Module 5 Cdi 1

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
MODULE 5
Introduction
Module V will determine and identify the criminal offender by using the
different techniques in criminal investigation. It includes the tools of
criminal investigation, philosophy of interrogation and interview.
Learning Objectives:
After finishing the module, you are expected to;
1. Discuss the tools of investigation.

2. Familiarize the different tools of investigation.
3. Interpret and realize how tools of investigation being done.
4. Apply the tools of criminal investigation.
Module Direction
1. You should read the lessons one by one without skipping any of
them. One lesson is the continuation of the next lesson. For some parts
that need further explanation, you need to search for further understanding.
2. You should take an assessment and evaluation techniques before and end of
each lesson through learning activities, research, and sharing of ideas. Advance
review to this subject is required. Please answer them and be sure that you get
the correct answer. If and you did not pass the checked learning activities or
exercises, never give up to scroll your notes and study again until you have fully
understand all the lessons. This is for your own good for I would like you to
familiarize and understand for your chosen field of career in the future.
3. You should be present during our lecture discussion and jot down the important
keywords.
“ ” Sir G.
Page 1 of 29
Pre-Test
Instruction: Write your answer concisely and accurately.
1. What are the tools of investigation?
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2. Is the tools of investigation important in tracing criminal offenders?
Please elaborate your answer.
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“ ” Sir G.
Page 2 of 29
Lesson 1
Tools of Criminal Investigation

The 3 I’s in criminal investigation
a. Information – Data gathered by an investigator from other persons including

the victim himself and from:
1. Public records;
2. Private records; and
3. Modus Operandi file.
b. Interview/Interrogation– Skillful questioning of witnesses and suspects.
c. Instrumentation – Scientific examination of real evidence, application of
instrument and methods of the physical sciences in detecting crime.
1. INFORMATION
It refers to the facts of the crime that would answer the 5 W’s and 1H. This will be
obtained from witness who have personal knowledge, regular, cultivated or
grapevine sources. The skills in intelligence and data gathering play an important
role.
All evaluated materials of every description including those derived from
observation, reports, rumors, imagery, and other sources from which intelligence
in produced.
Information is a communicated knowledge by others obtaining by personal study,
investigation, research, analysis, observation. The use of modern gadgets in
intelligence and other things and material that possess or contain a desire
information or knowledge.
Two General classifications of sources of information:
1. Open Sources – 99% of the info collected are coming from open
sources.
2. Close Sources – 1% of info from close sources.
Overt Intelligence – is the gathering of information or documents procured openly
without regard as to whether the subject or target become knowledgeable of
the purpose
Open Sources: Includes information taken from
 Enemy activity– Civilians - Captured documents
 Map - Weather, forecast, studies, report - Agencies
Covert Intelligence – is the secret procurement of information, which is obtained
without the knowledge of the person or persons safeguarding vital intelligence
interest.
Close Sources: are information usually taken through:
 Surveillance
“ ” Sir G.
Page 3 of 29
 Casing
 Elicitation
 Surreptitious entry
 Employment of technical means (Bugging and Tapping device)
 Tactical Interrogation
 Observation and Description
Other sources of Information: Overt and Covert
 Routine patrol and Criminal investigation
 Use of informants and Interrogations
 Search and seizures and Cordon and scratch
 Checkpoints and Police public relations activities
 Coordination with law enforcement agencies
 Inmates of various city jails, national penitentiary, military stockade.
 Statistics
Persons as sources of Information
Informant Net – It is a controlled group of people who worked through the
direction of the agent handler. The informants, principal or cut-outs supply the
agent handler directly or indirectly with Intel information
Informants (Asset) – people selected as sources of information, which could be
voluntary, or in consideration of a price.
 Informant – refers to a person who gives information to the police
voluntarily or involuntarily without any consideration
 Informer – those who give information to the police for price or reward
Types of Informants
1. Criminal Informant – an informant who give information to the police
pertaining to the underworld about organized criminals with the
understanding that his identity will be protected
2. Confidential Informant – is similar to the former but he gives information
violate of the law to includes crimes and criminals
3. Voluntary Informant – a type of informant who give information freely
and willfully as a witness to a certain act
4. Special Informant – those who gives information concerning specialized
cases only and it is regarded a special treatment by the operatives (ex.
teachers, businessmen)
5. Anonymous Informant – those who gives information through telephone
with the hope that the informant cannot be identified
Sub-type of Informant
1. Incidental Informant – a person who casually imparts information to an
officer with no intention of providing subsequent information
2. Recruited Informant – A person who is selected cultivated and
developed into a continuous source of information.
“ ” Sir G.
Page 4 of 29
Categories of Recruited Informants:

1. Spontaneous or Automatic Informant – Informants who by the nature of
their work or position in society have a certain legal, moral or ethical
responsibilities to report info to the police
2. Ordinary run of the Mill Informants – Informants that are under the
compulsion to report info to the police
3. Special Employee – informants who are of a specific operational nature
Other classification of Informant
Automatic – Penetration - Full time - Rival – Elimination - False Informant -
Frightened Informant - Self- aggrandizing Informant - Mercenary Informant -
Double Crosser Informant - Woman Informant - Legitimate Informant
Common Motives of Informants
Reward – Revenge - Fear and avoidance of punishment – Friendship - Patriotism
– Vanity - Civic-Mindedness – Repentance –Competition -Other motives
Learning activities:
Instruction: Write your answer at the back of this page.
1. Search and give reflection to the following terms on how it was
done. (30 Points)
1. Surveillance
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“ ” Sir G.
Page 5 of 29
2. Casing
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3. Elicitation
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“ ” Sir G.
Page 6 of 29
4. Surreptitious entry
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4. Employment of technical means (Bugging and Tapping device)
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“ ” Sir G.
Page 7 of 29
5. Tactical Interrogation
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6. Observation and Description
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“ ” Sir G.
Page 8 of 29
INFROMANT RECRUITMENT
Phases
1. Selection – it is particularly desirable to be able to identity and recruit an
informant who has access to many criminal in-group or subversive
organization. Wide access is probably the single most important feature
in the consideration of recruiting the potential informant
2. Investigation – the investigation of the potential informants that has
tentatively identified as a “probable” must be as thorough as possible.
It must establish possible existing motives as to this person might assist the
police Intel community. Failure to do so will deny this office who must
perform the approach and persuasion phase with little more than a
guess. If necessary, conduct complete background investigation (CBI)
3. Approach – approach must be done in a setting from which might
include pleasant surroundings, perhaps a confidential apartment,
completely free form any probability of compromise, preferably in an
adjacent city or a remote area foreign to the informants living pattern.
4. Testing – the testing program should begin, of course, with the limited
assignment, with a gradual integration into the more important areas.
The occasional testing of an informant should continue through the
entire affiliation
2. INTERROGATION
Refers to the elicitation of information from an individual who refuses to
provide information. The ability to obtain information by questioning is the most
prized talent of the prober.
1. Interview Defined. - An interview is the questioning of a person believed to
possess knowledge that is in official interest to the investigator. It is the simple
questioning of victims and witnesses who are voluntarily reveal information in
connection with matters to be investigated.
2. Importance of Interview. - Interview in crime investigation is very important
considering that the person interviewed usually gives his account of an
incident under investigation or offers information concerning a person being
investigated in his own manner and words.
Basic Assumptions: Nobody has to talk to law enforcers. No law compels a person
to talk to the police if he does not want to. Therefore, people will have to be
persuaded, always within legal and ethical limits, to talk to law enforcers. This
makes interviewing an art:
3. The Person Interviewed
Consider:
a) His ability to observe.
b) His ability to remember
c) His ability to narrate.
d) His mental weakness because of stupidity or infancy
“ ” Sir G.
Page 9 of 29
e) His moral weakness because of drunkenness, drug addiction, his being a

pathological liar or similar factors.
f) Emotional weakness resulted by family problems, hatred, revenue, and
love.
4. The Interviewer’s Personal Traits.
a) He must be a practical psychologist who understands the human psyche
and behavior.
b) He has a sincere interest in people. People who are reclusive generally are
not good interviewers.
c) He is clam, has self-discipline, and keeps his temper.
d) He is courteous, decent and sensitive.
e) He is self-assumed and professional. He is tactful, i.e. he knows what to say
when and how to say it.
f) He is cordial and agreeable, and never officious. But he should avoid over-
familiarity it.
g) He is forceful, persistent and patient. Some people just cannot be rushed.
h) He is analytical.
i) He is flexible and cautious.
j) He is a good actor and can conceal his own emotion.
k) He avoids third degree tactics and never deviates from the fundamental
principle that a person must be treated according to humanitarian and
legal precepts.
l) He keeps the rules of evidence in mind.
5. Planning the Interview.
In planning the interview, the interviewer should consider:
a) The facts of the case which have been established so far.
b) The information needed to complete the picture
c) The sources of information that may be consulted such as files and records.
d) The possibility of confronting the suspect with physical evidence.
e) The time available for the interview.
f) The time allowed by law.
6. Preparation of the Interview – Before interviewing a witness, the law enforcer
should mentally review the case and consider what information the witness
can contribute. If the case requires it, he should acquaint himself with the
background of the witness.
7. Time, Place and Surrounding Circumstance.
a) It is not always possible to fix the time and place of an interview, but since
memory is short, it is basic that an interview with the witness and suspect(s)
should take place as soon as possible after the commission of the crime.
b) Interview of arrested person should be made as soon as possible after the
arrest.
c) Conduct interviews whenever possible in your own turf, i.e. your office.
“ ” Sir G.
Page 10 of 29
d) Have an interview room where there will be privacy. It should be a plain

room but not bleak. There should be few furniture, and no distracting
pictures, calendars or similar items.
e) Arrange it so that there will be no interruption during the interview.
f) Suspects should be interviewed separately and out of sight and earshot of
each other.
g) If are two interviewers, let one man be the prime interviewer.
h) Arrange chairs so that window light falls on the interviewee and not on the
interviewer.
i) The interviewer should adapt his speech to the style best understood by the
subject. In dealing with tan uneducated subject, the interviewer should use
simple words and sentences.
j) Straight-back chairs should be used for both subject and interviewer. Other
types of chairs induce slouching or leaning back, and such position are not
conductive to proper interviews.
k) The interviewer should remain seated and refrain from pacing about the
room.
8. Opening the Interview.
a) The interviewer should identify himself and the agency to which he belongs.
b) He should try to size up the interviewee and reach to tentative conclusion
about his type, then use the best interview approach.
c) He should keep in mind the provisions of law regarding rights of people
under custodial investigation.
9. The Body of the Interview.
a) The interviewee should be allowed to tell his own story in his own words
without interruption.
(i) This allows for continuity and clearness.
(ii) Range of interview is broadened.
(iii) It helps the interviewee recall and relate evens in their proper order.
b) Interviewer should keep to the point at issue and should not wander too far
from it.
c) Interviewer should be alert for hearsay information so he can question the
interviewee on the matter later.
d) Do not interrupt a trend of ideas by abruptly asking a question. Use the
uninterrupted account of the witness interview
e) However, you may guide the interviewee innocuous questions such as,
“And then what did you do?”
10. Questioning.
a) Dominate the interview. Be careful, do not allow the interviewee to be the
one asking the questions.
b) Do not ramble. Have a reason for every question asked.
c) Follow the order of time and bring out the facts in that order. This technique
is called “chronological questioning” and is considered the easiest as
“ ” Sir G.
Page 11 of 29
people tend to think in terms of what happened first, the, second, then
third. The interviewer should go step by step in learning all the details
concerning the planning and commission of the crime and what
happened after it was committed.
d) Exhaust each topic before moving on to the next.
e) Determine the basis for each material statement. It might be a hearsay.
f) Keep your questions simple and understandable. Avoid double-edged or
forked questions.
g) The dangers of leading and misleading questions should be borne in mind.
A question which suggests to the witness the answer which the interviewer
desires is a leading question. Questions which assume material facts that
have not been proven are misleading questions.
h) Wait for the answer to one question before asking a second one.
i) Ask important questions in the same tone of voice as the unimportant ones.
j) As a rule, avoid trick or bluffing questions.
k) Where it is necessary to inquire into the past history of the interviewee
involving something unpleasant, it is wise to use introductory remarks
deploring the need for the question and saying that it is one of the
unpleasant but necessary of an officer.
11. Closing
a) Before closing the interview, the law enforcer should make a mental check
of the purpose of the interview and should analyze what he has learned,
then decide whether he has attained his objective. He should be guided in
this respect by the 5 W’s and I H- what, where, when who, why and how.
b) The interviewer should always the door open for a re-interview. Don’t forget
to say “THANK YOU” after the interview.
Note: Although the words “interview” and “interrogation” have similar meanings,
there are those who prefer to use “interview” when questioning witness and
informants, and “interrogation” when questioning suspects.
Instruction: Write your answer concisely and accurately.

1. Distinguish the difference between interrogation and interview.
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“ ” Sir G.
Page 12 of 29
Lesson 2
A Philosophy of Interview and Interrogation
“The RIGHT officer, asking the RIGHT questions, In the RIGHT manner, At the RIGHT
time and in the RIGHT place, Will get the RIGHT answers.”
INTERROGATION IN GENERAL
1. Interrogation - An interrogation is the questioning of a person suspected of
having committed an offense or of a person who is reluctant to make a full
disclosure of information in his possession which is pertinent to the investigation.
Tactical Interrogation – this is used in obtaining information of the highest degree
of credibility at minimum time. The objectives of interrogation vary and depend
entirely on the situation in which the interrogator finds himself.
Definition of terns:
1. Debriefing – the interrogation of a friendly interrogee who has information at

the direction of or under the control of friendly unintelligence service.
2. Interrogation – the systematic asking of questions to elicit information in
minimum time.
3. Interrogation report – an oral or written statement of information by the
questioning of an interrogee.
4. Interrogator – person who does the questioning.
5. Screening – initial examination of an interrogee to determine the extent of his
knowledge of persons, places, things or events in which we are interested.
6. Source – a person who for any reason submits information of intelligence interest
usually on a voluntary basis.
7. Suspect – any person believed to be associated with prohibited activity.
8. Witness- any person who has directs knowledge of facts concerning an event
or activity.
Forms of Interrogation
1. Direct – the subject is aware but he may not learn the true objectives of the
interrogation. This is used extensively at the tactical level.
2. Indirect – the subject is not aware. This applied when time is not so important.
Purpose of Interrogation
a) To obtain information concerning the innocence or guilt of suspect.
b) To obtain a confession to the crime from a guilty suspect.
c) To induce the suspect to make admissions.
d) To know the surrounding circumstances of a crime.
e) To learn of the existence and location of physical evidence such as
documents or weapons.
“ ” Sir G.
Page 13 of 29
f) To learn the identity of accomplices

g) To develop information which will lead to the fruits of the crime.
h) To develop additional leads for the investigation
i) To discover the details of any other crime in which the suspect participated.
2. Preliminary Conduct. – The interrogator should identify himself a t the outset
and state in general the purpose of the interrogation. He must advise the
suspect of his rights against self-incrimination and inform him that he does not
have to answer questions and that, if he does answer, these answers can be
used as evidence against him. He must inform the suspect of his right to
counsel and that a state appointed counsel will be made available without
cost to him if he so desires. No questioning of the suspect unless the latter has
definitely waived his right to be silent. Ordinarily the investigator should be
alone with the suspect and, of course, the latter’s lawyer, if he has requested
counsel.
3. The Interrogation Room – The room should provide freedom from distractions.
If should be designed simply to enhance the concentration of both the
interrogation and the subject on the matter under questioning.
4. Interrogation Techniques – The following are some of the techniques practiced
by experienced investigators:
a) Emotional Appeals – Place the subject in the proper frame of mind. The
investigator should provide emotional stimuli that will prompt the subject to
unburden himself by confiding. Analyze the subject’s personality and
decide what motivation would prompt him to tell the truth, then provide
those motives through appropriate emotional appeals.
b) Sympathetic Approach – The suspect may feel the need for sympathy or
friendship. He is apparently in trouble. Gestures of friendship may win his
cooperation.
c) Kindness – The simplest technique is to assume that the suspect will confess
if he is treated in a kind and friendly manner.
d) Extenuation – The investigator indicates he does not consider his subject’s
indiscretion a grave offense.
e) Shifting the Blame – The interrogator makes clear his belief that the subject
is obviously not the sort of person who usually gets mixed up in a crime like
this. The interrogator could tell from the start that he was not dealing with a
fellow who is a criminal by nature and choice. The trouble with the suspect
lies in his little weakness – he like liquor, perhaps, or he is excessively fond or
girls or he has had a bad run of luck in gambling.
f) Mutt & Jeff – Two (2) agents are employed. Mutt, the relentless investigator,
who is not going to waste any time because he knows the subject, is guilty.
Jeff, of the other hand, is obviously a king-hearted man.
“ ” Sir G.
Page 14 of 29
CRIMINAL INTERROGATION SYSTEMS

1. Types of Offenders and Approaches to be used in Dealing With Them:
a) Emotional Offenders have a greater sense of morality. They easily feel
remorse over what they have done. The best approach in interrogating this
type of offender is the sympathetic approach.
b) Non-Emotional Offenders normally do not feel any guilt, so the best way to
interrogate them is through the factual analysis approach, that is, by
reasoning with the subject and letting him know that his guilt has already
been, or will soon be, established.
2. Interrogation of Suspect Whose Guilt is Definite or Reasonably Certain
 Maintain an attitude that shows that you are sure of yourself when you
conclude that the subject is indeed guilty.
 Don’t be very friendly with the subject and do not offer a handshake.
 At the outset, accuse the subject of lying. If he reacts with anger, this usually
indicates innocence. But if he remains calm, you can generally conclude
that your suspicion of guilt confirmed.
 Interruption of questioning by the subject may indicate innocence. Silence
is equated is equated with guilt.
 Do not allow the subject to repeatedly deny his guilt.
 Assume that the subject is guilty and proceed to ask why he committed the
act.
 When interrogating a “big shot,” it may be useful to lower his status by
addressing him by his first name, instead of using a title of respect.
 Remember that one who is trained in criminal interrogation is easier to
question than an ordinary criminal since him has less confidence in himself
as a liar.
 The subject should be made aware of the fact that the interrogator knows
information indicating his guilt and that the interrogator is not merely
“fishing” for evidence.
 Let the subject know that he is showing signs of deception, some of which
are:
Pulsation of the carotid (neck) artery
Excessive activity of the Adam’s apple
Avoiding the eyes of the interrogator, swinging one leg over the
other foot wiggling, wringing of the hands, tapping of fingers,
picking fingernails, etc.
Dryness of the mouth
Swearing to the truthfulness of assertions. Guilty subjects to
strengthen their assertions of innocence frequently use this.
“Spotless Past Record” – “Religious Man.” These are asserted to
support statements, which the subject knows, and realizes the
interrogator knows, to be false.
“ ” Sir G.
Page 15 of 29
A “Not That I Remember” or “As Far As I Know” expression should

be treated as a veiled admission or half-truth.
a) Sympathize with the subject by telling him that anyone else under similar
conditions or circumstances might have done the same thing.
b) Reduce the subject’s guilt feeling by minimizing the moral seriousness of his
offense.
c) In order to secure the initial admission of guilt, the interrogator should
suggest possible reasons, motives or excuses to the subject.
3. Interrogation of Suspect Whose Guilt is Uncertain
a) Ask the subject if he knows why he is being questioned.
b) Ask the subject to relate all he knows about the crime, the victim, and
possible suspects.
c) Obtain from the subject detailed information about his activities before,
during and after the occurrence under investigation. This is a good method
of testing the validity of the subject’s alibi.
d) Where certain facts suggestive of the subject’s guilt are known, ask him
about them rather casually and as though the real facts were not already
known, to give the subject an opportunity to lie. His answer will furnish a very
good indication of his possible guilt or innocence, and if he is guilty, his
position becomes very vulnerable when confronted with the facts
possessed by the interrogator.
e) At various intervals, ask the subject certain pertinent questions in a manner,
which implies that the correct answers, are already known.
f) Refer to some non-existing incriminating evidence to determine whether
the subject will attempt to explain it; if he does, that is an indication of guilt.
g) Ask the subject whether he ever thought about committing the offense or
one similar to it. If the subject admits he had thought about committing it,
this fact is suggestive of his guilt.
h) In theft cases, if the suspect offers to make restitution, that fact is indicative
of guilt.
i) Ask the subject whether he is willing to take a lie-detector test. the innocent
person will almost always immediately agree to take practically any test to
prove his innocence, whereas the guilty person is more prone to refuse to
take the test or to find excuses for not taking it, or for backing out of his
commitment to take it.
j) A subject who tells the interrogator, “All right, I’ll tell you what you want, but
I didn’t do it,” is, in all probability, guilty.
4. General Suggestions Regarding the Interrogation of Criminal Suspects
a) Interview the victim, the accuser, or the discoverer of the crime before
interrogating the suspect.
b) Be patient and persistent. Never conclude an interrogation at a time when
you feel discouraged and ready to give up; continue for a little while
longer.
“ ” Sir G.
Page 16 of 29
c) Make no promises when asked, “What will happen to me if tell the truth?”
A promise of leniency or immunity may induce an innocent to confess.
d) View with skepticism the so-called conscience-stricken confession.
e) When a subject has made repeated denials of guilt to previous
investigators, first question him, whenever circumstances permit, about
some other, unrelated offense of a similar nature of which he is also
considered to be guilty.
f) An unintelligent, uneducated criminal suspect, with a low cultural
background should be interrogated on a psychological level comparable
to that usually employed in the questioning of a child.
5. Interrogation Witnesses and Other Prospective Informants:
a) Give the witness or prospective informant an assurance that the offender
will not harm him or any member of his family, and that there is a witness
protection program specially designed to meet that contingency when it
becomes necessary.
b) If such witness or prospective informant refuses to cooperate with the
police, try to sever any bond between him and the offender, and proceed
to interrogate the witness or informant as if he were the suspect.
A. DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF INFORMANTS

1. Confidential Informant Defined – a confidential informant is an individual who
supplies information on a confidential basis with the understanding that his
identity will not be made known.
a) Scientific approach in criminal investigation can assist law enforcers
immeasurably, but there is always that one case wherein the crime
laboratory cannot help. This is the reason why investigators must to know
the man on the street, then man who can supply information.
b) Law enforcers must develop confidential informants every day.
2. Need for Informants
a) Informants increase accomplishment in all areas of investigation.
b) Without confidential informants, the officer’s source of information is limited
to what he gets through formal interview.
c) Informants enable law enforcers to infiltrate the criminal element and help
lower criminal morale. Advance information improves crime prevention
and enables the police to find out the identity of transient hoodlums.
d) Informants are an investigative “short cut’ to solve cases, to recover stolen
property, and to make apprehensions.
3. Where to Find Criminal Informants and Whom to Develop
a) Legitimate persons and criminals
b) Hoodlums, criminals, fences, bookies, barbers, bartenders, poolroom and
dancehall operators, prostitutes, madams, pawnbrokers, cab drivers, bell
hops, service station attendants, waitresses and others. A class in
themselves is persons who had been accused or suspected of a crime.
“ ” Sir G.
Page 17 of 29
c) Persons engaged in certain occupations should be considered.

4. How to Develop Confidential Informants
a) Constant need.
b) No matter what our scientific development might be, there will always
come that time when we will need informants.
c) Development of confidential informants should therefore be a continuous
process.
d) Evaluation of the individual being considered as possible informant:
e) Does he have access to information?
f) Can he develop the trust of his associates?
g) Intelligence and physical courage
h) His criminal record and background
i) His pattern of behavior
5. Use of Informants
a) Maximum benefit. – The confidential informant should be used for the
maximum benefit of the entire organization, not of only one (1)
officer/investigator.
b) A designated executive should be aware of the identity of the informant. –
At least two (2) individuals in the law enforcement agency should know the
identity of a confidential informant. This gives him the feeling that he is really
cooperating with the police. It is also possible that something might happen
to you, which would mean the loss of the informant to the entire police
force. Besides the officer who developed the informant, it is suggested that
the other be a rank-officer to give the informant a feeling of importance.
c) Consider a program within your respective commands for the
development of informants.
(i) Keep records as to the ability of your men to develop informants.
(ii) Keep records as to the accomplishments of each of the informants. This
should tell you who among the informants should be discarded.
(iii) Keep records as to fugitives apprehended, loot recovered and cases
given to you.
(iv) Maintain a tickler system to review your informant’s contribution to your
command.
B. UNDERCOVER INVESTIGATION
1. Preparation for undercover work should be sufficiently thorough:
a) To preclude compromise
b) To minimize danger to the undercover operative
c) To ensure the ultimate success of the investigation
2. Undercover investigation should not be attempted until other investigative
techniques have failed or are deemed impractical.
3. Factors to consider before undercover investigation is initiated:
a) The exact result desired
“ ” Sir G.
Page 18 of 29
b) Jurisdiction
c) The importance of the investigation
d) Available planning information
e) Availability of qualified personnel
f) The equipment and preparation necessary
g) Danger to the investigator involved.
4. General and Specific Qualifications – Undercover work as a selective
assignment requires that the investigator possess, in addition to certain general
qualifications, specific qualifications required in the type of investigation being
conducted.
a) General qualifications:
(i) Well-trained and experienced
(ii) A calm, collected and resourceful individual with good judgment
and wit
(iii) Complete self-confidence to feel absolutely certain that he can
successfully play the part of the character he will assume.
(iv) Courage and ability to meet unforeseen situations with quick, sound
decisions
(v) Will power to avoid drugs and excessive use of intoxicants.
(vi) Ability to avoid unwise entanglements with women involved in the
case or associated with the subject.
b) Specific qualifications
(i) Ability to act out an assumed role
(ii) Good memory in an investigation in which no notes can be taken or
report submitted.
(iii) Skill adaptable to the occupation assumed.
(iv) Physical appearance and capabilities consistent with his assumed
qualifications.
(v) Well-grounded in the lingo and techniques of the subject criminal
operations
(vi) In special situations, the undercover investigator should possess
certain linguistic abilities, hobbies, sports, musical talent and personal
background for the particular and undercover assignment.
5. Authority for undercover operations must be from the top officer of the
organization, for this requires coordination with other agencies.
6. The fewest number of persons must know the undercover operation. Otherwise,
the investigation or the operative himself might be jeopardized.
7. The background or cover story regarding the assumed identity of the
undercover operative must be such that he can easily win the confidence of
the suspect or organization sought to be infiltrated, and should seldom be
wholly fictitious.
8. Badge and credentials must never be carried.
9. A weapon should only be carried if it is consistent with the background story.
“ ” Sir G.
Page 19 of 29
10. Provide safe communication systems between the undercover agent and
headquarters relaying information or instructions.
11. Arrangements for drops and safe houses must be made and, if necessary, the
undercover operative himself may be placed under surveillance.
12. The undercover operative must never pose as a criminal unless no other
approach appears adequate.
13. The role of the undercover operative is to gather information or evidence
against the suspect(s) or the organization, never to instigate the commission of
a crime.
14. Plans for the operation must provide actions or alternatives in case the
undercover is arrested.
15. Reminders to the undercover operative:
a) Act as natural as possible.
b) Do not overplay the part.
c) Do not indulge in any activity, which is not in conformity with the assumed
identity.
d) Do not make notes unless they are to be mailed or passed immediately:
(Use codes and never place return address in letters and envelopes).
e) Do not use intoxicants except to play the part.
f) Limit association with women to that necessary to play the part
C. SURVEILLANCE
1. In General. – In the investigation of a certain case, a point is reached when
the investigator sometimes finds it difficult to secure leads through questioning
of the complainant and witnesses. In such a situation, the investigator has to
go to the filed to locate the criminal or, if he is known, to study his habits,
movements and possible accomplices in the commission of the crime.
2. Definition – Surveillance is the discreet observation of places, persons and
vehicles for the purpose of obtaining information concerning the identities or
activities of subjects.
3. Objectives of Surveillance:
a) To detect criminal activities
b) To discover the identity of persons who frequent the establishment and
determine their relationship.
c) To discern the habits of a person who lives in or frequents the place.
d) To obtain evidence of a crime or to prevent the commission of a crime.
4. Shadowing or Tailing. It is the act of following a person. Its objectives are:
a) To detect evidenced of criminal activities.
b) To establish the association of a suspect
c) To find a wanted person
d) To protect a witness
There are three (3) types of shadowing employed, depending upon the objective
of the surveillance:
“ ” Sir G.
Page 20 of 29
a) “Loose Tail” is employed when a general impression of the subject’s

habits and associates is required.
b) “Rough Shadowing” without special precautions may be used where
the criminal must be shadowed and he is aware of this fact; or where
the subject is a material witness and must be protected from harm or
other undesirable influences.
c) “Close Tail” surveillance is one is which extreme precautions are taken
against losing the subject.
5. Tactics. – The subject should be kept unaware that he is being shadowed. The
investigator should be inconspicuous. He should not be detected looking
directly at the suspect. He should shift from left to right, never remaining for
long directly behind the subject. Both sides of the street should be used. If the
tail, he should request immediate removal from the statement.
6. Note. – The investigator must maintain a note or log containing a chronological

record of the activities of both the investigator and the subject. The log can
be used either in the interrogation of the suspect or for purposes of cross-
examination during trial.
7. “Roping” or Undercover Work. – It is a form of investigation in which the

investigator assumes a different and unofficial identity (a cover story) in order
to obtain information. The general objective of an undercover investigation is
to obtain more information.
8. Arrest of Undercover Agent. – If the police arrest an investigator, he must act

in accordance with his orders. If he has not received orders regarding the
disclosure of his identity in case of arrest by other law enforcement officers, he
must act according to his judgment. In such a case, if retaining his assumed
character does not serve a useful purpose, the investigator should refuse to
make a statement except to a member of his own organization.
9. Preparation and Supervision of Discreet Surveillance
a) Familiarize participating operatives with the case.

(i) Use sketches, photos and maps in the briefing.
(ii) Make a physical description of the subject(s).
(iii) Anticipate contingencies that arise and plan what to do
(iv) Ready coins for bus or jeepney fare and for making phone calls
(v) Determine exits and have them covered.
(vi) Bear in mid the need to secure a Search Warrant on short notice.
(vii) Ready materials for recording surveillance
(viii) Pre-arrange signals.
“ ” Sir G.
Page 21 of 29
(ix) Maintain contact among the participants.

(x) Rotate participants and apportion their distances.
(xi) Consider the possibility of counter-surveillance.
b) Choosing proper equipment. Equipment include motor vehicles, boats,

binoculars, camera, radio equipment, handcuffs, containers for evidence,
strips of neolith and other materials for disguising motor vehicles (day or
nighttime), firearms, tear gas etc.
Standard Methods of Recording Investigative Data
a) Photographs;
b) Sketching crime scenes;
c) Written notes (what you have seen or observed);
d) Developing and lifting fingerprints found at the crime scene:
e) Gathering physical evidence;
f) Plaster cast;
g) Tape recording of sounds;
h) Video tape recording of objects; and
i) Written statements of subjects(s) and witnesses
3. Instrumentation
It is the scientific examination of real evidence, application of instrument and

methods of the physical science in detecting crimes. It is the application of
physics, microscopy, photography, chemistry, polygraphy, electronics, micro-
photography, biology, pathology, in crime detection.
It is the sum total of all application of all science in investigation otherwise known
as Criminalistics, although instrumentation in the Philippines involves the use of
polygraph or lie detector in the investigation of various crimes.
The idea of Scene of the Crime Operatives (SOCO) is to assist police investigators
in terms of scientific approach in investigating criminal cases, especially heinous
crimes.
Criminalistics as a scientific discipline, now the best legal arsenal of investigators

to cushion the impact brought about by Article 3, Section 12, and Par. 1 of the
1987 Philippine Constitution.
Criminalistics (Forensic Science) refers to the profession and scientific discipline

directed to the recognition, identification, individualization, and evaluation of
physical evidence by applying the natural sciences in matters of law and court.
“ ” Sir G.
Page 22 of 29
Rule of Criminalistics
1. The biological examination of the body fluids such as blood , semen,

saliva, urine, perspiration and vomitus;
2. The physical examination of soil, firearms, documents, fingerprints,

footprints, tool marks and debris from fire or explosion;
3. Chemical examination of narcotics and other dangerous drugs, toxic

substance, gunpowder residues, tampered motor numbers, fake wines
and other beverages;
4. Pathological examination of living things such as human, animal, plants

tissues, nails and hairs of dead or deceased tissues; and
5. Electronics and other instrumentation analysis such as polygraphy,

photography, ultraviolet or exposures, spectrography,
spectrophotometry and gas/liquid chromatography.
Instruction: Write your answer concisely and accurately. (25 points)

1. What is your thoughts based on your observation to the police officers in
responding the crimes committed?
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“ ” Sir G.
Page 23 of 29
2. How are Criminalistics used in investigations?

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3. What is the role of forensic science in criminal investigation?
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“ ” Sir G.
Page 24 of 29
4. How is the latest technology used in investigations?
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5. Why investigation subject is important in criminology course?
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“ ” Sir G.
Page 25 of 29
INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE CHALLENGE TEST

Instruction: Investigate and search every word in the choices given in order for
you to get the correct answer.
1. Knowledge of a possible or actual enemy or area of operations acquired by

the collection, evaluation and interpretation of military information.
A. Combat intelligence C. Military Intelligence
B. Police Intelligence D. Counter intelligence
2. Knowledge of the enemy, weather and the terrain that is used in the planning
and conduct of tactical operations.
A. Combat intelligence C. Military Intelligence
B. Police intelligence D. Counter-intelligence
3. Activity pertains to all security control measures designed to ensure the
safeguarding of information against espionage, personnel against subversion and
installations or material against sabotage.
A. Combat intelligence C. Military intelligence
B. Police intelligence D. Counter intelligence
4. Those which seek to conceal information from the enemy.
A. Passive counter intelligence measures
B. Active counter intelligence measures
C. Strategic intelligence
D. Tactical intelligence
5. Those that actively block the enemy's attempt to gain information of enemy's
effort to engage in sabotage or subversion.
A. Passive counter intelligence measures
B. Active counter intelligence measures
C. Strategic intelligence
D. Tactical intelligence
6. When the source of the information comes from a police intelligence officer of
long experience and extensive background, the evaluation of reliability of
information is labeled.
A. A C. C
B. B D. D
7. When there is no adequate basis estimating the reliability of an information, the
evaluation of the reliability of the information is labeled.
A. A C. E
B. F D. D
8. Who is the current head of the PNP directorate for intelligence is __________.
A. Catalino Cuy C. Lina Sarmiento
B. Cipriano Querol Jr. D. Angelito Pacia
9. Knowledge in raw form is known as ___________________.
A. Intelligence B. Information
“ ” Sir G.
Page 26 of 29
C. Awareness D. Cognition
10. The resolving or separating of a thing into its component parts.
A. Analysis C. Collation
B. Evaluation D. Collection
11. 1. Ancillary materials that are included in a cover story or deception operation
to help convince the opposition or casual observers that what they are observing
is genuine.
A. Walk-in C. Window Observing
B. Warming room D. Window dressing
12. A surveillance team usually assigned to a specific target.
A. Window observer C. Stake-out team
B. Window dressing D. Watcher team
13. A location out of the weather where a surveillance team can go to keep warm
and wait for the target.
A. Warming room C. Station room
B. Rest room D. Waiting room
14. A defector who declares his intentions by walking into an official installation,
or otherwise making contact with an opposition government, and asking for
political asylum or volunteering to work in place. Also known as a volunteer.
A. Enemy traitor C. Enemy defector
B. Asylum seeker D. Walk-in
15. The methods developed by intelligence operatives to conduct their
operations.
A. Trade craft C. Trade secret
B. Operational technique D. Operational secret
16. It focuses on subject or operations and usually short term.
A. Strategic intelligence C. Tactical intelligence
B. Counter intelligence D. Long-term intelligence
17. Concerns with the security of information,personnel,material and installations.
18. Deals with political, economic, military capabilities and vulnerabilities of all
nations.
19. Tradecraft techniques for placing drops by tossing them while on the move.
A. Tosses C. Throwing
B. Dropping D. Drops
20. A dead drop that will be retrieved if it is not picked up by the intended
recipient after a set time.
A. Picked drop C. Abandoned drop
B. Timed drop D. Recovered drop
“ ” Sir G.
Page 27 of 29
21. Technical air sampler sensors designed to sniff for hostile substances or parties
in a dark tunnel system.
A. Chemical sniffers C. Dog sniffers
B. Tunnel sniffers D. Air sniffers
22. A major electronic communications line, usually made up of a bundle of
cables.
A. Cable line C. Telephone line
B. Trunk line D. DSL
23. A counter-surveillance ploy in which more than one target car or target officer
is being followed and they suddenly go in different directions, forcing the
surveillance team to make instant choices about whom to follow.
A. ABC technique C. AC technique
B. Star-burst maneuver D. Sudden change maneuver
24. A chemical marking compound developed by the KGB to keep tabs on the
activities of a target officer. Also called METKA. The compound is made of
nitrophenyl pentadien (NPPD) and luminol.
A. Spy dust C. Sulfuric acid
B. Chemical dust D. Potassium nitrate
25. A ploy designed to deceive the observer into believing that and has gone
bad when, in fact, it has been put into another compartment.
A. Burned C. Spoofing
B. Deceiving D. Misleading
26. The special disguise and deception tradecraft techniques developed under
Moscow rules to help the CIA penetrate the KGB's security perimeter in Moscow.
A. Silver bullet C. Bronze bullet
B. Golden bullet D. Titanium bullet
27. Any form of clandestine tradecraft using a system of marks, signs, or codes for
signaling between operatives.
A. Ciphers C. Signals
B. Signs D. Code
28. Any tradecraft technique employing invisible messages hidden in or on
innocuous materials. This includes invisible inks and microdots, among many other
variations.
A. Secret writing C. Hidden message
B. Secret message D. Hidden writing
29. An apartment, hotel room, or other similar site considered safe for use by
operatives as a base of operations or for a personal meeting.
A. Meeting place C. Drop
B. Dead drop D. Safe house
30. When an operation goes bad and the agent is arrested.
A. Rolled up C. Burned out
B. Rolled down D. Burned down
“ ” Sir G.
Page 28 of 29
FINAL REQUIREMENTS
1. Instruction: Make a video lessons at least 10 minutes per module based on
what you have learned.
Module 1:
Module 2:
Module 3:
Module 4:
Module 5:
2. Five Hundred (500) definition of terms from MODULE 1 TO MODULE 5.
Definition of terms must be written in a blue record book.
Dear student,
I hope you took pleasure in the learning experiences from module 1 to
module 5 despite of the many challenges you have encountered from the
beginning of the class. The challenges and trials you have faced at present
maybe it’s a process to make you success. Note that “there is no easy way to
success.” All of these are the process towards your dreams in life. Be positive, you
will be claim it soon!
I know you did your best in every part of the module. I know you’ve invested
much efforts and time in it, inasmuch as I put the best of my effort in the
preparation of a worthy material for you. I admire you for your enthusiasm,
independent and interest to learn in this subject Fundamentals of Criminal
Investigation and Intelligence. With the knowledge that you gained here, and
with the readings which you did in relation to it, I know, we have inculcated in you
the values and responsibility which every lessons should possess.
Good Luck in your future profession! We’ll see each other again in your
course in other professional subjects next semester. Congratulations!
“ ” Sir G.
Page 29 of 29

Module 5 Cdi 1

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Module 5 Cdi 1

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Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence

After finishing the module, you are expected to;

1. Discuss the tools of investigation.

Tools of Criminal Investigation

a. Information – Data gathered by an investigator from other persons including

Categories of Recruited Informants:

e) His moral weakness because of drunkenness, drug addiction, his being a

d) Have an interview room where there will be privacy. It should be a plain

Instruction: Write your answer concisely and accurately.

A Philosophy of Interview and Interrogation

1. Debriefing – the interrogation of a friendly interrogee who has information at

f) To learn the identity of accomplices

CRIMINAL INTERROGATION SYSTEMS

A “Not That I Remember” or “As Far As I Know” expression should

A. DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF INFORMANTS

c) Persons engaged in certain occupations should be considered.

a) “Loose Tail” is employed when a general impression of the subject’s

6. Note. – The investigator must maintain a note or log containing a chronological

7. “Roping” or Undercover Work. – It is a form of investigation in which the

8. Arrest of Undercover Agent. – If the police arrest an investigator, he must act

9. Preparation and Supervision of Discreet Surveillance

a) Familiarize participating operatives with the case.

(ix) Maintain contact among the participants.

b) Choosing proper equipment. Equipment include motor vehicles, boats,

Standard Methods of Recording Investigative Data

It is the scientific examination of real evidence, application of instrument and

Criminalistics as a scientific discipline, now the best legal arsenal of investigators

Criminalistics (Forensic Science) refers to the profession and scientific discipline

1. The biological examination of the body fluids such as blood , semen,

2. The physical examination of soil, firearms, documents, fingerprints,

3. Chemical examination of narcotics and other dangerous drugs, toxic

4. Pathological examination of living things such as human, animal, plants

5. Electronics and other instrumentation analysis such as polygraphy,

Instruction: Write your answer concisely and accurately. (25 points)

2. How are Criminalistics used in investigations?

4. How is the latest technology used in investigations?

5. Why investigation subject is important in criminology course?

INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE CHALLENGE TEST

1. Knowledge of a possible or actual enemy or area of operations acquired by

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