Peace Studies,

Communist Insurgency
in Philippines, and Moro
Struggles


Peace Studies
Definition
According to Webster Dictionary, Peace is defined
as: a state of tranquility or quiet: as (a) freedom
for disturbance (b) a state of security of order
within a community provided for by the law and
customs.

Freedom from disquieting or oppressive

thoughts or emotions.

Harmony in personal relations a pact or

agreement to end hostilities between those who
have been at war or in a state of enmity.
"Peace is a non-violent
and creative conflict
transformation"

"Peace is the absence or

reduction of violence of
all kinds"
JOHAN GALTUNG
 Three different phases/approaches developed
by Galtung, and Jacobson
Up to the World War II With Cold War
Peace movement war Peace cultures
Abolition global Basic human needs
Governance Peace structures

After World War II

Peace education
Non-violence
Conflict transformation
 Historical views of peace
The Roman poet Tacitus spoke of making a desert and calling it
"peace", an unwanted place of sterility and emptiness.

Gautam Buddha proposed that suffering was caused by desires,

and peace would be found through the discipline of
detachment. He offered several principles including
compassion and nonviolence, as essential to the individual's
spiritual well-being.

Confucius valued obedience and order as virtues in

themselves; rather he maintained that the attainment of peace
was the ultimate human goal and that peace came from social
harmony and equilibrium.
 Positive versus Negative peace
Positive peace is more than the
mere absence of war or even the
absence of interstate violence. It
refers to a social condition in which
exploitation is minimized or
eliminated, and in which there is
neither overt violence nor the more
subtle phenomenon of underlying
structural violence.
Negative peace simply denotes the absence
war. It is a condition in which no active,
organized military violence is taking place
Negative peace usually results in a diplomatic
emphasis on peacekeeping or peace restoring.
By contrast, positive peace focuses on peace
building, the establishment of nonexploitative
social structures, and determination to work
towards the goal even when a war is not
ongoing.
Negative peace is thus a more conservative
goal, as it seeks to keep things the way they are,
whereas positive peace is more active and
bolder, implying the creation of something that
does not currently exist.


Communist
Insurgencies in the
Philippines
 Karl Marx
IN HIS THEORY HE SAID THAT
REBELLION HAS FOR
ULTIMATE GOAL TO
OVERTHROW THE RULING
CLASS AND ITS ANTIQUATED
MODE OF PRODUCTION.
LATER, REBELLION ATTEMPTS
TO REPLACE IT WITH A NEW
SYSTEM OF POLITICAL
ECONOMY, ONE THAT IS
BETTER SUITED TO THE NEW
RULING CLASS.
United Nations Department of
Defense
Defined Insurgency

as
an organized movement
aimed to overthrow a
constituted government
through subversion and
armed conflict. Use of
subversion and armed
conflict
Well-known Rebel/Insurgent throughout the
history are:

George Washington
Doroteo Arango
Spartacus
Well-known Rebel/Insurgent throughout the
history are:

William Wallace
Mohandas Gandhi
Giuseppe Garibaldi
 Causes of Rebellion
in the Philippines
Poverty
Religion
Crimes and Corruption
Violent incidents done by
the government
 Present Groups of Insurgent in the Philippines

CPP- (Communist Porty NDF- ( National NPA- ( New People's Army)

of the Philippines Democratic Front)
Development Through the Various Presidencies

ferdinand Marcos Corazon Aquino Fidel Ramos

 Development Through the Various Presidencies

Benigno Aquino III Rodrigo Duterte

Joseph Estrada
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo


Moro Struggles
 What is Moro struggle?

To the spaniards the wars with the muslim

now called Moros , were "guerras piraticas"
or war against Moro pirates. To the muslim,
these were wars of self defense to protect
their political territories and those of their
allies.
 Pre-colonial Period
-Islamization of Mindanao and Sulu - around 150 years the
Islam entered Mindanao and Sulu before the arrival of
magellan. Golden Age of the Sultanate of Sulu
- The Sultanate of Sulu was a very prominent kingdom
then.
- Traders from all over Asia go to Sulu
- it is the exact center of Southeast Asia
How we got Sabah
-The sultan of Brunei gave the Sultan of Sulu a vast land
- Sabah, for helping him squelch a rebellion in his
kingdom. Thus the Sultan of Sulu governed Sabah for
centuries.
 Spanish Period
Moro wars -when the spaniards arrived in the
philippines. Mindanao and Sulu were
untouchable. Only the Visayas and Luzon were
ruled by the Spaniards.

A few parts of Mindanao fell to Spaniards,like

CDO and Davao. But the greater part of the South
remained free and Islamic. The Moro were able to
preserve their culture, religion, and Sabah away
from Spanish influence. While Luzon and Visayas
became highly Hispanized
 American Period
Bates Treaty - it was a treaty signed by the US and
the Sultunate of Sulu.

1898 when the Spain sold the Philippines to the US

and Mindanao was part of the deal even though
they had no complete control of the region.

1899 Gen. John Bates signed a treaty with the

Sultan agreeing to put his territory under
American administration.
 Jabidah Massacre

Upon learning their mission to attack and kill

their brothers in Sabah, they had a mutiny against
their training officers.To stop the Mutiny they
were massacred in Corregidor. This was called the
Jabidah Massacre.

It was a secret until a former journalist turned

senator revealed the massacre in one of his
speeches.
 How We lost Sabah?

The president (Diosdado Macapagal 1962)

protested the inclusion of Sabah in the new
country, Malaysia. But malaysia wouldnt return
Sabah up until now.

The government of Malaysia is still payingthe

Sultan of Sulu P77,000 per year for the rental of
Sabah, but refuses to return it.
 The Grand Plan to Invade Sabah

President Ferdinand Marcos in 1965, he planned to

get back Sabah by force. He secretly planned
Oplan Merdeka.

His plan is to attack and kill the key officials in

Sabah. But the plan didnt work out as expected.
 Mindanao Conflict
The Mindanao island group (Mindanao), with a population of 24 million,
has long had the highest poverty rates in the Philippines despite its
natural resources and a promising agricultural sector. Mindanao is prone
to natural disasters resulting in displacement
As is the rest of the country. Displacement in Mindanao is also caused by
clashes between the military and armed groups that reject or are no
longer involved in peace talks with the Government. Besides conflict,
displacement, and poverty, a shadow criminal economy, clan politics, and
intercommunal tensions also disrupt the livelihoods and economic
potential of Mindanao, requiring a nexus approach to response. Overall,
there are 155,000 displaced people in Mindanao, 43,000 of whom were
displaced in 2021 alone.
Mindanao has a four-century-long history of Moro resistance against forces
from outside the island, with conflict between the Philippine Government
and armed groups lasting since the late 1960s. The communist New People’s
Army is active across the country, including in Mindanao. The Islamic State
has had influence in Mindanao since 2014. The siege of Marawi city in 2017,
in Lanao Del Sur province, was a five-month battle between pro-Islamic
State fighters and the Philippine military. The conflict displaced 400,000
people to nearby towns and left houses and infrastructure destroyed or
damaged. Although reconstruction is taking place, approximately 87,000
IDPs are still unable to return after four years because of the destruction.
Thank You!