ERNESTINE ● 1934 - Got a maternal-newborn

Certificate in Public health nursing in

WIEDENBACH
Health Nursing
Theory: The Helping ● 1958- wrote “Family-
Art of Clinical Nursing ● Work as a public Centered Maternity
health nurse at the Nursing”, a
Association for comprehensive test on
● Born to a rich family in
Improving Conditions of obstetrical nursing
1900
the Poor (AICP)
● She taught with Ida
● Germany
● She left clinical Jean Orlando,
● Interest in nursing nursing and work as a collaborated with
started watching the professional writer at Patricia James and
care of her sickly the Nursing Information William Dickoff about
grandmother and a Bureau (NIB) for the nursing and philosophy
sister’s friend who is a American Journal of at Yale
medical student Nursing

● 1922 - Graduated with ● After bombing Pearl 4 ELEMENTS TO

a degree in Liberal Arts Harbor, she prepared CLINICAL NURSING
at Wellesley College nurses to enter WWII I. Philosophy
after which she enrolled through the NIB
● Nurses belief and
in nursing
● Graduated School of attitude about life and
● 1925 - Graduated Midwives at age 45 and how that effected reality
for them
nursing in John Hopkins practiced as a nurse- ● It motivates the nurse
midwife at the to act in a certain way
● Supervisor at John
Maternity Center
Hopkins then Bellevue 3 Essential components:
Association
in New York
a. Reverence for life

● 1952 - a faculty of Yale

b. Respect for the
● Graduated Master’s dignity, worth and
University School of
Degree at Teacher’s individuality of
Nursing each human being
College, Columbia
University ● 1956 - a director of
graduate programs in
 c. Resolution to act ● Nursing as the practice - all actions, thoughts and
on personally and of identification of a feelings underlie what the
professionally held patient’s need for help nurse does
beliefs
 observation of PRESCRIPTIVE
presenting behaviors THEORY:
and symptoms
II. Purpose Wiedenbach's prescriptive
● That which the nurses  exploration of the theory is based on three
meaning of those factors:
want to accomplish
through what she does. symptoms with the
patient ● The central purpose
● All of the activities which the practitioner
directed towards the  determining the cause recognizes as essential to
overall good of the of discomfort the particular discipline.
patient
● The prescription for the
 determining the
fulfillment of central
III. Practice patient’s ability to
purpose.
● Are those observable resolve the
nursing actions that are discomfort ● The realities in the
affected by beliefs and immediate situation that
feelings about meeting  or if the patient has influence the central
the patient’s need for the need for help from purpose.
help. the nurse or other
healthcare PUBLICATIONS:
professionals
IV. Art
● Understanding of ❧ (1963). The helping art
CONCEPTS: of nursing.  American
patient’s needs and
● Person – any individual Journal of Nursing, 63, 54-
concerns
who is receiving help 57.
● Developing goals and
(care, instruction or
actions – to improve
patient’s condition
advice) from a health ❧ (1964).  Clinical
professional. nursing: A helping
● Focuses on prevention
of complications related art.  New York: Springer. 
● Environment – not
to reoccurrence or
addressed ❧ (1965). Family nurse
development of new
practitioner for maternal
concerns
● Health – not defined and child care. Nursing
Outlook, 13, 50.
WIEDENBACH ● Nursing – is a
CONCEPTUALIZES: functioning human being ❧ (1968). The nurse’s role
who acts, thinks and feel in family planning: A
conceptual base for
practice.  Nursing Clinics
of North America, 3, 355-
365.
❧ (1970). Nurses’ wisdom
in nursing theory.
 American Journal of
Nursing, 70, 1057-1062.
VIRGINIA AVENEL
HENDERSON
NEED THEORY
● November 30, 1897 –
March 19, 1996 died at
the age of 98
● Born in Kansas City,
Missouri
● defined nursing as: “The
unique function of the
nurse is to assist the
individual, sick or well, in
the performance of those
activities contributing to
health or its recovery (or
to peaceful death) that he
would perform unaided if
he had the necessary
strength, will or
knowledge.”
Also known as…
✦ The First Lady of
Nursing
✦ The Nightingale of
Modern Nursing
✦ Modern-Day Mother of University School of
Nursing Nursing and as a research
associate emeritus (1971
✦ The 20th
-1996).
Century Florence
Nightingale Works
Education ❧ 1939 - author of three
editions of “Principles and
● received her Diploma in
Practices of Nursing”
Nursing from the Army
School of Nursing at ❧ published in 1966 and
Walter Reed Hospital, revised in 1972 - “Basic
Washington D.C. Principles of Nursing”
● 1923 - started teaching been published in 27
nursing at the Norfolk languages by the
International Council of
Protestant Hospital in
Virginia. Nurses
❧ most formidable
● 1929 - entered Teachers
College at Columbia achievement was a 19year
University for her research project in which
Bachelor’s Degree in she gathered, reviewed,
1932, and took her catalogued, classified,
Master’s Degree in 1934. annotated, and cross-
referenced every known
Career piece of research on
nursing published in
● 1921 - after receiving
English, resulting in the
her Diploma, she worked
four-volume “Nursing
at the Henry Street
Research: Survey and
Visiting Nurse Service for
Assessment,” written with
two years after
Leo Simmons and
graduation.
published in 1964,
● 1924 to 1929 - worked
as an instructor and ❧ her four-volume
educational director in “Nursing Studies Index,”
Norfolk Protestant completed in 1972.
Hospital, Norfolk, Virginia. ❧ The nursing society Sigma
● 1953 - a research Theta Tau International
name the first nursing
associate at Yale
library as the Virginia
Henderson International
Nursing Library
❧ The library is in
Indianapolis and available
in electronic form since
1994
❧ constantly stressed
nursing duty to the
patient rather than the
doctors
❧ helped make nurses far
more valuable to doctors
Awards and Honors
● honorary
doctorate degrees from
the Catholic University of
America, Pace University,
University of Rochester,
University of Western
Ontario, Yale University,
Rush University, Old
Dominion University,
Boston College, Thomas
Jefferson University,
Emory University
● very first Christiane
Reimann prize from the
International Nursing
Council (ICN), the highest
and most prestigious
award in nursing due to
the transnational scope of
her work.
NEED THEORY
focuses on the
importance of increasing
the patient’s
independence to hasten
their progress in the
hospital.
It emphasizes on the basic
human needs and how
nurses can assist in
meeting those needs.
Assumptions of the
Need Theory
1. Nurses care for patients
until they can care for
themselves once again.
2. Patient’s desire to
return to health.
3. Nurses are willing to
serve and that “nurses will
devote themselves to the
patient day and night.”
4. She believes that the
“mind and body are
inseparable and are
interrelated.”
Major Concepts of the
Nursing Need Theory
INDIVIDUAL - have basic
needs that are component
of health and require
assistance to achieve
health and independence
or a peaceful death
- a sum of parts with
biopsychosocial needs
and the mind and body
are inseparable and
interrelated.
ENVIRONMENT - a
supportive environment
conducive for health
HEALTH - was taken to
mean balance in all
realms of human life.
NURSING - “the unique
function of the nurse is to
assist the individual, sick
or well, in the
performance of those
activities contributing to
health or its recovery that
he would perform
unaided if he had the
necessary strength, will or
knowledge. And to do this
in such a way as to help
him gain independence as
rapidly as possible.”
14 Components of
Need Theory
Physiological Components
1. Breathe normally
2. Eat and drink
adequately
3. Eliminate body wastes
4. Move and maintain
desirable postures
5. Sleep and rest
6. Select suitable clothes –
dress and undress
7. Maintain body
temperature within
normal range by adjusting
clothing and modifying
environment
8. Keep the body clean
and well-groomed and
protect the integument
9. Avoid dangers in the
environment and avoid
injuring others
Psychological Aspects of
Communicating and
Learning
10. Communicate with
others in expressing
emotions, needs, fears, or
opinions.
14. Learn, discover, or
satisfy the curiosity that
leads to normal
development and health
and use the available
health facilities.
Spiritual and Moral
11. Worship according to
one’s faith
Sociologically Oriented to
Occupation and
Recreation
12. Work in such a way (reason she vowed to
that there is sense of learn and study nursing)
accomplishment
Professional
13. Play or participate in
● Earned a Nursing
various forms of
Diploma from Fitkin
recreation
Memorial Hospital’s
Abraham Maslow’s School of Nursing
Hierarchy of Need ● Three degrees from
Columbia University:
o 1945 - Bachelor of
Science Degree in
Nursing
o 1947 - Master Arts
Degree in
Physiology
o 1955 - Doctor of
Education Degree
FAYE GLENN ● Founder and first Dean
ABDELLAH of the Graduate School of
The 21 Nursing Nursing at the Uniformed
Problems Theory Service University of
Health Sciences
● Born on March 13, 1919 ● Research Consultant of
in New York the World Health
Organization
● Died: February 24, 2017
at the age of 97 Served In Military
● May 6, 1937 - the ● 40 years in the US.
German hydrogen-fueled Public Health Service
airship Hindenburg Commissioned Corps, a
exploded over Lakehurst, branch in the military
where 18year old ● active duty during the
Abdellah and her family
Korean War
lived, they witnessed and
ran to the scene to help
● first nurse officer to
achieve a rank of two-star
Rear Admiral
● 1981 - Deputy Surgeon
General, the first nurse
and first woman to hold
this position
● responsible to educate
Americans about public-
health issues (AIDS,
hospice care, smoking,
alcohol and drug
addiction, the mentally
handicapped, and
violence)
Transformed Nursing
Profession
● became a nursing
instructor and researcher
● transform the focus of
the profession from
disease-centered to
patient-centered
●expanded the role of
nurses to include care of
families and the elderly
● researched nursing
practices and taught
research methods and
theory at several
universities
● first teaching job was at
Yale University School of
Nursing (nursing
instructor)
● established of what ● 70 awards and honorary
became known as the degrees and is a fellow of
progressive patient care the American Academy of
Nursing
o Critical care patients
were treated in an ● 1999 - named at the
intensive care unit, Nursing Hall of Fame at
followed by a Columbia University
transition to
immediate care and ● 2000 - inducted into the
then home care National Women’s Hall of
Fame in Seneca, New York
● developed the Patient
Care Assessment ● used Henderson’s 14
Evaluation (PACE) basic human needs and
nursing research to
o a system of
establish the classification
standard to
of nursing problem
measure the quality
of health-care ● Abdellah’s theory has
facilities interrelated the concepts
● 1970’s - responsible for of health, nursing
establishing nursing home problems and problem
standard in the US solving, as she attempts to
create a different way of
Book Published viewing nursing
phenomenon, from this
❧ Better Nursing Care
framework, 21 nursing
Through Nursing Research
problems were
❧ Patient- Centered developed.
Approaches to Nursing
● This theory provides
❧ Preparing Nursing basis for determining and
Research for the 21st organizing nursing care.
Century Evolution,
Methodologies, Challenges Abdellah’s Patient –
❧ New Directions in Patient-
Centered Approaches
Centered Nursing Guidelines to Nursing Model
for Systems of Service,
THE 21 NURSING
Education and Research
PROBLEMS THEORY
Awards
• BASIC NEEDS
1. To maintain good
hygiene and physical
comfort
2. To promote optimal
activity: exercise, rest,
sleep
3. To promote safety
through prevention of
accident, injury or other
trauma and through
prevention of the spread
of infection
4. To maintain good body
mechanics and prevent
and correct deformity
5. To facilitate the
maintenance of a supply
of oxygen to all body cells
6. To facilitate the
maintenance of nutrition
for all body cells
7. To facilitate the
maintenance of
elimination
8. To facilitate the
maintenance of fluid and
electrolyte balance
9. To recognize the
physiologic response of
the body to disease
conditions
10. To facilitate the
maintenance of
regulatory mechanisms
and functions
11. To facilitate the the light of limitations,
maintenance of sensory physical and emotional
function
20. To use community
• REMEDIAL NEEDS resources as an aid
resolving problems that
12. To identify and accept
arise from illness
positive and negative
expressions, feelings and 21. To understand the
reactions role of social problems as
influencing factors in the
13. To identify and accept
cause of illness
interrelatedness of
emotions and organic Major Assumptions
illness
● Man/Person
14. To facilitate the
describes people as
maintenance of effective
having physical,
verbal and nonverbal
communication emotional, and
sociological needs. These
15. To promote the needs may overt,
development of consisting of largely
productive interpersonal physical needs, or covert,
relationships such as emotional,
sociological and
16. To facilitate progress
toward achievement and interpersonal needs.
personal spiritual goals ● Health
17. To create or maintain Health, or the achieving of
a therapeutic it, is the purpose of
environment nursing services. Although
abdellah does not give a
18. To facilitate
awareness of self as an definition of health, she
individual with varying speaks to “total health
physical emotional, and needs” and “a healthy
developmental needs state of mind and body.”
• RESTORATIVE ● Society/ Environment
NEEDS defined as the home or
community from which
19. To accept the
patient comes. Society Is
optimum possible goals in
included in “planning for
optimum health on local,
state, and international
level.” however, as
Abdellah further
delineates her ideas, the
focus of nursing service is
clearly the individual.
● Nursing
nursing is a service to
individuals, to families
and therefore to society.
Acceptance by
Nursing Community
● Practice
Abdellah’s main goal is
the improvement of the
nursing education. She
believed that as the
education of nurses
improves, nursing practice
improves as well.
● Education
Abdellah’s theories and
concepts were developed
in the 1950’s to present a
comprehensive clinical
record for nursing
students, thus, providing
structure to the nursing
curriculum.
● Research
Research played a great
part in the selection of the
21 problem classifications.
Her researches were
actually the major
strengths of her works. In
fact, her framework
continues to stimulate
research about the role
and responsibilities of the
nurse
HILDEGARD
ELIZABETH PEPLAU
Theory of
Interpersonal Relation
“Nursing is an interpersonal
process because it involves
interaction between two or
more individuals with a
common goal.”
“Nursing is therapeutic in
that it is a healing art
assisting an individual who is
sick or in need of health
care.”
History and
Background
● 1909 - Born in Reading,
Pennsylvania
● 1999 - died
● 1931 - Graduated from
a diploma program in
Pottstown, Pennsylvania
● 1943 - Earned Bachelor
of Arts in Interpersonal
Psychology from
Bennington College
● 1947 - Finished Master
of Arts in Psychiatric
Nursing from Colombia
University, New York
● 1953 - Achieved EdD in
curriculum development
● Had been Professor
emeritus from Rutgers
University
● Start first post
baccalaureate program in
nursing
● 1952 - Published
Interpersonal Relations in
Nursing
● 1968 - introduced
interpersonal techniques
– the crux of psychiatric
nursing
● Worked as executive
director and president of
ANA
● Worked with WHO,
NIMH and nurse corps
💡 Peplau’s theory focuses
on the interpersonal
processes and therapeutic
relationship that develops
between the nurse and
client
💡 client is an individual
with felt need
💡 Nursing’s goal is to
educate the client and
family and to help the
client reach mature
personality development
💡 nurse strives to
develop a nurse-client
relationship in which the
nurse serves as a resource
person, counselor and
surrogate
Psychodynamic nursing
involves:
◘ Understanding of one’s
behavior
◘ Helping others identify
felt difficulties
◘ Applying principles of
human relations to the
problems that arise at all
levels of experiences
The attainment of goal is
achieved through the use
of a series of steps
following a series of
pattern in the
interpersonal relationship
namely:
1. Orientation
2. Identification
3. Exploitation
4. Resolution
Phases of
Interpersonal
Roles of the Nursing in
Relationship
the nurse-patient
1. ORIENTATION relationship
● Nurse and patient come ❖ STRANGER - Receives
together as strangers the client in the same way
one meets a stranger in
● Meeting initiated by
other life situations
patient who expresses a
“felt need” - Provides an accepting
● Work together to climate that builds trust
recognize, clarify, and ❖ TEACHER - One who
define facts related to the imparts knowledge in
need reference to a need or
interest
2. IDENTIFICATION
● Patient participates in ❖ RESOURCE PERSON –
goal setting One who provides a
specific needed
● Has feeling of
information that aids in
belongingness
the understanding of a
● Selectively responds to problem or new situation
those who can meet
❖ COUNSELOR – Helps to
his/her needs
understand and integrate
3. EXPLOITATION the meaning of current
life circumstances
● Patient actively seeks
and draws knowledge and - Provides guidance and
expertise of those who encouragement to make
can help changes
4. RESOLUTION ❖ SURROGATE – Helps to
clarify domains of
● Occurs after other
dependence,
phases are completed
interdependence and
successfully
independence and acts on
● This leads to client’s behalf as an
termination of the advocate
relationship
❖LEADER – Helps client - Felt need • PERSON – A developing
assume maximum organism that tries to
- Define needs
responsibility for meeting reduce anxiety caused by
treatment goals in a ◾ IDENTIFICATION needs
mutually satisfying way
- Interdependent goal • ENVIRONMENT –
Interpersonal Theory setting Existing forces outside the
and & Nursing Process organism and in the
◾ IMPLEMENTATION
context of culture
● Both are sequential and - Plans initiated towards
• HEALTH – A word
focus on therapeutic achievement of mutually
symbol that implies
relationship set goals
forward movement of
● Both use problem - May the accomplished personality and other
solving techniques to by patient, nurse or family ongoing human processes
meet patients needs in the direction of
◾ EVALUATION
creative, constructive,
● Both use observation,
- Based on mutually productive, personal and
communication, and
expected behaviors community living
recording as basic tools
utilized by nursing - May lead to • NURSING – A significant
termination and initiation therapeutic interpersonal
of new plans process.
- It functions
cooperatively with other
human processes that
◾ EXPLOITATION make health possible for
◾ ASSESSMENT individuals in
- Patient actively seeking
communities
- Data collection and and drawing help
analysis (continuous)
- Patient initiated
- May not be a felt need
◾ RESOLUTION
◾ NURSING DIAGNOSIS
- Occurs after other
◾ PLANNING phases are completed
successfully
- Mutually set goals
- Leads to termination
◾ ORIENTATION
- Non-continuous data
collection Concepts