/w B and H
(Magnetizing force) is linear.

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Therefore, to calculate the mmf per meter of
flux path for a given flux density the B-at curve
is employed.

Manufacturers, supply the B-H curve or B-at

curve.
Also supply the loss curve, since the core loss is
also non-linear and depends on magnetizing
force.

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 Magnetic Circuit Calculations
• Involves estimation of reluctance, flux density
and mmf for various sections of magnetic
circuits.
• Aim – to estimate total mmf required to
establish the flux density in MC.
• Magnetic circuits is split (two parts )series or
parallel.
• Summation of mmf of all sections in series
gives the total mmf of the MC
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 Magnetic Circuit Calculation

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 Magnetic Circuit Calculation
• Methods looks like be simple but there are
some parts in the magnetic circuit like air gap
and tapered teeth which present complex
magnetic problems.
• Reluctance of the air gap is modified or
affected due to slots, radial ventilation ducts,
and non uniform air gaps.

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 Reluctance of Air Gap in m/c with
Smooth Armature
• Rotating m/c’s will have small air gap between
armature and pole surface.
• Armature has closed slots – Smooth surface
possible.

• Flux is uniformly spread over the entire slot and

goes straight across the air gap
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 Reluctance of Air Gap

• Consider the area of cross section of the magnetic

path over slot, it is given by the product of the length
of armature and slot pitch.

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 Reluctance of Air Gap in m/c’s with open
armature slots
• (i) Reluctance of air gap neglecting fringing
effect.

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 Reluctance of Air Gap in m/c’s with open
armature slots
• (i) Reluctance of air gap including the effect of
fringing.

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 Reluctance of Air Gap in m/c’s with
open armature slots
• A simple method to calculate reluctance in this case
is to assume that the air gap flux is uniformly
distributed over the whole of slot pitch except for a
fraction of slot width.
• This fraction depends on the ratio of slot width to air
gap length.

• Effective or contracted slot pitch,

y  wt  ws
'
s
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 Reluctance of Air Gap in m/c’s with
open armature slots

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 Reluctance of Air Gap in m/c’s with
open armature slots
• Gap contraction factor for slot,

• Therefore, the reluctance of air gap in m/c

with open armature slot is Kgs times that with
smooth armature.
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 Effect of Ventilation Ducts on
reluctance of air gap
• Radial Ventilating ducts – provided when armature is higher
than the diameter or when length is greater than 0.1 meter,
• Radial ventilation – for good cooling

40 to 80 mm stacks
and ducts with 10
mm

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 Ventilation Ducts Effect
• Ducts results in contraction of flux in the axial direction.
• Due to this effective axial length of the machine is reduced
and this results in an increase in the reluctance of air gap.
• Expression for gap contraction factor for ventilating ducts by
treating stacks of laminations as teeth and the ducts as slots.
• Contracted or effective axial length, L’ = L-Kcd nd wd
• Where,
Kcd - cater’s co efficient for ducts
Wd – width of the ducts
nd – number of ducts

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 Estimation of Cater’s gap-coefficient
for slot
• Cater’s gap coefficient Kcs depends on the ratio
of slot opening to gap length.
• Determined by the curve

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 Total Air Gap Contraction Factor

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 Gap Contraction factor for Induction Motor

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