Pavement Management System

By: Bishnu Prasad

Devkota
 Course Contents

1. Introduction to Pavement Management (2hrs)

2. Pavement Management Methods (2hrs)
3. Management Information & Data Management (2hrs)
4. Pavement Defects in Flexible & Rigid Pavement (4hrs)
5. Pavement Evaluation (12hrs)
6. Pavement Condition Prediction Models (3hrs)
7. Defects and Remedy Measures (2hrs)
8. Treatment Selection (2hrs)
9. Importance of Maintenance (2hrs)
2
 Course Contents

10. Financing of Roads for Maintenance(2hrs)

11. Prioritization(2hrs)
12. Road Investment Model (The HDM-IV) (2hrs)
13. Airport Pavement Management System(2hrs)
14. Network-Level PMS - M&R Work Planning(2hrs)
15. Project-Level Management (2hrs)
16. Ride Quality and Safety and Case Studies(2hrs)
17. Fieldwork(8hrs)
18. Assignments
3
 References:
 ASTM, I. Standard Practice for Roads and Parking Lots Pavement
Condition Index Surveys. United States: ASTM International.
 Department of Roads, H. M. (1995). Departmental Policy
Document, The DoR Strategy. Kathmandu: Department of Roads.
 MRCU, DoR, (1995). Road Pavement Management, The
Discussion Paper. Kathmandu: Department of Roads, His
Majesty's Government of Nepal.
 Robinson, R., Danielson, U., & Snaith, M. (1998). Rod
Maintenance Management. London: Acmillan Press Limited.
 Shahin, M. Y. (2005). Pavement Management for Airports, Roads
and Parking Lots. New York: Springer Science+Business Media,
LLC.
4
 Lecture-4
Ch-5, Pavement Evaluation

By: Bishnu Prasad

Devkota
 Lecture Outlines

 Introduction
 Sampling of networks
 Performing the Condition Survey
 Computation of SDI
 Field Work/Example

6
 Pavement Evaluation: Introduction

 An important feature of a PMS is the ability to

determine both the
– current condition of a pavement network and
– predict its future condition.
 To predict condition reliably, an objective,
repeatable rating system for identifying the
pavement's condition must be used.

7
 Pavement Evaluation: Introduction

 The pavement distress condition rating

procedure presented here is
– The Surface Distress Index (SDI)
– the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) developed by
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Shahin et al.
1976-1994).
 SDI has been calibrated and used for strategic
roads in Nepal since 1992/93 by DOR with
assistance of World Bank
8
 Pavement Evaluation: Introduction

 Evaluation process (SDI) includes

– Sampling
– Pavement condition survey
– SDI for each sample unit, and average SDI for a
pavement section.

9
 Pavement Evaluation: Introduction

 SDI: Common Failure Types

Surface Defects Deformation and Shoulder Defects/
Structural Defects Distress
Line crack Rutting Lowered Shoulder
Alligator cracks Depression Raised shoulder
Ravelling/ Scabbing Corrugation/ Waving Obstructing shoulder
Potholes Shoving
Aggregated loss Edge break

10
Sampling of Network
 Sampling of Network

 Walk over survey and visual inspection of 10-

20 % of road section
 The 10% sampling procedure comprises a
walk-over survey generally covering the last
100 m section in each kilometer of the road
section on which SDI is to be determined

12
 Effect of Sample size on SDI
Accuracy
Cumulative Mean of SDI Values
2.60kk
2.55

2.50

2.45
SDI Value

2.40

2.35

2.30

2.25

2.20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Number of Sample Units

13 Figure: Cumulative Mean Value of SDI over Number of Sample Units (Devkota, unpublished)
 Effect of Sample size on SDI
Accuracy

 According to SHRP recommendations the PCI

values should lie within ±5% however there is
not so any criteria for the validation of the data
observed from field for SDI based on DoR
recommendations.
 So based on ±5% permissible error and from
Figure 4 the recommended sample size for SDI
is 13%.

14
 Effect of Sample size on SDI
Accuracy
Relative Sample Unit Size and Expected Amount of Error on SDI
Calculatioin
0.16
y = -0.05ln(x) - 0.0041
0.14 R² = 0.7206

0.12
AbsoluteAmount of Error

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%
-0.02
Sample Size adopted

15 Figure: Relative Sample Unit Size and Expected Amount of Error in SDI Calculation (Devkota, unpublished)
 Effect of Sample size on SDI
Accuracy

 The effect of sample size over the accuracy on

the pavement condition data were found best
fit on logarithmic equation R2 value = 72%
(Figure in previous slide).
 For linear equation R2 value = 55%, for
polynomial R2 value = 67%, power and
exponential are not feasible for these trendline.
 In other words, error decreases exponentially
at lower sample size and the rate of error
16 reduction will decline for higher sample size.
 Effect of Sample size on SDI
Accuracy

 So, it can be said that the taking 100% sample

for the pavement condition evaluation is the
loss of time and money.
 So selection of accurate sample size is very
much important that it should be representative
of the road section.
 These results are also supported by Figure in
next slide (Shahinq, Stock, Crovetti, &
Beckberger, 1995).
17
 Effect of Sample size on SDI
Accuracy

18 Figure, Relative Sample Unit Size and Expected Amount of Error in PCI Calculation (Shahin, 2005)
 Effect of Sample size on SDI
Accuracy
Comparison of Effect of Sample Unit Size on SDI Accuracy
5
y = 1.9355x - 2.2294
SDI, 10% Sample Unit Size

4 R² = 0.2431

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
SDI, All Population Samples

19 Figure ,Comparison of Effect of Sample Unit Size on SDI Accuracy (Devkota, Unpublished)
 Effect of Sample size on SDI
Accuracy

 Figure shows that the comparison between

10% sample data and the whole population.
 The results shows that the 10% sample is not
conforming to say that it will be the
representative of the population.

20
Performing the Condition Survey
 Performing the Condition Survey

 The procedures used to perform condition

survey will vary depending on the surface type
of the pavement being inspected.
 The SDI inspection procedures includes
– Black top surfaced pavements
– Gravel roads
– Shoulder

22
 Performing the Condition Survey
SDI: Distress Characteristics
Bituminous Graveled Earthen Concrete
Distress Characteristics
Pavement Roads Roads Pavement
Rutting Yes Yes Yes X
Corrugation Yes Yes Yes X
Potholes Yes Yes Yes X
Gravel loss X Yes X X
Striping/ Bleeding/ Raveling Yes X X X
Cracking (longitudinal,
Yes X X Yes
transverse, alligator, block)
Edge damage Yes X X Yes
Shoulder step Yes X X Yes
Camber loss X Yes Yes X
23
 Performing the Condition Survey

 For all surface types, the pavement section

must first be divided into sample units and the
units to be inspected
 Equipments:
– Inspectors need a hand odometer or measuring
tape to measure distress lengths and areas,
– A straightedge, a ruler to measure the depth of ruts
or depressions, and
– The SDI distress sheet.
24
 Performing the Condition Survey

 Procedure
– A sample unit is inspected by measuring the
distress type and severity according to the distress
manual, and recording the data on the flexible
pavement survey sheet.
– One data sheet is used for each sample unit.
– Each row on the data sheet is used to represent a
distress type at a given severity level.

25
 Survey Sheet: Sample
Pavement Surface Distress Index (SDI) Survey
Road Name: Surveyed By :1……………………
Link No. From: To: 2…………………..
2…………………..
Plain AC Sunny
Terrain Rolling Pavement Type ST Weather Condition Cloudy
Hilly GT After Rain
Date:………………….
Page……..of…………
Score Width Distress
Main
Location Shoulder Shoulder Distress Minor Major Remarks
surface Pavement Formation
Left Right Type
CN CL M RA S ES CW V RL P G EL D

+900- +000

+900- +000

+900- +000

+900- +000

26
+900- +000
Surface Distress Index (SDI)
 SDI: Introduction

 An important visual indicator of pavement

deterioration.
 SDI includes all types of defects affecting the
integrity of the surface which, if they are left
untreated, will seriously reduce the
serviceability of the road and the life of the
pavement

28
 SDI: Introduction

 Surface distress surveys of the Strategic

Network have been undertaken annually by the
Planning Branch, DoR, Nepal, since fiscal year
1992/93.
 The information obtained is used to monitor
road deterioration and, in particular, to indicate
the need for periodic maintenance of bitumen
roads.

29
 SDI: Introduction

 SDI has also be used (by the DoR):

– To determine if a particular road section exceeds
established distress levels for implementing planned
maintenance activities or for carrying out
rehabitation;
– To provide a consistent and objective assessment
of overall pavement condition (good, fair, poor)
– To monitor the performance of the pavement and
effectiveness of maintenance activities.

30
 SDI: Introduction

 Measures of distress can be either subjective

or objective.
– A simple example of a subjective measurement may
be a rating of high, medium, or low based on a brief
visual inspection.
– Objective measurements, which are generally more
expensive to obtain, use different types of
automated distress detection equipment.

31
 Surface Distress Measurement

 There are various methods for collecting

surface distress data and these increase in
complexity and sophistication according to the
quality of information required.
 The method adopted in Nepal is a simplified
procedure recommended by the World Bank
which has been modified to suit the particular
conditions in Nepal

32
 Surface Distress Measurement

 Pavement distress surveys are carried out

manually by trained highway engineers as a
two person team; the method is a “drive and
walk” survey

 For network level applications, the entire

Strategic Network should be surveyed each
year.

33
 Surface Distress Measurement

 Surface Distress Index (SDI) is a six level

rating from 0 to 5 indicating level of
deterioration.
 A shoulder condition survey is carried out at
the same tine using a rating in the range 0 to 4.
 The three most prominent types of defect
present in each sample section are also
recorded.

34
 Surface Distress Measurement

 The distress elements are divided into two

groups:
– Major defects
– Minor defects
 While walking, it is necessary first to identify
the major and minor defects and then calculate
the percentage of the total defective area for
both major and minor defects individually.

35
 Surface Distress Measurement

 Minor Defects  Major Defects

CN=Narrow Interconnected CW= Wide Interconnected
Cracks Cracks
CL=Line Cracks V= Scabbing
M= Sealed Cracks/ Patch RL=Rut Depth
Work P= Pothole
RA=Shallow Raveling or G= Exposed Base or Sub-
Scabbing base or Gravel
S= Slickness/ Bleeding EL=Long Edge Break
ES=Short Edge Break D= Corrugation

36
 Surface Distress Measurement

 Among different defect types, cracking,

ravelling and potholes are generally
characterized by extent and severity, while for
rut depth, being continuous in nature, only the
severity of the deformation is noted.
 The defect types and therefore the resulting
score is different for bitumen, gravel and
concrete roads.

37
 Surface Distress Measurement

 The shoulder condition is also noted.

 The results are recorded on a standard form

 The full width of pavement is examined for the

100 m sample length.
 The process is repeated for another 100 m
sample section in the next km.
 About 50-60 km of visual distress survey is
38 achievable in one day by a single team.
 Black Topped Pavement:
Categories of Defects and Distress
Minor Defect Major Defect
Defect
Code Type Code Type
Narrow inter-
CN connected cracks Wide
(1-3 mm width) interconnected
Cracking CW
Line cracks (longitu- cracks (>3 mm
CL
dinal or transverse) width)
M Sealed cracks
Main
M Patches
Patches
Pothole (>30 mm
Pothole P
39 depth, >150 mm ø
 Black Topped Pavement:
Categories of Defects and Distress
Minor Defect Major Defect
Defect
Code Type Code Type
Shallow ravelling or
RA
scabbing (<20 mm)
scabbing (>20 mm
Texture Slickness (texture V
S depth)
depth <1 mm)
S Bleeding
Rutting RL Rut depth >15 mm
Exposed Exposed base or
G
Base sub-base or gravel
Edge Short edge break Long edge break
ES EL
40 break (>100 mm, <5 m L.) (>100 mm, >5 m L.)
 Black Topped Pavement:

 Width applicable to line cracking = 0.5 m

41
 SDI: Survey Sheet
Pavement Surface Distress Index (SDI) Survey
Road Name: Surveyed By :1……………………
Link No. From: To: 2…………………..
2…………………..
Plain AC Sunny
Terrain Rolling Pavement Type ST Weather Condition Cloudy
Hilly GT After Rain
Date:………………….
Page……..of…………
Score Width Distress
Main
Location Shoulder Shoulder Distress Minor Major Remarks
surface Pavement Formation
Left Right Type
CN CL M RA S ES CW V RL P G EL D

+900- +000

+900- +000

+900- +000

+900- +000

42
+900- +000
 Gravel Surfaced Roads:
Categories of Defects and Distress

Minor Defect Major Defect

Defect
Code Type Code Type
Rutting RS Rut depth <100 mm RL Rut depth >100 mm
Depression or poth- Pothole (>100 mm
Pothole PS PL
ole (<100mm depth) depth)
Corrugation O Corrugations
Exposed Exposed subgrade
EX
subgrade (>1 m diameter)
Cross fall or crown
Camber C
flat or depressed
Exposed roacks
Rocks R
43 (>100 mm size
 SDI: Survey Sheet CN= Cracking Narrow
CL=Cracking Longitudinal
M=Patching
RA= Ravelling
Surface Distress Index (SDI) S=Sleepage/Bleeding
Road Name: … … … … … … … … … … … … … Road Date:2068/11/ ES=Edge Short Crack
Link No. … … From ………………………….. To …………………….. Surveyed By: CW=Wide Crack
Plain AC Sunny 1. … … … … … … V= Scabbing (<20mm)
Terrian Rolling Pavement Type ST Weather Condition Cloudy 2. … … … … … … RL=Rutting
Hilly GT After Rain P=Pothole (>20mm)
G=Exposed Gravel
EL=Long Edge
Cracking(>5mm)
Distress D=Depression/Corrugation
Location Score Width Main
Minor Major
Distress
ShoulderShoulder Pave- Form- Remarks
From To Surface Type CN CL M RA S ES CW V RL P G EL D
Left Right ment ation

Total Total Pavement Area(sq.m)= 650.0

Total Area (sq. m) Minor and Major

Area per km (sq. m/km) Minor and Major

% Disress Area

SDI

Condition

44 Recommended Maintenance
 Black Topped Pavement:
Pavement Distress Score
Incidence of Minor
Score Incidence of Major Defects
Defects
0 None None
1 1 to 20 sq. m per 100 m 1 occurrence
2 < 50 % of the area 2 to 4 occurrences
3 ≥ 50 % of the area < 30 % of the area
≥ 30 % of the area or
4 ……. Potholes and base exposed <20%
of the area
Potholes and base exposed ≥20%
5 …….
of the area
45
 Black Topped Pavement:
Pavement Distress Score

 Criteria for evaluating the bituminous

pavement:
– % of area of minor defects
– Number of occurrence of major defects
– % area of major defects
– % of area potholes and base exposed

The score (worst condition) from of above criteria shall

be the recommended condition of the pavement.
46
 Gravel Surface Roads:
Pavement Distress Score
Incidence of Minor
Score Incidence of Major Defects
Defects
0 None None
1 1 to 20 sq. m per 100 m 1 occurrence
2 < 50 % of the area 2 to 4 occurrences
3 ≥ 50 % of the area < 30 % of the area
≥ 30 % of the area or
4 ……. Subgrade exposed over <20% of
the area
Subgrade exposed over ≥20% of
5 …….
the area
47
 SDI: Shoulder Score
SDI Score High Shoulders
0 No drop off
1 Shoulder slightly raised (<50 mm)
2 Shoulder raised (>= 50 mm)

SDI Score Low Shoulders

0 No Drop off
3 Shoulder drop off small (up to 100 mm)
4 Shoulder drop off important (more than 100 mm)

48
 SDI: Survey Sheet

49
 Data Use

 The SDI is averaged over each road link or

section under consideration.
 The results can be used
– To provide an objective assessment of pavement
condition and
– To indicate the need for periodic maintenance,
rehabitation or reconstruction.

50
 Data Use

 For assessing pavement condition, the terms

“good”, “fair” and “poor” are used based on
following averaged values of SDI for a
particular section of road
SDI-Value Condition
0 – 1.7 Good
1.8 – 3.0 Fair
3.1 – 5.0 Poor
51
 Data Use

 The above table is calibrated for Nepal.

 Planned maintenance can be carried out on
roads in good/fair condition and rehabitation or
reconstruction is generally needed for roads in
poor condition to bring them to a maintainable
state

52
 Data Use

 Similarly, an indication of the type of pavement

remedial action is given by the % of the
number of sample sections with the given SDI
value of the particular link as shown in table:
Percentage of SDI- Action
no. of sample Values
20% SDI = 5 Reconstruction
10-30% SDI = 4 Rehabitation
20 – 30 % SDI = 3 Resealing with Local Patching
20 – 30 % SDI = 2 Resealing only
53
 Data Use

 The rate of deterioration of the road pavement

is important for determining the timing of
remedial action.
 However, in order to produce pavement
deterioration curves for Nepalese conditions,
pavement data, including SDI measurements,
must be collected and processed for a period
of at least 5 years in order to determine
historical trends.
54
 SDI: Examples
CN= Cracking Narrow
CL=Cracking Longitudinal
M=Patching
RA= Ravelling
S=Sleepage/Bleeding
ES=Edge Short Crack
CW=Wide Crack
V= Scabbing (<20mm)
RL=Rutting
P=Pothole (>20mm)
G=Exposed Gravel
EL=Long Edge Cracking(>5mm)
55 D=Depression/corrugations
 SDI: Examples: Determine SDI value, Pavement Condition and
Maintenance/ Rehabitation measures for the 6.5 m wide AC-
pavement section
Surface Distress Index (SDI)
Road Name: … xxx xxx Date:

Link No. 3 From ……AAA.. To …BBB.. surveyed by:

√ Plain √ AC √ Sunny 1. P
Terrian Rolling Pavement Type ST Weather Condition Cloudy 2. Q

Hilly GT After Rain

Distress
Score Width
Location Main Minor Major
Distress
Sur- Shoulde Shoulder Pave- For- Type Remarks
face r Left Right ment mation
CN CL M RA S ES CW V RL P G EL D
From To

0+900 1+000 AC 6.50 m 6*0.3 12*3 0.3x0.3 15.2*3 12*1.5 2*0.6

1*0.5 3.4*0.5 4.5*4 24*2
14*0.5 38*0.5 2*1
6*0.3 4*1.2 16*2
16*2

56
 SDI: Example
Score Width Distress
Location Main Minor Major
Sur-
Should Shoulde Pave- For- Distress
face Remarks
er Left r Right ment mation Type CN CL M RA S ES CW V RL P G EL D
From To type

0+200 0+300 AC 6.50 m 6*0.3 12*3 .3x.3 15.2*3 12*1.5 2*.6

1*0.5 3.4*.5 4.5*4 24*2
14*.5 38*.5 2*1
6*.3 4*1.2 16*2
16*2

Total Pavement
Total 650.0 2.30 46.50 0.09 87.40 132.00 1.20
Area(sq.m)=
Total Area (sq. m) Minor and Major RL 48.89 220.60
Area per km (sq. m/km) Minor and Major 488.90 2206.00
% Disress Area 7.52 33.94
~~ 30% major
SDI 3.20 (We can say=4 too)
area
Condition Poor
57 Recommended Maintenance Rehabitation
 Model Questions

15. Define SDI. Explain step by step procedure for

computation of SDI value by visual inspection
16. Numerical Examples for SDI computation over
1. black top surfaced road
2. gravel surfaced road
3. shoulder

58
 References
 MRCU, DoR, (1995). Road Pavement Management, The
Discussion Paper. Kathmandu: Department of Roads, His
Majesty's Government of Nepal.
 Shahin, M. Y. (2005). Pavement Management for Airports, Roads
and Parking Lots. New York: Springer Science+Business Media,
LLC.

59
60