v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

fVIi.kh
7

v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

okYehfd jkek;.k laLo`Qr&lkfgR; dk vkfndkO; dgk tkrk gSA /k£ed ,oa uSfrd
e;kZnkvksa dk vkn'kZ blesa Hkyh izdkj izfrikfnr gqvk gSA lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gSA
vr% ml le; osQ izkphu xkSjoe; mUur foKku osQ mnkgj.k Hkh blesa i;kZIr ek=kk esa
fo|eku gSaA jko.k dks ijkftr dj ykSVrs le; lhrk us foeku dks fdf"dU/k uxjh esa
mrkjus dh izkFkZuk dh rkfd os lqxzho dh iRuh ,oe~ vU; izeq[k tuksa dks vius lkFk
v;ksè;k ys tk losaQA jke us lhrk osQ bl vuqjks/ dks lg"kZ Lohdkj fd;k vkSj mu lcosQ
lkFk v;ksè;k dh vksj izLFkku djrs gq, ekxZ esa mu lHkh LFkkuksa] vkJeksa vkSj ufn;ksa ls
ifjfpr djok;k tgk¡ ij os tkrs le; #osQ Fks vkSj ftu mYys[kuh; ?kVukvksa dh
Le`fr;k¡ vHkh Hkh muosQ efLr"d esa fo|eku FkhaA vkb;s] ge Hkh vkfn dfo okYehfd
}kjk jfpr jkek;.k ds ;q¼dkaM osQ 123 osa lxZ esa o£.kr bl foeku ;k=kk osQ o.kZu osQ
ekè;e ls mu lHkh ifo=k LFkyksa vkSj ufn;ksa dk Kku izkIr djsaA

mís';kfu
bea ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~@Hkorh
 ;k=kk;ka o£.krkuka izeq[kLFkykuka o.kZua dfj";fr_
 ekufp=ks lEc¼ioZrkuka unhuka p vÄïua dfj";fr_
 ;k=kk;k% o`Ùka Lo'kCnS% o.kZf;";fr_
 vO;;inkuka LookD;s"kq iz;ksxa dfj";fr_
 fo'ks";S% lg leqfprfo'ks"k.kinkuka esyua dfj";fr_

108 laLÑre~
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

 deZ/kj;rRiq#"klaKdkuka leLrinkuka foxzga dfj";fr_

 ^Dr* izR;;L; LFkkus* ^Drorq* izR;;a ;kstf;Rok okP;ifjorZua dfj";fr_
fVIi.kh

fozQ;kdyki% 7-1

fp=k 7-1% okYehfd&dkyhu Hkkjr dk ekufp=k

okYehfd&dkyhu Hkkjr
mQij okYehfd&dkyhu Hkkjr dk ekufp=k fn;k x;k gSA vki bl ekufp=k osQ vk/kj
ij Hkkjr dh dYiuk dhft,A rqyuk djsa fd oSQosQ;h dh tUe LFkyh ls v;ksè;k
fdruh nwj gS ml le; dsjy ds dU;k dqekjh ls fgeky; esa fLFkr dk'ehj rd yksx
dSls igq¡prs gksaxs rFkk buds chp dh nwjh r; djus esa fdruk le; yxrk jgk gksxkA
JhyÄïk ls vkjEHk dj v;ksè;k rd dh jke dh ;k=kk ds ekxZ esa mfYyf[kr fdUgha ik¡p
LFkkuksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

laLÑre~ 109
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

7-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%

fVIi.kh
izFke% ,dka'k%
rkfHk% lgksfRFkra 'kh?kza] foekua izs{; jk?ko%A
'kCnkFkkZ %
rkfHk% lg = mu (okujs'ojksa dh ifRu;ks)a ½";ewdlehis rq oSnsgha iqujczohr~AA1AA
osQ lkFk] mfRFkra = mBs gq, (foeku
dks)] izs{; = ns[kdj] ½";ewd = n`';rs¿lkS egku~ lhrs!] lfo|qfno rks;n%A
ioZr dk uke] n`';rs = fn[kkbZ ns jgk
gS] vlkS = og] lfo|qr~ = fctyh osQ ½";ewdks fxfjoj%] dk×puS/kZrqfHko`Zr% AA2AA
lkFk] rks;n% = ckny] dk×puS% =
lqo.kZe;h] o`r% = <dk gqvk] ckfyu%
v=kkga okujsUnzs.k lqxzhos.k lekxr%A
= ckyh dk] o/kFkZe~ = o/ djus osQ
fy,] iEik = >hy dk uke] fp=kdkuuk le;'p o`Qr% lhrs!] o/kFk± ckfyuks e;k AA3AA
= fofp=k ouksa okyh] foyyki = foyki
fd;k] vL;k% rhjs = blosQ fdukjs ij]
;kstuckgq% = ;kstu rd yEch Hkqtkvksa
,"kk lk n`';rs iEik] ufyuhfp=kdkuukA
okyk] dcU/% = jk{kl dk uke] fugr% Ro;k foghuks ;=kkga] foyyki lqnq%f[kr% AA4AA
= ekjk x;k]
tuLFkkus = tuLFkku&uked txg ij] vL;kLrhjs e;k n`"Vk] 'kcjh /eZ'kkfyuhA
ouLifr% = fo'kky o`{k] ro gsrks% =
rqEgkjs fy,] foykflfu = gs fof'k"V v=k ;kstuckgq'p] dca/ks fugrks e;k AA5AA
'kksHkk okyh] if{k.kka izoj% = if{k;ksa esa
Js"B] ojof.kZfu = gs Js"B o.kZ okyh n`';rs¿lkS tuLFkkus] Jheku~ lhrs! ouLifr%A
lhrk] i.kZ'kkyk = oqqQfV;k] 'kqHkn'kZus =
gs lqUnj] izlUulfyyk = LoPN ty tVk;q'p egkrstk% ro gsrks£oykflfu!
okyh] dnyho`r% = osQys osQ o`{kksa ls
f?kjk] oS'okujksie% = vfXu osQ leku] jko.ksu grks ;=k] if{k.kka izojks cyh AA6AA
izlknf;rqe~ = izlUu djus osQ fy, Jheku~
= 'kksHkk okyk] f=kiFkxk = vkdk'k] ,rr~ rnkJeineLekoaQ ojof.kZfuA
Hkwfe vkSj i`Foh ij xeu djus okyh]
ukukf}tx.kkdh.kkZ = fofHkUu if{k;ksa osQ i.kZ'kkyk rFkk fp=kk] n`';rs 'kqHkn'kZusAA
lewgksa ls Hkjh gqbZ] lEiziqf"irdkuuk =
iwQyksa ls ifjiw.kZ ouksa okyh] ;wiekfyuh ;=k Roa jk{klsUnzs.k jko.ksu ârk cykr~AA7AA
= ^;wi* uked o`{kksa dh ekyk okyh
(ls ifjiw.kZ)
f}rh;% ,dka'k%
,"kk xksnkojh jE;k] izlUulfyyk 'kqHkkA
vxLR;L;kJe'pSo] n`';rs dnyho`r% AA8AA

vf=k% oqQyifr;Z=k] lw;ZoS'okujksie%A

v=k lhrs! Ro;k n`"Vk rkilh /eZpkfj.khAA9AA

110 laLÑre~
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vlkS lqruq! 'kSysUnz% fp=kowQV% izdk'krsA

v=k eka oSQoQ;hiq=k% izlknf;rqekxr% AA10AA
fVIi.kh
,"kk lk ;equk jE;k] n`';rs fp=kdkuukA
Hkj}ktkJe% Jheku~ n`';rs pS"k eSfFkfy! AA11AA

b;a p n`';rs xÄõk] iwT;k f=kiFkxk unhA

ukukf}tx.kkdh.kkZ] lEiziqf"irdkuukAA12AA

Ük`Äõosjiqja pSrn~] xqgks ;=k l[kk eeA

,"kk lk n`';rs lhrs! lj;w;wZiekfyuh AA13AA

,"kk lk n`';rs lhrs! jkt/kuh firqeZeA

v;ksè;ka oqQ# oSnsfg! iz.kkea iqujkxrk AA 14AA

cks/iz'uk%
1- lEiw.k± ikBa ifBRok v/ksfyf[kriƒh% iwj;r&
d- v=kkga okujsUnzs.k-------------------------------------------A
[k- ,"kk xksnkojh jE;k----------------------------------------A
x- v=k lhrs! Ro;k n`"Vk----------------------------------A
?k- v=k eka oSQoQ;hiq=k%-------------------------------------A
Ä b;a p n`';rs xÄõk------------------------------------------A
p- Ük`Äõosjiqja pSrn~-----------------------------------------------A
N- ,"kk lk n`';rs lhrs!-------------------------------------A

2- v/ksfyf[krkuka unhuka dkfufpr~ fo'ks"k.kkfu vfLeu~ ikBs iz;qDrkfuA unhfHk%

lg rkfu fo'ks"k.kkfu esy;r&
^d* ^[k*
fo'ks"k.kkfu u|%
(i) ;wiekfyuh (d) xksnkojh

laLÑre~ 111
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(ii) iwT;k f=kiFkxk unh ([k) ;equk

(iii) fp=kdkuuk (x) xÄõk
fVIi.kh (iv) izlÂlfyyk 'kqHkk (?k) lj;w%
3- v/ksfyf[krk% ?kVuk% oqQ=k oqQ=k tkrk%\ ikBkr~ fpRok 'kq¼e~ mÙkja js[kkfÄïra
oqQ#r&
d- vfLeu~ ioZrs jke% lqxzhos.k lg vfeyr~ & fp=kowQVs@½";ewosQ
[k- vL;k% rhjs /eZ'kkfyuh 'kcjh n`"Vk & iEikrhjs@;equkrhjs
x- v=k jko.k% tVk;qa groku~ & tuLFkkus@xksnkojhrhjs
?k- Hkj}ktL; vkJe% vL;k% rhjs fo|rs & lj;wrhjs@;equkrhjs
M- v;ksè;kuxjh vL;k% rhjs fo|rs & xksnkojhrhjs@lj;wrhjs

7-2 v/quk ikBe~ voxPNke%

7-2-1 izFke % ,dka'k%
01 'yksdr% ------- 07 i;ZUre~
rkfHk% lgksfRFkra 'kh?kza] foekua izs{; jk?ko%A
½";ewdlehis rq oSnsgha iqujczohr~AA1AA

vUo;%
jk?ko% rkfHk% lg 'kh?kze~ mfRFkre~ foekue~ izs{; ½";ewdlehis rq oSnsghe~ vczohr~A

O;kdj.kfcUno%
rkfHk%lg& rr~ loZuke 'kCn] L=khfyÄõ] r`rh;k ,dopu lg osQ ;ksx esa r`rh;k foHkfÙkQ
dk iz;ksx gSA
mfRFkre~ & mr~ + LFkk + Dr f}rh;k ,dopu] foeku dk fo'ks"k.k
izs{; & iz + bZ{k~ + Y;i~ (vO;;) ns[kdjA (bZ{k~ /krq ls igys milxZ ^iz* yxk gS
blfy, DRok izR;; osQ LFkku ij Y;i~ dk iz;ksx gSA)
½";ewdlehis & fdf"dU/kuxjh osQ ikl gh osYykjh ftys esa orZeku gaih osQ mÙkj esa
fLFkr ioZr

112 laLÑre~
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HkkokFkZ%
jkeL; foekua fdf"dU/kr% mifj vkdk'ks mnirr~A foekus rkjk vU;k% p okujfL=k;%
vfi vklu~A vkdk'kkr~ jke% lhrke~ ½";ewdioZre~ vn'kZ;r~A fVIi.kh
n`';rs¿lkS egku~ lhrs! lfo|qfno rks;n%A
½";ewdks fxfjoj%] dk×puS/kZrqfHko`Zr% AA2AA

vUo;%
lhrs! vlkS egku~ ½";ewd% dk×puS% /krqfHk% o`r% fxfjoj% lfo|qr~ rks;n% bo n`';rsA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
lhrs! lhrk] lEcks/u esa izFkek] ,d opu] L=khfyÄõ
vlkS vnl~ 'kCn] loZuke og] ½";ewd ioZr dk lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k
egku~ egr~] izFkek] ,d opu] iq¡fYyÄõ] cM+k] fo'kky
fxfjoj% fxfj"kq oj% ¾ ioZrksa esa Js"B] ½";ewd ioZr dk fo'ks"k.k] iqa-] izFkek]
,do-
dk×puS% /krqfHk% r`rh;k] cgqo]
o`r% o` + Dr%] iqa- izFkek] ,do-
lfo|qr~ fo|qrk lg fo|eku%] iq¡- izFkek] ,dopu
rks;n% rks;a nnkfr bfr rks;n% iqa-] miinrRiq#"klekl% iqa- izFkek] ,do-

O;k[;k%
½";ewd ioZr ij lqugjh /krq,¡ ,sls gh ped jgha Fkha tSls dkys ckny esa fctyh dh
js[kk,¡A

HkkokFkZ%
½";ewd% ioZr% Lo.kZe;/krqfHk% vko`r% vklhr~A egku~ v;a ioZr% fxfj"kq Js"B% vklhr~A
;Fkk fo|qrk ;qDr% tyn% izrh;rs rFkSo ,"k% ioZr% Lo.kZe;/krqfHk% ;qDr% n`';rsA
v=kkga okujsUnzs.k lqxzhos.k lekxr%A
le;'p o`Qr% lhrs!] o/kFk± ckfyuks e;k AA3AA

laLÑre~ 113
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vUo;%
v=k vge~ okujsUnzs.k lqxzhos.k lekxr%] e;k p ckfyu% o/kFk± le;% o`Qr%A
fVIi.kh
O;kdj.kfcUno%
okujsUnzs.k okujk.kke~ bUnz% okujsUnz% rsu] rRiq#"klekl] iqa-] r`rh;k ,do-] (lqxzhos.k
dk fo'ks"k.k)
lqxzhos.k lqxzho] iqa- r`rh;k] ,do-
lekxr% le~ $ vk $ xe~ $ Dr] iqa- izFkek] ,do-
e;k vLen~] r`rh;k] ,do- esjs }kjk
ckfyu% ckfyu~] i"Bh ,do-
o/kFkZe~ o/k;] o/] iqa-] prqFkhZ ,do-
le;% le; iqa- iz.k] ;g 'kCn le>kSrs@'krZ vkfn osQ fy, Hkh iz;qDr gksrk gS izFkek-
,do-
o`Qr% o`Q + Dr] izFkek] iqa- ,d opu

O;k[;k%
jke us ½";ewd ioZr ij lqxzho ls HksaV dh vkSj mlosQ 'k=kq ckfy dks ekjus dh Hkh
izfrKk dhA ckfy us lqxzho dk jkT; gM+i dj mldh iRuh dk gj.k dj fy;k FkkA

HkkokFkZ%
jke% ½";ewdioZrs lqxzhos.k lg vfeyr~A r=k ,o jke% ckfyu% o/kFk± iz.ka o`Qroku~A
,"kk lk n`';rs iEik] ufyuh fp=kdkuukA
Ro;k foghuks ;=kkga] foyyki lqnq%f[kr% AA4AA

vUo;%
,"kk lk fp=kdkuuk ufyuh iEik n`';rs ;=k Ro;k foghu% lqnq%f[kr% vge~ foyykiA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
fp=kdkuuk fp=kkf.k dkuukfu ;L;k% lk] cgqczhfglekl] iEik >hy dk fo'ks"k.k
ufyuh dey osQ iwQyksa ls Hkjh (>hy) bl iEik >hy dks iq"dfj.kh Hkh dgrs gSaA
n`';rs n`'k~ $ ; $ rs] deZokP; iz;ksx] fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSA yV~ydkj iz- iq- ,-o-
lqnq%f[kr% nq%[k $ brp~ = nq%f[kr%] izFkek] ,do-

114 laLÑre~
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foyyki fo yi~ fyV~ mÙkeiq#"k ,dopu] foyki fd;k FkkA ;gh og >hy gS tgk¡
rqEgkjs fo;ksx esa nq%[kh gksdj eSaus foyki fd;k FkkA
HkkokFkZ%& ,"kk lk deyiq"i;qDrk iEik n`';rs ;=k ro fo;ksxs vge~ (jke%) fVIi.kh
vR;UrlUrIr% Hk`'ka foykie~ vdjoe~A
vL;kLrhjs e;k n`"Vk] 'kcjh /eZ'kkfyuhA
v=k ;kstuckgq'p] dca/ks fugrks e;k AA5AA

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vL;k% rhjs e;k /eZ'kkfyuh 'kcjh n`"VkA v=k p ;kstuckgq% dcU/% e;k fugr%A

O;kdj.kfcUno%
vL;k% iEik;k%] bl iEik osQ
rhjs rhj ¾ fdukjk] fdukjs ij iqa- lIreh] ,do
e;k vLen~] r`rh;k ,do-] loZuke
/eZ'kkfyuh /eZ dk vkpj.k djus okyh] iqa- izFkek ,do- fo'ks"k.k

O;k[;k%
'kcjh 'kcjh (uke)] blh 'kcjh us jke dh izrh{kk esa viuh vk¡[kksa dks jke
ds vkus osQ ekxZ ij fcNk;k gqvk Fkk vkSj muosQ vkus ij p[k p[k
dj ehBs csj f[kyk;s FksA jke us mldh HkfDr dks ns[kdj twBs csj
Hkh Lohdkj fd;sA
;kstuckgq% ;kstue~ bo foLrh.kkSZ ckgw ;L; l%A ,d ;kstu rd iQSyh gqbZ
Hkqtkvksa okyk_ pkj dksl vFkok vkB ehy dk ,d ;kstu gksrk gSA
;g vkyadkfjd iz;ksx gS] vFkkZr~ cgqr gh fo'kky Hkqtkvksa okykA
dcU/% jk{kl dk ukeA
HkkokFkZ%& ;nk jke% lhrka ekxZek.k% vklhr~ rnk dcU/% vkozQe.ke~ vdjksr~A
r=k jke% rL; o/e~ vdjksr~A oLrqr% xU/oZ% dcU/% 'kkio'kkr~
jk{kl% vHkor~ bnkuha jkey{e.kkH;ka gr% l% jk{kl;ksfur% eqDr%
vHkor~A LoxkZjksg.ka oqQoZu~ l% jkee~ vdFk;r~&Hkks jke! Roe~!
'kcjhn'kZua oqQ# bfrA

laLÑre~ 115
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n`';rs¿lkS tuLFkkus] Jheku~ lhrs! ouLifr%A

tVk;q'p egkrstk% ro gsrks£oykflfu!
fVIi.kh jko.ksu grks ;=k] if{k.kka izojks cyh AA6AA

vUo;%
lhrs! vfLeu~ tuLFkkus vlkS Jheku~ ouLifr% n`';rsA foykflfu! v=k egkrstk% if{k.kke~
izoj% cyh tVk;q% jko.ksu gr%A
O;kdj.kfcUno%
vlkS Jheku~ ouLifr% f}rh; i| esa Hkh blh izdkj dk iz;ksx gSA vlkS egku~ fxfjoj%
½";ewd% n`';rsA
ouLifr% fo'kky o`{k] izFkek fo- ,do-
Jheku~ Jh + erqi~ Jher~ (iq-) izFkek ,do- 'kksHkk;eku
egkrstk% egr~ rst% ;L; l% egkrstk%] cgqozhfg lekl] iqa- izFkek ,do-
if{k.kka izoj%
if{k;ksa esa Js"B] nwljs i|ka'k esa blh osQ leku ^fxfjoj%& (leLr in) vkius i<+k gS]
ioZrksa esa Js"B
cyh cy + bu~ = cy'kkyh] iqa- izFkek] ,do-
gr% gu~ = izR;;%] ekjk x;kA iqa- izFkek] ,do-
vfLeu~ tuLFkkus vfLeu~ ;gk¡ lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k gS vkSj fo'ks"k.k esa ogh foHkfDr
yxrh gS tks fo'ks"; esa yxrh gSA vr% vfLeu~ (lIreh) tuLFkkus (lIreh) bl
tuLFkku esa
O;k[;k%
tc jko.k lhrk dks gj dj ys tk jgk Fkk rks n'kjFk osQ fe=k tVk;q us lhrk dh j{kk
osQ fy, jko.k ls ;q¼ fd;kA fu''kL=k tVk;q vius ia[kksa ls gh jko.k ij okj dj jgk
FkkA ozwQj jko.k us ryokj ls mlosQ ia[k dkV Mkys vkSj mldh gR;k dj nhA
HkkokFkZ%
vfLeu~ tuLFkkus jko.k% tVk;qo/e~ vdjksr~A jke% rn~o`{ka lhrka n'kZ;fr ;=k tVk;q%
jko.ksu gr% vklhr~A jke% p rL; ifjp;kZe~ vdjksrA~ vUrs e`R;qa izkIrL; rL; nkglaLdkjefi
vdjksr~A

116 laLÑre~
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,rr~ rnkJeineLekoaQ ojof.kZfuA

i.kZ'kkyk rFkk fp=kk] n`';rs 'kqHkn'kZusAA
;=k Roa jk{klsUnzs.k jko.ksu ârk cykr~AA7AA fVIi.kh

vUo;%
ojo£.kfu! ,rr~ rr~ vLekde~ vkJeine~] rFkk 'kqHkn'kZus! fp=kk i.kZ'kkyk n`';rs ;=k Roa
cykr~ jk{klsUnzs.k jko.ksu g`rkA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
ojo£.kfu! oja o.kZ% ;L;k% vfLr bfr lk ojo£.kuh] lEcks/us ojo£.kfu!] cgqozhfg
lekl] lqUnj jax okyh gs lhrsA lEcks/u esa izFkek ,do-
'kqHkn'kZus 'kqHkn'kZuk dk lEcks/u] lEcks/u esa izFkek] ,do- 'kksHku Lo:i okyh gs lhrs!
jk{klsUnzs.kμ jk{klkuke~ bUnz% jk{klsUnz% rsu rRiq#"klekl] iqa-] r`rh;k ,do-

O;k[;k%
;gk¡ lhrk osQ nks fo'ks"k.k gSa] ojo£.kfu! vkSj 'kqHkn'kZus! jke lhrk dks crkrs gSa fd ;g
og LFkku gS tgk¡ ij geus iÙkksa dh oqQfV;k cukbZ Fkh vkSj jko.k rqEgsa cyiwoZd gj dj
ys x;k FkkA

HkkokFkZ%
^^bna rr~ LFkkue~ ;=k vLekfHk% i.kZ'kkyk jfprk vklhr~ Roe~ p jk{kljktsu jko.ksu
cyiwoZda ârk vklh%A**

ikBxriz'uk% 7-1
1- v/ksfyf[kriz'ukuke~ mÙkje~ ,dinsu fy[kr&
d- ½";ewd% ioZr% dhn`'kS% /krqfHk% o`r% vklhr~\ ----------------------------------------
[k- iEikrhjs jke% dke~ vi';r~\ --------------------------------------------------
x- tuLFkkus tVk;q% osQu gr%\ ----------------------------------------
?k- jko.ksu lhrk cykr~ oqQr% g`rk\ --------------------------------------------------
2- lEcks/uinkuka LFkkus izFkek&,dopus ina fy[kr
d- lhrs --------------------------------------------------
[k- foykflfu! --------------------------------------------------

laLÑre~ 117
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

x- ojo£.kfu! --------------------------------------------------
?k- 'kqHkn'kZus! --------------------------------------------------
fVIi.kh
3- fo'ks";inS% lg mi;qDrfo'ks"k.kkfu fy[kr
;Fkk d- lfo|qr~ tyn% p- ----------------------- ½";ewd%
[k --------------------- tVk;q% N- ------------------------ iEik
x- -------------------- lqxzho% t- ------------------------- dcU/%
?k- --------------------- 'kcjh >- ------------------------ foekue~
Ä -------------------- i.kZ'kkyk ×k- ------------------------- jko.k%
4- v/ksfyf[krkuka okD;kuke~ mnkgj.kkuqlkja okP;ifjorZua oqQ#rμ
;Fkk e;k ckfyu% o/kFk± le;% o`Qr%A
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d- e;k 'kcjh n`"VkA
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[k- e;k dcU/% fugr%A
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x- jko.ksu tVk;qif{kjkt% gr%A
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?k- e;k foyki% o`Qr%
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Ä jko.ksu lhrk g`rkA
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5- v/ksfyf[krLFkkukfu o£.kr;k=kkozQes.k fy[kr&
d- iEik ( )
[k- tuLFkkue~ ( )
x- fdf"dU/kuxjh ( )
?k- ½";ewd% ioZr% ( )
Ä i×poVh ( )

118 laLÑre~
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

7-2-2 f}rh;% ,dka'k%

08 'yksdr% ------- 14 i;ZUre~
fVIi.kh
,"kk xksnkojh jE;k] izlUulfyyk 'kqHkkA
vxLR;L;kJe'pSo] n`';rs dnyho`r% AA8AA

vUo;%
,"kk jE;k 'kqHkk izlUulfyyk xksnkojh vxLR;L; dnyho`r% vkJe% p n`';rsA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
izlUulfyyk izlUua LoPNa lfyya ;L;k% lk] cgqozhfglekl] L=khfy- izFkek- ,do-
LoPN ty okyh] xksnkojh unh dk fo'ks"k.k] jE;k] 'kqHkk Hkh xksnkojh osQ gh fo'ks"k.k gSaA
dnyho`r% dnyho`{kS% o`r%] r`rh;krRiq#"k lekl] iqa- izFkek ,do- osQys osQ o`{kksa ls
f?kjk gqvkA

O;k[;k%
vxLR;L; vxLR; ½f"k dkA eg£"k vxLR; us jk{klksa dk neu djosQ nf{k.k fn'kk dks
'kj.k ysus ;ksX; cuk fn;k FkkA bUgha osQ uke ij nf{k.k fn'kk dks ^vxLR;
fn'kk* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;gha ij vxLR; dh vkKk ls bUnz osQ }kjk iznku
fd, x;s /uq"k] ryokj vkSj uk'kjfgr ck.kksa osQ rw.khjksa dks Hkh jke us
Lohdkj fd;k FkkA

HkkokFkZ%
jke% lhrka n'kZ;fr& ,"kk xksnkojh ukEuh ifo=kk unhA v=kSo vxLR;L; ½"ks% dnyho`{kS%
vko`r% vkJe% n`';rsA
vf=k% oqQyifr;Z=k] lw;ZoS'okujksie%A
v=k lhrs! Ro;k n`"Vk rkilh /eZpkfj.khAA9AA
vUo;%
lhrs! ;=k lw;oZ 'S okujksie% oqQyifr% vf=k% (vfLr)v=k Ro;k /eZpkfj.kh rkilh (vulw;k)
n`"VkA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
lw;ZoS'okujksie% lw;Z'p oS'okuj'p bfr lw;ZoS'okujkS lw;ZoS'okujkS rkoqiek ;L; l%]
cgqozhfg lekl] iqa- izFkek ,do- lw;Z vkSj vfXu osQ leku rstLohA

laLÑre~ 119
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

rkilh rkil dk L=khfyÄõ] L=khfy- izFkek ,do-] rifLouhA riL;k esa fujrA
/eZpkfj.kh /eZpkfju~ dk L=kh¯yx] izFkek ,do- /eZ dk vkpj.k djus okyh
fVIi.kh
O;k[;k%
vf=k ½f"k oSfnd eU=kksa osQ nz"Vk FksA budh iRuh vulw;k rifLouh FkhaA ,d ckj tc n'k
o"kks± rd o"kkZ ugha gqbZ rc budh mxz riL;k osQ iQyLo:i ogk¡ iQy iwQy mRiUu gq,
rFkk eUnkfduh dh /kjk cg pyhA lrh vulw;k us lhrk dks lqUnj oL=k] vkHkw"k.k vkSj
fnO; vÄõjkx HksaV fd;k Fkk tks lc izdkj osQ i'kqvksa ls j{kk djus esa leFkZ FkkA

HkkokFkZ%
v=ks% ½"ks% iRuh vulw;k vklhr~A vulw;k rifLouh vklhr~A lk lhrk;S fnO;oL=kkf.k]
fnO;kHkw"k.kkfu] fnO;e~ vaxjkxe~ p v;PNr~A
vlkS lqruq! 'kSysUnz% fp=kowQV% izdk'krsA
v=k eka oSQoQ;hiq=k% izlknf;rqekxr% AA10AA

vUo;%
lqruq! vlkS 'kSysUnz% fp=kowQV% izdk'krsA v=k oSQoQ;hiq=k% (Hkjr%) eka izlknf;rqe~ vkxr%A

O;kdj.kfcUno%
'kSykuka 'kSys"kq ok bUnz%] "k"Bh@lIrehrRiq#"k lekl] iqa- izFkek ,do-
vkBosa i| esa ^jk{klsUnzs.k* dk iz;ksx Hkh blh izdkj FkkA rhljs i| esa ^okujsUnzs.k* i<+k
Fkk mlh izdkj 'kSysUnz%& 'kSyksa esa Js"BA
izlknf;rqe~ iz + ln~ + f.kp~ + rqequ~] ;g vO;; in gS] izlUu djus osQ fy,]
eukus osQ fy,A f.kp~ izR;; izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k osQ fy, iz;qDr gksrk gSA

O;k[;k%
fp=kowQV ioZr ij Hkjr Jhjke dks okil v;ksè;k pyus osQ fy, vkxzg djus vk;s Fks]
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mnkgj.k ;gk¡ izLrqr gS tgk¡ Hkjr vkSj jke ijLij ,d nwljs dks jkT; lkSaiuk pkgrs gSaA
blh vkn'kZ dh LFkkiuk djus ds fy, okYehfd us jkek;.k dh jpuk dh FkhA bfrgkl
osQ os mnkgj.k blosQ foijhr gSa tgk¡ HkkbZ HkkbZ osQ [kwu ls ¯lgklu dks gfFk;kuk pkgrk
gSA

120 laLÑre~
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

HkkokFkZ%
Hkjr% jkea iqu% v;ksè;ka izfr vkxUrqa izkFkZuke~ vdjksr~A jke% lR;izfrK% vklhr~A jke%
firq% vkns'ka LohÑR; oua izfr izfLFkr% vklhr~ vr% rL; vuqjks/a u Loho`Qroku~A Hkjr% fVIi.kh
rL; pj.kiknqosQ vknk; iqu% v;ksè;ka izR;kxPNr~A

vUo;%
,"kk lk ;equk jE;k] n`';rs fp=kdkuukA
Hkj}ktkJe% Jheku~ n`';rs pS"k eSfFkfy! AA11AA
eSfFkfy! ,"kk lk jE;k fp=kdkuuk ;equk n`';rs ,"k p Jheku~ Hkj}ktkJe% n`';rsA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
fp=kdkuuk fp=kkf.k dkuukfu ;L;k% lk] cgqozhfg lekl] L=kh fya- izFkek] ,do- ftlosQ
ou cgqr vn~Hkqr gSaA
Jheku~ Jh $ erqi~ ¾ Jher~] izFkek] ,d opu iqa- L=kh¯yx esa Jherh] 'kksHkk;qDr

O;k[;k%
Hkj}kt eqfu dk vkJeA xÄõk ;equk osQ laxe iz;kx osQ ikl ;equk rV ij Hkj}kt ½f"k
dk vkJe gSA ;gha ij mrj dj jke us Hkjr osQ ikl lwpuk nsus osQ fy, guqeku~ dks Hkstk
FkkA Hkj}kt osQ dgus ls gh os fp=kowQV ioZr ij jE; oqQfV;k cuk dj jg jgs FksA ;gha
ls os ukxfjdksa osQ vkokxeu ls cpus osQ fy, n.Mdkj.; dh vksj pys x;s FksA

HkkokFkZ%
;equk;k% xaxk;k% p laxeLFkys iz;kxs Hkj}ktequs% vkJe% vklhr~A Hkj}kt% ,o jkea lhrka
y{e.ka p fp=kowQVa xRok fuokla drqZe~ mikfn'kr~A iqu% izR;kxeus rs losZ Hkj}ktL;
vkJee~ vxPNu~A

vUo;%
b;a p n`';rs xÄõk] iwT;k f=kiFkxk unhA
ukukf}tx.kkdh.kkZ] lEiziqf"irdkuukAA12AA
b;e~ p ukukf}tx.kkdh.kkZ lEiziqf"irdkuuk f=kiFkxk iq.;k xÄõk unh n`';rsA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
ukukf}tx.kkdh.kkZ ukukfHk% fofHkUuS%] f}tx.kS%& czkã.k{kf=k;foM~x.kS% if{klewgS% vkdh.kkZ
ifjiw.kkZ] r`rh;k rRiq#"k lekl] L=khfy- izFkek ,do-

laLÑre~ 121
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

f}t 'kCn czkã.k] {kf=k; ,oa oS';] bu rhuksa o.kks± rFkk if{k;ksa ds vFkZ esa iz;qÙkQ gksrk
gSA
fVIi.kh lEiziqf"irdkuuk lE;d~ izo`Q"Vkfu iqf"irkfu dkuukfu ;L;k% lk] cgqozhfglekl] L=kh
fy- izFkek ,do- fofo/ iwQyksa ls Hkjs gq, ouksa okyh

O;k[;k
f=kiFkxk& HkxhjFk deZB jktk FksA os fgeky; dh dUnjkvksa ls HkkxhjFkh dks fudkydj
eSnkuksa esa yk;s vkSj fiQj uhps ikrky rd ys x;s tgk¡ lxj osQ iq=kksa dh vfLFk;ksa dks
fol£tr fd;kA oLrqr% fgeky; LoxZ dk izrhd gS] lery eSnku /jrh dk] vkSj Xyksc
osQ uhps osQ ns'k ikrky yksd osQ izrhd gSaA
iq.;k & xÄõk iq.;e;h gSA bldk ty dHkh nwf"kr ugha gksrkA

HkkokFkZ%
HkxhjFk% fgeky;r% xÄõka i`fFkohyksde~ vku;r~A ,"kk iq.;k unh vfLrA ,rke~ mHk;r%
dkuukfu lfUr] ;s"kq if{k.k%] rifLou% czkã.kk% {kf=k;k% oS';k% p fuolfUr vfi p
iqf"irk% o`{kk% ok;qa lqjfHkra oqQoZfUrA o`{kS% ifjiw.kkZfu oukfu ,rke~ mHk;r% lfUrA
Ük`Äõosjiqja pSrn~] xqgks ;=k l[kk eeA
,"kk lk n`';rs lhrs! lj;w;wZiekfyuh AA13AA

vUo;%
,rr~ p Ük`axosjiqja ;=k ee l[kk xqg% (fuolfr)A lhrs! ,"kk lk ;wiekfyuh lj;w% n`';rsA
O;k[;k%
Ük`axosjiqje~ & ;g og LFkku Fkk tgk¡ ij fu"kknjkt xqg dh lgk;rk ls jke us xÄõk ikj
dh FkhA jke lc dks viuk fe=k le>rs gSa] ;gh mudk l[;Hkko gSA xqg ls feydj
mUgksaus lHkh iqjokfl;ksa vkSj lkjFkh dks fonk dj fn;k FkkA xqg osQ lkFk gh ;gk¡ ls os
rhuksa Hkkj}kt osQ vkJe rd x;s FksA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
lj;w% lj;w unh] L=khfy-] izFkek ,do- ftlosQ rV ij v;ksè;k clh gqbZ gSA
;wiekfyuh ;wikuka ekyk vfLr ;L;k% lk] cgqozhfg lekl] izFkek ,do- ^;wi* ,d
izdkj dk o`{k gS ftldh ydM+h ls ;K dk LrEHk cuk;k tkrk FkkA lj;w
osQ fdukjs bu ;wi o`{kksa osQ lewg FksA

122 laLÑre~
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

HkkokFkZ %
jke% foekukr~ lhrka Ük`axosjiqja n'kZ;fr ;=k l% fu"kknjktsu lg vfeyr~A xqg% ,o rku~
Hkj}ktL; vkJea izfr vu;r~A fVIi.kh
,"kk lk n`';rs lhrs! jkt/kuh firqeZeA
v;ksè;ka oqQ# oSnsfg! iz.kkea iqujkxrk AA 14AA

vUo;%
lhrs! ,"kk lk ee firq% jkt/kuh v;ksè;k n`';rsA gs oSnsfg! iqu% vkxrk (Roe~) v;ksè;ka
iz.kkea oqQ#A

O;kdj.kfcUno%
ee firq% ee vLen~] "k"Bh ,dopu] firq%] fir` "k"Bh ,dopu
oSnsfg! oSnsgh dk lEcks/u] izFkek ,do- tud dks vkRerÙo dk Kkuh gksus osQ
dkj.k fonsg dgrs Fks] fonsgL; iq=kh oSnsghA

O;k[;k
iqujkxrk iqu% vkxrk] lhrkth ,d ckj fookg osQ i'pkr~ v;ksè;k vkbZ FkhaA fiQj
ouokl izkIr gksus ij vc iqu% pkSng o"kZ ckn v;ksè;k ykSV jgh gSa vr%
jke mudks dgrs gSa fd lhrs! vc rqe nqckjk v;ksè;k vk jgh gks vr% bl
uxjh dks iz.kke djksA
HkkokFkZ%
gs oSnsfg! ,"kk ee tudL; n'kjFkL; jkt/kuh v;ksè;k n`';rsA Roe~ iqu% v=k vkxrk]
vr% ,uka iz.kkea oqQ#A

ikBxriz'uk% 7-2
1- ,dinsu laLo`QrHkk"k;k mÙkjr
;Fkk vxLR;L; vkJe% dhn`'kS% o`{kS% o`r% vklhr~ dnyho`{kS%
d- izlUulfyyk dk vklhr~\ -----------------------------
[k- lw;ZoS'okujle% oqQyifr% d% vklhr~\ -----------------------------
x- fp=kowQVs oSQoQ;hiq=k% Hkjr% de~ izlknf;rqe~ vkxr%\ -----------------------------

laLÑre~ 123
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

?k- Hkj}ktL; vkJe% dL;k% rhjs vklhr~\ -----------------------------

M- f=kiFkxk unh dk mP;rs\ -----------------------------
fVIi.kh p- n'kjFkL; jkt/kuh dk vklhr~\ -----------------------------
2- v/ksfyf[krizFkekUrinkuka LFkkus lEcks/uinkfu fy[kr
izFkekUrinkfu lEcks/uinkfu
d- nsoh -----------------------------------
[k- lhrk -----------------------------------
x- lqruq% -----------------------------------
?k- eSfFkyh -----------------------------------
M- oSnsgh ------------------------------------
3- ^d* LrEHks fo'ks"k.kkfu] ^[k* LrEHks fo'ks";kf.kA rs"kka esyua oqQ#r&
^d* (fo'ks"k.kkfu) ^[k* (fo'ks";kf.k)
(i) izlUulfyyk 'kcjh
(ii) /eZpkfj.kh xaxk
(iii) 'kSysUnz% ouLifr%
(iv) fp=kdkuuk xksnkojh
(v) Jheku~ lj;w%
(vi) ukukf}tx.kkdh.kkZ v;ksè;k
(vii) ;wiekfyuh fp=kowQV%
(viii) jkt/kuh ;equk

fdef/xre~\
 jkek;.ke~ vkfndkO;a okYehfd% p vkfndfo%A
 jkek;.kL; dkys Hkkjrs foekukfu vklu~A
 jkes.k Lo'kDR;k ,o jk{klkuka o/% o`Qr%A

124 laLÑre~
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

 deZokP;s deZ izFkekfoHkDR;ka] drkZ p r`rh;kfoHkDR;ka HkofrA fozQ;k;k% lEcU/

% deZ.kk lg HkofrA
 lEcks/us ,dopus izFkekUrin:is ifjorZua HkofrA fVIi.kh
 fo'ks"k.kL; fyÄaõ opua foHkfDr% p fo'ks";or~ ,o HkofrA

 };ks% vFkok rr% vf/dkuka inkuka esyusu leLrina HkofrA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
dkO;ifjp;%
okYehfd jkek;.k Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; vkfndkO; gSA /k£ed ,oa uSfrd e;kZnkvksa dk ;g
Hk.Mkj gSA vkt ls lglzksa 'krkfCn;ksa iwoZ Hkkjr osQ iqjkru ;qx dh thfor ijEijkvksa]
/kj.kkvksa] vkdka{kkvksa] vkn'kks± vkSj Hkkoukvksa dk blesa ltho fp=k.k gSA lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa
jkedFkk dk izlkj rks Fkk gh] izkphu dky esa fo'o ds vU; tkok lqek=kk] ckyh vkfn
}hiksa esa Hkh jkedFkk dk cM+h ek=kk esa izlkj gqvk blds vfrfjÙkQ Hkkjr dh vusd
vk/qfud Hkk"kkvksa osQ lkfgR; Hkh blls vuqizkf.kr gksrs jgrs gSa] blhfy, bls mithO;
dkO; Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

dfoifjp; %
jkek;.k osQ vè;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd okYehfd riLoh] lk/d] osn osnkaxksa osQ Kkrk]
rRdkyhu Hkkjr osQ Hkwxksy osQ Kkrk] lkekftd izFkkvksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa osQ ije laLFkkid]
/eZ osQ LrEHk vkSj yksdkuqj×tu ,oa yksddY;k.k ds izcy leFkZd FksA

HkkofoLrkj%
fu"kkn tkfr%& dksly jkT; vkSj xaxk osQ chp osQ izns'k esa fu"kkn tkfr osQ yksx jgrs FksA
xqg mudk eqf[k;k FkkA Ük`axosjiqj mudh jkt/kuh FkhA xqg us gh jke dks ,d lq[kn ukSdk
esa xaxkikj igq¡pk;k FkkA
x`/z tkfr& izkphu Hkkjr dh oqQN ?kqearw tkfr;k¡ vius i;ZVu'khy LoHkko osQ dkj.k
x`/z osQ uke ls tkuh tkrh FkhaA jkek;.k dky esa ;g tkfr if'peh leqnz rV vkSj mlosQ
vklikl dh ioZr Jsf.k;ksa ij jgrh FkhA buosQ eqf[k;k laikfr vkSj tVk;q FksA tVk;q
n'kjFk osQ fe=k FksA

laLÑre~ 125
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

'kcjh & ifo=k vkSj la;r thou thus okyh 'kcjh 'kcj tkfr dh o`¼k L=kh FkhA
vk/qfud ;qx esa 'kcjksa dk izfrfuf/Ro] eè;izns'k dh igkfM+;ksa esa fuokl djus okyh
blh uke dh ,d tkfr djrh gSA
fVIi.kh
jk{kl& jk{klksa dh rhu 'kk[kk,¡ FkhaA igyh fojk/ 'kk[kk tks n.Mdμvj.; osQ mÙkjh
Hkkx esa jgrh FkhA budk eqf[k;k fojk/ FkkA nkuo 'kk[kk] budk izfrfuf/ dca/ FkkA j{k
vFkok jk{kl tkfr tks lcls vf/d ozwQj vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh Fkh] ;s yadkoklh iqyLR;
vkSj vfnfr osQ oa'kt jko.k osQ v/hu FksA
ckyh& okujjkt ckyh us jko.k dks viuh cxy esa ncksp dj i'kq dh Hkk¡fr pkjksa leqnzksa
rd ?kqek;k FkkA
okuj tkfr& ;g tkfr fdf"dU/k uxjh osQ lehi fuokl djrh FkhA lkS o`Un] ,d lglz
'kaoqQ vkSj bDdhl lglz dksfV okuj fdf"dU/k esa lqxzho osQ laxh lkFkh FksA
fofHkUu ekxZ& iz;kx esa fLFkr ½f"k Hkj}kt dk vkJe fp=kowQV osQ rkilky; ls ,d
je.kh; ,oa lqjf{kr ekxZ ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA lhrk osQ vigj.k osQ ckn jke iapoVh ls
nf{k.k dh vksj ftl ekxZ ls x;s Fks og iaiklj vkSj lar vk Ükze gksrk gqvk
fdf"dU/k rd pyk tkrk FkkA
iq"id foeku&jko.k dk lqizfl¼ iq"id foeku ,d vn~Hkqr vkdk'kpkjh ;ku Fkk tks
mM+rs le; egk?kks"k djrk FkkA
½";ewd ioZr & /uq"kkdkj :i esa cgrh gqbZ rqM~-xHknzk unh osQ ikl fLFkr gSA eraxioZr
Hkh blh ioZr dk ,d Hkkx gSA dgk tkrk gS blh f'k[kj ij erM~-x ½f"k dk vkJe
FkkA
fdf"dU/k& gqcyh fot;okM+k] ePNyhiV~Vue~ jsyykbZu ij xnx rFkk csYykjh osQ chp
esa gkWlisV LVs'ku gSA ;g vPNk uxj gSA ;gha rqaxHknzk dk izfl¼ ck¡/ gSA ;gk¡ gEih osQ
izkphu efUnj n'kZuh; gSaA
iEiklj&eSlwj jkT; esa rqaxHknzk ikj gksus ij vktkxqanh xzke tkrs le; xkao ls ckgj gh
nks ehy nwj ,d ljksoj gSA blh osQ lehi if'pe igkM+ ij ,d xqiQk gS] mls 'kcj xqiQk
dgrs gSaA
v;ksè;k& lj;w unh ij clh ;g iqjh euq }kjk clkbZ xbZ gSA euquk ekuosUnzs.k lk iqjh
fu£erk Lo;e~A ^v* czãk] ^;* fo".kq rFkk ^/* #nz dk Lo:i gSA vr,o v;ksè;k czãk
fo".kq rFkk Hkxoku~ 'kadj dk lefUor :i gS (LdUniqjk.k)A blds 'kkld brus
'kfÙkQ'kkyh Fks fd blls dksbZ ;q¼ ugha dj ldrk Fkk] vr% bls v;ksè;k dgk x;kA ;g
lIriqfj;ksa esa izFke ekuh tkrh gSA y[kumQ ls 84 ehy vkSj dk'kh ls 120 ehy gSA
(dY;k.k&rhFkZfo'ks"kkad)

126 laLÑre~
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

Hkk"kkfoLrkj%
vkius vU; ikBksa esa Hkwrdkfyd Dr vkSj Drorq izR;;ksa osQ ekè;e ls okP;ifjorZu
lh[kkA vkb;s vc ns[ksa fd vU; dky tSls orZeku dky] Hkwrdky] Hkfo";Rdky rFkk fVIi.kh
vkns'kkRed okD;ksa dk okP;ifjorZu oSQls gksrk gSA
igys ge ;g le>saxs fd okP; fdls dgrs gSa\ okP; dk vFkZ gS ftldks crk;k tk;A
vFkkZr~ fozQ;k ftls crk;sA jke% iQya [kknfr& okD; dgus ij ;fn ge iz'u djsa fd dkSu
iQy [kkrk gSμ d% iQya [kknfr\ rks bldk mÙkj gksxk ^jke%* ^iQya [kknfr*] ;gk¡ fozQ;k
^[kknfr* dk drkZ ^jke* gSA vr% ;g fozQ;k dr`ZokP; esa gSA e;k fp=kowQV% n`';rs okD;
esa n`';rs fozQ;k dk vFkZ gS& fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS] ns[kk tkrk gSA vc ;fn iwNk tk, fd ^d%
n`';rs* dkSu fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS] rks mÙkj gksxk ^fp=kowQV%*A ijUrq ;g rks vki tkurs gSa fd
ns[kus okyk gS vge~ vFkkZr~ eSa vkSj tks ns[kk tk jgk gS og gS fp=kowQV vFkkZr~ deZ
blfy, n`';rs fozQ;k deZ dks crk jgh gS vkSj ;g deZokP; esa gSA
dbZ ckj vkius ,sls Hkh okD; ns[ks gksaxs ftuesa dksbZ Hkh deZ ugha gksrk tSls og g¡lhA lk
vglr~] og lksrk gSμ l% LofifrA bu fozQ;kvksa dk tc okP; cnyrs gSa rks ;s fozQ;k;sa
lc ydkjksa esa osQoy izFke iq#"k osQ ,dopu esa iz;qDr dh tkrh gSa vkSj ,slh fozQ;kvksa
dks Hkkookpd fozQ;k;sa dgrs gSaA tSlsμ
dr`ZokP; HkkookP;
l% glfr rsu gL;rsA
l% Lofifr rsu lqI;rsA
tuk% pyfUr tuS% pY;rsA
vge~ xPNkfe e;k xE;rsA
oLrqr% ftu fozQ;kvksa osQ dgus ls D;k\ fdls\ fdldks\ vkfn ls lacfU/r dksbZ ftKklk
ugha mBrh os fozQ;k,¡ vdeZd vFkkZr~ deZghu gksrh gSa tSlsμ vga fr"Bkfe] Hkkjra 'kksHkrsA
ges'kk è;ku j[ksa fd deZokP; fozQ;k dk drkZ r`rh;k esa vkSj deZ izFkek foHkfDr esa
iz;qDr gksrk gSA fozQ;k dk lacU/ drkZ ls gV dj deZ osQ lkFk tqM+ tkrk gS vkSj ;fn
deZ ,d opu dk gksxk rks fØ;k Hkh ,dopu dh gksxhA tSls&
1- eksgu% ikBa iBfr & eksgusu ikB% iBÔrs
2- vga iQya [kknkfe & e;k iQya [kk|rsA
3- Roa iQya [kknfl & Ro;k iQya [kk|rsA
;gk¡ rhuksa okD;ksa esa drkZ ds vuqlkj fØ;k dk iz;ksx ugha gqvk gS fØ;k esa ifjorZu ugha
vk;kA vc fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks ns[ksaA
laLÑre~ 127
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

1- l% iQya [kknfr rsu iQya [kk|rsA

2- l% iQys [kknfr rsu iQys [kk|srsA
fVIi.kh
3- l% iQykfu [kknfr rsu iQykfu [kk|Urs!
bu okD;ksa esa deZ ds vuqlkj fØ;k ds opuksa eas ifjorZu n`f"Vxr gks jgk gSA
vkius deZokP; vkSj HkkookP; fozQ;kvksa dks ns[kkA crkb;s ;s dkSu ls in esa gSaA igys
ikB esa vkidks vkReusin ls ifjfpr djk;k x;k gSA
;s lHkh fozQ;k,¡ vkReusin esa gSaA ewyr- /krq pkgs ijLeSin dh gks pkgs vkReusin dh
fdUrq deZokP; vkSj HkkookP; dh lHkh fozQ;k,¡ vkReusin esa gh iz;qDr dh tkrh gSaA
izk;% bu èkkrqvksa esa ; tksM+k tkrk gSA tSlsμ
iBfr iBÔrs]
yHkrs yH;rs
ficfr ih;rs
i';fr n`';rs
fr"Bfr LFkh;rs
vkfnA vkxs ds ikBksa esa bu fozQ;kvksa dks igpkuus dk iz;kl dhft,A
^Dr* izR;;%μ Dr izR;; dk iz;ksx rhu izdkj ls gksrk gSA blesa ^d~* dk yksi gksdj
osQoy ^r* cprk gSA drZ`okP; esa xR;FkZd /krqvksa rFkk vdeZd /krqvksa osQ lkFk ^Dr*
izR;; dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tSls l% vkxr%] lk xrk] i=ka ifrre~] jke% foekue~
vf/f"Br%] fo".kq% x#Me~ vk:<% bR;kfnA lkekU;r% vU;Fkk ÙkQ izR;; deZokP; vkSj
HkkookP; esa gh gksrk gSA deZokP; esa ÙkQ izR;;kUr iz;ksx nz"VO; gSaμ
(i) e;k ckfyu% o/kFk± le;% o`Qr%A
(ii) e;k 'kcjh n`"VkA
(iii) e;k dcU/% gr%A
(iv) jko.ksu tVk;q% gr%A
(v) e;k [kj% fugr%A
(vi) Roa jk{klsUnzs.k jko.ksu g`rkA
(vii) Ro;k rkilh /eZpkfj.kh n`"VkA

128 laLÑre~
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

fo'ks"k.k osQ :i esa

Dr izR;; /krqvksa osQ lkFk tqM+dj fo'ks"k.k in Hkh cukrk gSA tSls blh ikB ls ge
fo'ks"k.kksa dks pqurs gSa& fVIi.kh

mfRFkre~ foekue~ mBs gq, foeku dks

dk×puS% /krqfHk% o`r% ½";ewd% lqugjh /krqvksa ls <dk gqvk ½";ewd ioZr
Ro;k foghu% vge~ rqe ls fo;qDr eSa
dnyho`r% vkJe% osQys osQ o`{kksa ls <dk gqvk] f?kjk gqvk vkJe
ukukf}tx.kkdh.kkZ xÄõk fofHkUu if{k;ksa osQ lewg ls f?kjh gqbZ xÄõk
iqujkxrk lhrk fiQj ls vkbZ gqbZ lhrk
vkb;s bu 'kCnksa dk in ifjp; ns[ksa&
mfRFkre~ mr~ + LFkk + Dr] uiqa- f}rh;k] ,do-
o`r% o` + Dr] iqa- iz- ,do-
foghu% fo + gk + Dr] iqa- izFkek ,do-
vkdh.kkZ vk + d + Dr $ Vki~ L=kh¯yÄõ izFkek ,do- f?kjh gqbZ] Hkjh gqbZ
vkxrk vk + xe~ + Dr% + Vki~] L=khfyÄõ] izFkek] ,do- vkbZ gqbZ

ikBkUriz'uk%
1- v/ksfyf[krdFkukuka le{ka 'kq¼a ( ) bfr fpg~ua] v'kq¼a ok (X) bfr
fpg~ua n'kZ;r] v'kq¼LFkkus 'kq¼a inefi fy[kr&
dFkue~ fpg~ue~ 'kq¼:ie~
d- ½";ewd% ,d% ½f"k% vklhr~A X ioZr%
[k- jkes.k ckfyu% o/k; lqxzhos.k lg le;% o`Qr%A ------------------- ------------------
x- iEik rkilh vklhr~A ----------------------- ------------------
?k- tVk;q% jko.ksu ekfjr%A ------------------------ ------------------
Ä vxLR;L; vkJe% xaxkrhsjs vklhr~A --------------------- ------------------

laLÑre~ 129
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

p- v;ksè;kuxjh ;equkrhjs fLFkrkA -------------------- ------------------

N- Ük`axosjiqjs fu"kknjkt% xqg% volr~A ------------------- ------------------
fVIi.kh
2- ikBkr~ fpRok v/ksfyf[krLrEHks"kq ;Fkk'kh"kZoaQ ukekfu fy[kr&
ioZrk% vkJek% u|%
----------- ------------- ------------ ------------
----------- ------------- ------------ ------------
----------- ------------- ------------ ------------
3- v/ksfyf[kr;k=kko.kZus fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&
jkeL; foekua fdf"dU/kr% v;ksè;ka izfr xPNfr LeA ekxsZ l%---------1------------
fofHkUukfu LFkkukfu vn'kZ;r~A l% rka Lo£.ke/krqfHk% vko`ra-----------2-----------ioZre~
vn'kZ;r~A v=kSo l%----------3-----------lg fe=krke~ vdjksr~A iEikrhjs l% -----------------
4
------------fo;ksxs foykie~ vdjksr~A vL;k% rhjs l%-------------5------------vfeyr~A rr%
rr~ LFkkua izkIra ;=k tVk;q%-------------6--------------ekfjr% vklhr~A vLekr~ LFkkukr~
foekur% i×poVh n`"Vk ;r% lhrk jko.ksu--------------7-----------vklhr~A xksnko;kZ% rhjs-
-------------8---------------vkJe% n`"V%A ;equkrhjs Hkj}ktL; vkJe%---------9--------A br%
vxzs------------10---------n`"Va ;=k xqg% olfr LeA ukfrnwjs ,o--------------11----------v;ksè;ka
n`"V~ok jke% lhrke~ vdFk;r~ ^^Hkks----------12---------iqu% vkxrk---------------13--------------
iz.kkea oqQ#A
laosQrlwph
lqxzhos.k] n`"V%] Ük`axosjiqje~] v;ksè;ka] lhrke~] ½";ewda] lhrk;k%] g`rk] 'kcjhe~]
jko.ksu] vxLR;L;] lhrs!] lj;wrhjsA

mÙkjrkfydk

cks/iz'uk%
1- (d) lqxzhos.k lekxr%A
([k) izlUulfyyk 'kqHkkA
(x) rkilh /eZpkfj.khA

130 laLÑre~
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

(?k) izlknf;rqekxr%A
(Ä) iwT;k f=kiFkxk unhA
fVIi.kh
(p) xqgks ;=k l[kk eeA
(N) jkt/kuh firqeZeA
2- (i) + ?k] (ii) + x] (iii) + [k] (iv) + d

3- (d) ½";ewds] ([k) iEikrhjs] (x) tuLFkkus] (?k) ;equkrhjs] (5) lj;wrhjsA
ikBxriz'uk% 7-1
1- (d) dk×puS%] ([k) 'kcjhe~ (x) jko.ksu] (?k) i×poV~;k%
2- (d) lhrk] ([k) foykfluh] (x) ojo£.kuh] (?k) 'kqHkn'kZuk
3- ([k) egkrstk%] (x) okujsUnz% (?k) /eZ'kkfyuh (M-) fp=kk] (p) fxfjoj%
(N) ufyuh@fp=kdkuuk] (t) ;kstuckgq%] (>) lgksfRFkre~ (×k) jk{klsUnz%
4- (d) vge~ 'kcjha n`"Voku~A
([k) vge~ dcU/a groku~A
(x) jko.k% tVk;qa if{kjkta groku~A
(?k) vga foykia Ñroku~A
(M-) jko.k% lhrka g`roku~A
5- (1) fdf"dU/kuxjh] (2) ½";ewdioZr%] (3) iEik] (4) tuLFkkue~]
(5) i×poVh
ikBxriz'uk% 7-2
1- (d) xksnkojh ([k) vf=k%] (x) jkee~ (?k) ;equk;k%] (M-) xÄõk] (p) v;ksè;k
2- (d) nsfo! ([k) lhrs! (x) lqruq! (?k) eSfFkfy! (M-) oSnsfg!
3- (1) izlUulfyyk xksnkojh]
(2) /eZpkfj.kh 'kcjh]
(3) 'kSysUnz% fp=kowQV%]

laLÑre~ 131
 v;ksè;ka izR;kxeue~

(4) fp=kdkuuk ;equk]

(5) Jheku~ ouLifr%]
fVIi.kh
(6) ukukf}tx.kkdh.kkZ xÄõk]
(7) ;wiekfyuh lj;w%]
(8) jkt/kuh v;ksè;k
ikBkUriz'uk%
1- (d) X (ioZr%) ([k) (x) X (ufyuh) (?k) (Ä) X (xksnkojhrhjs)
(p) X lj;wrhjs (N)
2- ioZrk% vkJek% u|%
½";ewd% iapoVh (i.kZ'kkyk) xksnkojh
fp=kowQV% vxLR;kJe% ;equk
Hkj}ktkJe% lj;w%
xaxk
3- 1- lhrke~ 2- ½";ewoaQ] 3- lqxzhos.k] 4- lhrk;k%] 5- 'kcjhe~] 6- jko.ksu] 7- g`rk]
8- vxLR;L;] 9- n`"V% 10- Ük`axosjiqje~] 11- lj;wrhjs] 12- lhrs! 13- v;ksè;ke~

132 laLÑre~