PRECALCULUS

Senior High School Grade 11

Andal, Michelle Angela R.

STEM ENGG 1B
INRODUCTION TO CONIC SECTIONS
What is CONIC SECTIONS?
A conic section is a curve obtained as the intersection of the
surface of a cone with a plane. The three types of conic sections are
the hyperbola, the parabola, the ellipse and the circle type of an
ellipse.

In the conics above, the plane does not pass through the
vertex of the cone. When the plane does intersect the vertex of the
cone, the resulting conic is called a degenerate conic. Degenerate
conics include a point, a line, and two intersecting lines.

Terminology in Conic Section

 Focus (F): The fixed point is the focus of the conic.
 Directrix (d): The fixed straight line is the directrix of the conic.
 Vertex (v): An extreme point on a conic section.
 Principal axis (a) – the line that passes through the focus and is
perpendicular to the directrix.
 Asymptote : A straight line which a curve approaches arbitrarily closely
as it goes to infinity.
 Locus : The set of all points whose coordinates satisfy a given equation or
condition.
 Nappe: One half of a double cone.
 Eccentricity (e) : the distance from any point on the conic section to its
focus, divided by the perpendicular distance from that point to the nearest
directrix
3 Types of Conics are Distinguished by the Value of its
Eccentricity
 The conic is parabola if the eccentricity e =1
 The conic is an ellipse if the eccentricity e <1
 The conic is a hyperbola if the eccentricity e > 1

General Equation
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2+ Dx + Ey + F = 0

Lesson 1 : CIRCLES
Definition of Circle as a Conic Section
As a conic section, the circle is the intersection of a plane
perpendicular to the cone's axis. is the circle's center also spelled as
centre. The diameter (D) is twice the length of the radius.

To derive the equation of a circle whose center C

is the point (0,0) and with the radius r, let P (x,y)
be one of the points.
P (x,y)

Distance Formula
radius
C (0,0)

Standard form of the equation of a

circle whose center is at the origin
r2 = x2 + y2
CIRCLE IN THE CENTER – RADIUS FORM

(x, y) are the coordinates of a point on a circle

center of a circle is (h, k)

Distance formula: (x,y)

Substitute in the values (h,k)

Square both sides to get the general

form of a circle in center-radius form.

What will happen to the equation if the

the origin?
Examples:

Center C (3, 2), radius=5 Center C(2,-3), radius = 4

(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r 2
52 = (x-3)2+(y-2)2 (x - 2)2 + (y - (-3)2)= 4 2
25 = (x-3)2+(y-2)2 (x - 2) 2 + (y + 3) 2 = 16

Center C (0, 4), radius=9 Center C(4,-7), radius = 8

(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r 2 (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r
92 = (X-0)2+(y-4)2 (x - 4)2 + (y - (-7))2 = 8
81 = x2+(y-4)2 (x - 4)2 + (y + 8)2 = 64
 GENERAL EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
X2+y2+Dx+Ey+F=0

Finding the equation of a circle in general form

Find the standard equation of the circle with the indicated radius and
center and then transform the equation into general form.

Center at (-5,7) and radius r = 3

(x−h)2 + (y−k)2 = r 2
(x + 5)2 + (y - 7)2 = 9 (standard form)

Expand to obtain the general form

(x + 5)2 + (y - 7)2 = 9
(x + 5) (x + 5) + (y - 7) (y - 7) = 9
x2+ 5x + 5x + 25 + y2- 7y - 7y + 49 - 9= 0
x2+ 10x + 25 + y2- 14y + 45 = 0

x2+ y2+ 10x - 14y + 70 = 0

Reducing general equations to standard form

x2+ y2- 6x + 8y + 24 = 0

1. Move the constant number to the other side.

x2+ y2- 6x + 8y = - 24
2. Group the x-terms and y-terms together
(x2+ 6x) + (y2+ 8y) = -24
3. Complete the square for the x-terms and y-terms.
(x2+ 6x + 9) + (y 2+ 8y + 16) = -24 + 9 + 16
(x-3)2+(y+4)2=1
Center (3,-4)
Radius=1
Worksheet # 1

Write the equation of each circle given its center and

radius.

2. Center at (2, 9/2) and radius r = 3

1. Center at (-7, -1) and radius r = 2

3.Center C(-3,5), radius = 6

4.Center at (-3,7) and radius r = 9

5. Center at (4, -6) and radius r = 7

Worksheet # 2

Find the standard equation of a circle then transform it to

general form.

5. Center at (7, -3) and radius r =2.5

1. Center at (-3, -8) and radius r =5

4. Center at (6, 10) and radius r =2

2. Center at (2, 8) and radius r =4

3. Center at (4, -7) and radius r =8

Worksheet # 3

Find the center and radius of this circle given its

general form.

1. X2 + y2 - 14x + 6y + 9 =0

2. X2+ y2 - 10x + 6y + 25 = 0

3. x2 + y 2- 6x + 2y - 54= 0
Worksheet # 4

Find the center and radius of this circle. Then graph it.

1. X2 + y2 - 14x + 6y + 9 = 0

2. X2+ y2 - 4x + 10y +20 = 0

 Lesson 2 : PARABOLA
A parabola is the curve formed by the intersection of a
plane and a cone, when the plane is at the same slant as the
side of the cone.

A parabola can also be defined as the set of all points in

a plane which are an equal distance away from a given point
(called the focus of the parabola) and a given line (called
the directrix of the parabola).

Focus - the fixed point of the parabola

Vertex - the point on the parabola midway between the latus

rectum and the directrix
- the point where the curve changes the position.

Latus rectum - the chord that passes through the focus and
perpendicular to the axis of symmetry

Directrix - the fixed line of the parabola

Axis of Symmetry - the line perpendicular to the directrix

and passing through the focus.
PARABOLA EQUATION
 One variable is squared and one is not.
 There are many ways the equation of a parabola can be written.
We will get the quadratic part (a variable that Is squared) on the
left of the equal sign and the linear part (variable is to the first
power) on the right of the equal sign.

STANDARD EQUATION:
(x - h)2 = 4a(y - k) or y = a(x - h)2 + k
(y - k)2 = 4a(x - h) or x = a(y - k)2 + h

GENERAL FORM:
y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
X2 + Dy + Ex + F = 0

Parabola with Vertex at the Origin

Standard Equation X2=4ay y2=4ax
Opening upward or downward To the right or left
Focus (0,a) (a.0)
Directrix y=0 X=-a
Axis of Symmetry y-axis X-axis

Example:
Write the equation of the parabola with vertex at the origin
and focus at (9,0)
a. The vertex is (0,0)
b. The focus is (8,0), the parabola opens to the right and the
value of a is 9.
c. The equation is
y2 = 4ax
y2 = 4(9)x
y2 = 36x
GRAPHING A PARABOLA:
(x - h)2 = 4a(y - k) or (y - k)2 = 4a(x - h) , where the vertex is at (h,k)
and |a| is the width and focus

To graph :
1. Put in standard form (above) - squared term on left
2. Decide which way the parabola opens.
If x is squared: +a → opens up
If x is squared: -a → opens down
If y is squared: +a → opens right
If y is squared: -a → opens left
3. Plot the vertex (h,k). Note what happens to the signs.
4. Plot the focus. Mark with an f.
5. Draw the directrix: (Reminder that the directrix is a line.)
6. Plot the endpoints of the latus rectum/focal chord (width at
the focus). The width is the │a│at the focus.
7. Sketch the parabola by going through the vertex and the
endpoints of the latus rectum. (Be sure to extend the curve and
put arrows.)
8. Identify the axis symmetry. (The line that goes through the
vertex dividing the parabola n half).

The standard form of the equation with vertex (h, k)

For a parabola with the axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis and
vertex at (h,k), the standard form is :

(x - h)2 = 4a(y - k) or y = a(x - h)2+ k

 the equation of the axis of symmetry is x = h. (vertical)

 the coordinates of the focus are (h, k + a).
 the equation of the directrix is y = k - a. (horizontal)
 endpoints of latus rectum: (h ± 2a, k + a)
when a is positive the parabola opens upward.
 when a is negative, the parabola opens downward.
For a parabola with the axis of
symmetry parallel to the x-axis and
vertex at (h,k), the standard form is :

(y - k)2 = 4a(x - h) or x = a(y - k)2 + h

 the equation of the axis of symmetry is y = k.

 the coordinates of the focus are (h + a, k).
 the equation of the directrix is x = h -a.
 endpoints of latus rectum: (h + a, k ± 2a)
 when a is positive, the parabola opens to the right.
 when a is negative, the parabola opens to the left.

The characteristics of parabolas with vertex at (h, k)

Example:
Find the equation of the parabola that has a minimum at
(4, 3) and passes through the point (4, 2) .
The axis of symmetry is parallel to the y-axis.
The vertex is (-4, 3), therefore, h = -4 and k = 3.

Substitute into the standard form of the equation and

solve for p: x = 3 and y = 1
(x - h) 2= 4a(y - k)
(4 - (-4))2 = 4a(2 - 3)
(4+4) 2 = 4a(2- 3)
64 4a

4 a
16=a

(x - h)2= 4a(y - k)
(x - (-4))2= 4(16)(y - 3)
(x + 4) 2= 64(y - 3)

Express each equation of the parabola in standard form.

SOLUTION: Express each equation in standard form by
completing the square
y2 - 12y - 4x + 28 = 0 (general form)
y2 - 12y) = 4x -28
y2- 12y + 36) = 4x -28 + 36
(y - 6y)2= 4x + 8
(y - 6y)2= 4(x + 2)

Vertex (h,k) (-2,6)

Focus (h+a,k) (-1,6)
Endpoints of the latus rectum (-1,8)& (-1,4)
Graphing a Parabola
y2 - 2x + 6y - 4 = 0
y2 + 6y + 9 = 2x + 4 + 9
(y + 3)2 = 2x + 13
horizontally oriented (left)
vertex at (-13/2, -3)
line of symmetry y = -3
focus (-6, -3)
directrix x = -7
 Worksheet # 1

Write the equation of the parabola with the given vertex and focus.

1. Vertex (0,0) and focus at (0,10)

2. Vertex (0,0) and focus at (-3,0)

3. Vertex (0,0) and focus at (8,0)

4. Vertex (0,0) and focus at (0,-4)

5. Vertex (0,0) and focus at (9/2, 0)

Worksheet # 2

Solve for vertex, focus, and equation of directrix of each of

the given equations.

1. x2=60y

2. y2=-10x

3. y2=-52x
Worksheet # 3

Find the equation of the parabola given its vertex and point.

1. Vertex (-1, 1) point (7, 5)

2. Vertex (8, 8) point (-16, 2)

3. Vertex (4,0) point (8, -1)

4. Vertex (-2, 1) point (6, 3)

5. Vertex (2, 2) point (8, 1)

Worksheet # 4

Express each equation of the parabola in standard form

1. y + 2x - 4y - 10 = 0

Graph the given equation of a parabola.

2. y 2- 1x + 4y -16 = 0
ANSWER SHEETS (CIRCLES)

Worksheet#1

1. (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
(x - 2) 2 + (y - (-8)) 2 = 32
(x -2)2 + (y +8)2 = 9

2. (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
(x - (-7)) 2 + (y - (-1)) 2 = 22
(x -7)2 + (y +1)2 = 4

3. (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
(x - (-3)) 2 + (y -5) 2 = 62
(x +3)2 + (y +5)2 = 36

4. (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
(x - (-3)) 2 + (y -7) 2 = 92
(x +3)2 + (y -7)2 = 81

5. (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
(x - 4) 2 + (y -(-6)) 2 = 72
(x -4)2 + (y +6)2 = 49

Worksheet #2

1. (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
(x - 7) 2 + (y -(-3)) 2 = 2.52
(x -7)2 + (y +3)2 = 6.25
general form:
(x -7) (x -7) + (y +3) (y +3) =6.25
x2 - 7x -7x + 49+y2 + 3y + 3y + 9 - 6.25= 0
X2 + y2 + 14x - 6y + 49 + 9 - 6.25= 0
X2 + y2 + 14x - 6y + 51.75 = 0
2. (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
(x-(- 3)) 2 + (y -(-8)) 2 = 52
(x+3)2 + (y +8)2 = 25
general form:
(x+3) (x+3) + (y +8) (y +8) =25
x2 + 3x +3x + 9+ y2 + 8y + 8y + 64 - 25= 0
X2 + y2 + 6x + 16y + 9 + 64 - 25= 0
X2 + y2 + 6x + 16y + 48 = 0

3. (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
(x- 6) 2 + (y -10) 2 = 22
(x-6)2 + (y -10)2 = 4
general form:
(x-6) (x-6) + (y -10) (y -10) =4
x2 -6x -6x + 36+ y2 -10y -10y + 100 - 4= 0
x2 + y2 - 12x - 20y + 36 + 100 - 4= 0
X2 + y2 - 12x - 20y + 132 = 0

4. (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
(x- 2) 2 + (y -8) 2 = 42
(x-2)2 + (y -8)2 = 16
general form:
(x-2) (x-2) + (y -8) (y -8) =16
x2 -2x -2x + 4+ y2 -8y -8y + 64 - 16= 0
x2 + y2 - 4x- 16y + 64 +4 - 16= 0
X2 + y2 - 4x - 16y + 52 = 0

5. (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
(x- 4) 2 + (y -(-7)) 2 = 82
(x-4)2 + (y +7)2 = 64
general form:
(x-4) (x-4) + (y +7) (y +7) =64
x2 -4x -4x + 16+ y2 +7y +7y + 49- 64= 0
x2 + y2 - 8x + 14y + 16 + 49 - 64= 0
X2 + y2 - 8x + 14y + 1= 0

Worksheet#3

1. X2 + y2 - 14x + 6y + 9 =0
(x2 - 14x) + (y2 + 6y) = -9
(x2 - 14x + 49) + (y2 + 6y + 9) = -9 + 9 + 49
(x- 7) + (y + 3) = 49
C (7, -3)
r=7

2. X2+ y2 - 10x + 6y + 25 = 0
(x2 - 10x) + (y2 + 6y) = 25
(x2 - 10x + 25) + (y2 + 6y + 9) = 25 + 25 + 9
(x- 5)2 + (y + 3)2 = 9
C (5, -3)
r=3

3. x2 + y 2- 6x + 2y - 54= 0
(x2 - 6x) + (y2 + 2y) = 54
(x2 - 6x + 9) + (y2 + 2y + 1) = 54 + 9+1
(x- 3)2 + (y - 1)2 = 64
C (3, 1)
r=8
Worksheet#4

1. X2 + y2 - 14x + 6y + 9 = 0
(x2 - 14x) + (y2 + 6y) = -9
(x2 - 14x + 49) + (y2 + 6y + 9) = -9 +9 + 49
(x- 7)2 + (y +3)2 = 49
C (7, -3)
r=7

r=7
(7,3)

2. X2+ y2 - 4x + 10y +20 = 0

(x2 - 4x) + (y2 + 10y) = -20
(x2 - 4x + 4) + (y2 + 10y + 25) = -20 +25 + 4
(x- 7) + (y +3) = 9
C (7, -3)
r=3

r=3
(7,3)
ANSWER SHEETS (PARABOLLA)

Worksheet#1

1. Vertex (0,0) and focus at (0,10)

x2 = 4ay
x2 = 4(10)y
x2 = 40y

2. Vertex (0,0) and focus at (-3,0)

y2 = 4ax
y2= 4(-3)x
y2 = -12x

3. Vertex (0,0) and focus at (8,0)

y2 = 4ax
y2= 4(8)x
y2 = 32x

4. Vertex (0,0) and focus at (0,-4)

x2 = 4ay
x2 = 4(-4)y
x2 = -16y

5. Vertex (0,0) and focus at (9/2,0)

y2 = 4ax
y2= 4(9/2)x
y2 = 18x
Worksheet#2
1. x2=60y
Ans:
The equation x = 60y is of the form x = 4ay.
Therefore, 4a = 60 and a = 15, since:
X2 = 4(15)y
x2 = 60y
Thus, the vertex is located at (0,0)
Focus is at (0, a) = (0, 15)
The equation of the directrix is y = -15
2. y2=10x
Ans:
The equation x = -10y is of the form x = 4ay.
Therefore, 4a = -10 and a = -2.5, since:
X2 = 4(2.5)y
x2 = -10y
vertex is located at (0,0)
Focus is at (0,-2.5)
directrix is y = 2.5

3. y2= -52x
Ans:
The equation x = -52y is of the form x = 4ay.
Therefore, 4a = -52 and a = -13, since:
X2 = 4(-13)y
x2 = -52y
vertex is located at (0,0)
Focus is at (0,-13)
directrix is y = 13
Worksheet#3

1. Vertex (-1, 1) point (7, 5)

(x - h)2 = 4p(y - k)
(7 -(-1))2 = 4p(5 - 1)
(7 + 1)2 = 4p(4)
82 = 16p
64 16 p

16 16
4=p
(x - h)2 = 4p(y - k)
(x - (-1))2 = 4(4) (y - 1)
(x + 1)2 = 16(y - 1)

2. Vertex (8, 8) point (-16, 2)

(x - h)2 = 4a(y - k)
(-16 -8)2 = 4a(2 - 8)
(-16-8)2 = -4a(-6)
(-24)2 =24a
576 24a

24 24
24=a
(x - h)2 = 4a(y - k)
(x - 8)2 = 4(24)(y- 8)
(x -8 )2 = 96(y - 8)

3. Vertex (4, 0) point (8, -1)

(x - h)2 = 4a(y - k)
(8 -4)2 = 4a(-1 - 0)
(8-4)2 = -4a
(4)2 =4a
16 4a

4 4
4=a
(x - h)2 = 4a(y - k)
(x - 4)2 = 4(4)(y- 0)
(x -4 )2 = 16(y - 0)

4. Vertex (-2, 1) point (6, 3)

(x - h)2 = 4a(y - k)
(6 - (-2))2 = 4a(3 - 1)
(6 + 2)2 = 4a(2)
(8) 2= 8a
64 8a

8 8
8=a
(x - h)2 = 4a(y - k)
(x - (-2))2 = 4(8) (y - 1)
(x + 2)2 = 32(y - 1)

5. Vertex (2, 2) point (8, 1)

(x - h)2 = 4a(y - k)
(8 - 2)2 = 4a(1 - 2)
(8-2)2 = 4a(-1)
(6)2= -4a
36  4a

4 4
-9 = a
(x - h)2 = 4a(y - k)
(x - 2))2 = 4(-9) (y - 2)
(x + 2)2 = -36(y - 1)
Worksheet#4

1. y2 + 8y - 4x - 10 = 0
(y2+8y)=(4x+10)
(y2+8y+16)=(4x+10+16)

(y-4)2=4x+36
(y-4)2=4(x+9)

Vertex(h,k) (-9,4)
Focus(h+a,k) (-10,4)
Endpoints of the latus (-10,6)(-10,2)
rectum(ℎ +a, k ±2a)

2. y 2- 1x + 4y -16 = 0
y 2+ 4y + 4 = x + 16 + 4
b/22 = 4/2
=2
=4
(y + 2)2 = x + 20
(y + 2)2 = (x + 20)
horizontally oriented (right)
vertex at (-20, -2)
line of symmetry y = -2
focus (-79/4, -2)
directrix x = -81/4