Lec-5, Ch-4, Distress in Rigid Pavement

Pavement Management System
By: Bishnu Prasad

Devkota
Course Contents
1. Introduction to Pavement Management (2hrs)

2. Pavement Management Methods (2hrs)
3. Management Information & Data Management (2hrs)
4. Pavement Defects in Flexible & Rigid Pavement (4hrs)
5. Pavement Evaluation (12hrs)
6. Pavement Condition Prediction Models (3hrs)
7. Defects and Remedy Measures (2hrs)
8. Treatment Selection (2hrs)
9. Importance of Maintenance (2hrs)
2
Course Contents
10. Financing of Roads for Maintenance(2hrs)

11. Prioritization(2hrs)
12. Road Investment Model (The HDM-IV) (2hrs)
13. Airport Pavement Management System(2hrs)
14. Network-Level PMS - M&R Work Planning(2hrs)
15. Project-Level Management (2hrs)
16. Ride Quality and Safety and Case Studies(2hrs)
17. Fieldwork(8hrs)
18. Assignments
3
References:
 ASTM, I. Standard Practice for Roads and Parking Lots Pavement
Condition Index Surveys. United States: ASTM International.
 Department of Roads, H. M. (1995). Departmental Policy
Document, The DoR Strategy. Kathmandu: Department of Roads.
 MRCU, DoR, (1995). Road Pavement Management, The
Discussion Paper. Kathmandu: Department of Roads, His
Majesty's Government of Nepal.
 Robinson, R., Danielson, U., & Snaith, M. (1998). Rod
Maintenance Management. London: Acmillan Press Limited.
 Shahin, M. Y. (2005). Pavement Management for Airports, Roads
and Parking Lots. New York: Springer Science+Business Media,
LLC.
4
Lecture-3.2
Ch-4, Distress in Rigid Pavement
By: Bishnu Prasad

Devkota
Lecture Outlines
 JPCP & JRCP  CRCP

– Rutting (See AC – Rutting (See AC
pavement section) Pavement Section)
– Corner crack – Longitudinal Cracking
– Corner break – Transverse Cracking
– Longitudinal cracking – Punchouts
– Shattered slab – Patches
– Patch condition – Joint Condition
– Joint condition
6
Distress in Rigid Pavement
 The evaluation of jointed concrete pavements

will be completed by rating
– Rutting (as per AC pavement section)
– Corner crack
– Corner break
– Longitudinal cracking
– Shattered slab
– Patch condition
– Joint condition
7
Distress for Pavement with Jointed
Portland Cement Concrete Surface
 Cracking  Surface defects

1. Corner breaks 8. Map cracking and scaling
2. Durability (D) cracking 9. Polished aggregate
3. Longitudinal cracking 10. Popouts
4. Transverse crack  Miscellaneous Distress
 Joint Deficiencies 11. Blowups
5. Joint seal damage 12. Faulting of Transverse Joints
6. Spalling of longitudinal and cracks
joints 13. Lane-to-Shoulder Dropoff
7. Spalling of transverse joint 14. Lane-to-shoulder Separation
15. Patch/Patch Deterioration
8 16. Water Bleeding and Pumping
Distress for Pavement with Continu
-ously Reinforced Concrete Surface
 Cracking  Miscellaneous Distress

1. Durability (D) cracking 11. Blowups
2. Longitudinal cracking 12. Transverse construction joint
3. Transverse crack deterioration
 Surface defects 13. Lane-to-Shoulder Dropoff
14. Lane-to-shoulder Separation
8. Map cracking and scaling
15. Patch/Patch Deterioration
9. Polished aggregate
16. Punchouts
10.Popoutsoint
17. Spalling of longitudinal joints
18. Water Bleeding and Pumping
19. Longitudinal joint seal
9 damage
Corner Cracking
 Corner cracks are cracks of any length that

intersect at least one transverse joint and are
predominantly parallel to the pavement
centerline.
 Corner crack severity is based on crack width,
spalling or faulting
10
Corner Cracking
 Identification
– A crack, predominantly parallel to the pavement
centerline, which intersects at least one transverse
joint and radiates into the panel.
– These cracks must be located laterally in the wheel
path. For this purpose, the wheel path is from 1’
inside the lane or shoulder joint to 1’ from the middle
of the lane
– Corner cracks that intersect transverse cracks will
be rated as corner breaks and not as corner cracks
11
Corner Cracking
 Severity level: Low, Moderate, High

 How to measure
– The length of corner cracks should also be
measured and recorded as longitudinal cracks
– A longitudinal crack that intersects both transverse
joints should be rated and recorded as 2 corner
cracks, plus a longitudinal crack
– Cracks that occur between the wheel paths should
be rated and recorded as longitudinal cracking only,
not corner cracking
12
Low Corner Cracking:
corner crack is tight and has no spalling or faulting
13
Moderate Corner Cracking:
corner crack has spalling less than 3” wide
14
corner crack has spalling less than 3” wide
15
corner crack width is over 1/8” but less than ½” wide
16
High Corner Cracking:
corner crack has spalling more than 3” wide
17
High Corner Cracking:
corner crack has spalling more than 3” wide
18
Corner Break
 A corner break is the separation of a corner

portion of concrete from the rest of the PCC
slab.
 Corner breaks occur when a corner crack is
intersected by a transverse crack or when
diagonal crack extends across the corner of
the slab.
 Corner break severity is based on spalling,
faulting or number of broken pieces, not crack
19 width.
Corner Break
 Identification
– A crack which separates the slab and intersects the
adjacent transverse and longitudinal joints,
describing an approximate 45 degree angle with the
direction of traffic.
 Severity level
– Low
– Moderate
– High
20
Corner Break
 How to measure
– Record the number of corner breaks at each
severity level (total 32 max)
21
Low Corner Break
22
Moderate Corner Break:
crack has low severity (<3” wide) spalling for >10% of length)
23
High Corner Break
faulted over ½”
24
High Corner Break
corner break broken into two or more pieces
25
Corner Break
Not a corner
break
because less
than 1’ from
transverse
joint
26
Longitudinal Cracks
 Longitudinal cracks are cracks that are

centerline.
 Longitudinal cracks may occur laterally
anywhere within the rated lane
 The crack severity is based on width, spalling
and faulting
27
Longitudinal Cracks
 Identification
– Cracks that are predominantly parallel to the
pavement centerline.
– Longitudinal cracks that intersect transverse cracks
will be rated as corner breaks and not as
longitudinal cracks.
 Severity level
– Low
– Moderate
28 – High
Longitudinal Cracks
 How to measure
– Record linear distance of each severity level
– A longitudinal crack that intersect a transverse joint
should also be rated and recorded as a corner crack
for each transverse joint intersected
– Cracks that occur outside the wheel paths should be
rated and recorded as longitudinal cracking only, not
corner cracking.
29
Low Severity Longitudinal Cracks
30
Low Severity Longitudinal Cracks:
up close picture of the crack
31
Moderate Severity Longitudinal Cracks
32
Moderate Severity Longitudinal Cracks
33
High Severity Longitudinal Cracks
34
High Severity Longitudinal Cracks
35
Transverse Crack
 Transverse cracks are cracks that are

predominantly perpendicular to the pavement
centerline.
 These cracks extend all or part way across the
travel lane.
 Transverse crack severity is based on crack
width, spalling and faulting.
 The amount of transverse cracking will be
measured by counting the actual number of
36 cracks that occur in the travel lane being rated.
Transverse Crack
 Identification
– Cracks that are perpendicular to the pavement
centerline
 Severity Levels
– Low – Crack width < 0.125 inches, and no spalling,
and no measurable faulting; or well-sealed and
width cannot be determined.
– Moderate – Crack widths ≥ 0.125 inches and < 0.25
inches; or with spalling < 3 inches; or faulting up to
0.25 inches.
37
Transverse Crack
 High – Crack widths ≥ 0.25 inches; or with spalling

≥ 3 inches; or faulting ≥ 0.25 inches.
 How to Measure
– Record the number of cracks at each severity (Total
44 maximum).
– Rate the entire transverse crack at the highest
severity level present for at least 10% of the total
length of the crack.
– Cracks should extend at least half way across the
travel lane before being counted.
38
Low Transverse Crack:
crack width<0.125” and no faulting or spalling
39
Moderate Transverse Crack:
crack has spalling
40
High Transverse Crack:
crack width >1/4”
41
High Transverse Crack:
crack width > ¼”
42
Shattered Slab
 A shattered slab is a concrete slab that is

broken into three or more pieces.
 Slabs that are divided solely by transverse
cracks are not included.
 Corner breaks are also not included.
 The severity of a shattered slab is determined
by the number of pieces the slab is broken into
combined with the severity of spalling and
faulting exhibited.
43
Shattered Slab
 The quantity of shattered slabs will be

measured by counting the number that occurs
in each 0.1-mile segment
 Identification
– A concrete slab that is broken into three or more
pieces.
– Do not include corner breaks when counting broken
slab sections.
– Also do not include slab sections that are divided by
one or more transverse cracks.
44
Shattered Slab
 Severity Levels
– Low – Slab is broken into 3 pieces. The cracks
describing the broken sections are not spalled or
are spalled for <10 % of the length of the crack; no
measurable faulting.
– Moderate – Slab is broken into 4 pieces; or the
cracks describing the broken sections are spalled at
low severity
– High – slab is broken into 5 or more pieces
45
Shattered Slab
 How to measure
– Record the number of shattered slabs at each
severity level (total 32 max)
46
Low Severity Shattered Slab:
slab broken into three pieces and no spalling exists
47
Moderate Severity Shattered Slab:
slab broken into four pieces and no spalling or faulting exists
48
High Severity Shattered Slab:
slab broken into five or more pieces
49
Not a shattered slab:
slab broken into three sections by transverse
cracks only. This is three T-cracks
50
Patch Condition
 A patch is an area where the original pavement

has been removed and replaced, or additional
material applied to the pavement after original
construction.
 If patch material is non-concrete, the patch will
be rated as high severity.
 The patch severity is based on distresses
present in the patch or faulting. The amount of
patching will be measured by estimating the
51 square feet of the rated lane that is patched.
Patch Condition
 Identification
– A portion or all of the original concrete slab that has
been removed and replaced, or additional material
applied to the pavement after original construction.
 Severity Levels
– Low – Patch has at most low severity distress of
any type; and no measurable faulting or settlement;
pumping is not evident.
– Moderate – Patch has moderate severity distress of
any type; or faulting or settlement to 0.25 inches;
52 pumping is not evident.
Patch Condition
– High – Patch has a high severity distress of any

type; or faulting or settlement ≥ 0.25 inches;
pumping may be evident. Also includes patches that
are not made with concrete materials.
 How to Measure
– Record the square feet at each severity level (6,000
square feet maximum).
53
Low Severity Patch Condition:
patch is in good condition
54
Moderate Severity Patch Condition:
patch is displaying faulting <0.25”
55
High Severity Patch Condition:
AC patch is counted as a high severity patch
56
High Severity Patch Condition:
patch is displaying high severity distress
57
Joint Condition
 Rating
– Rating is based on a combination of the joint and
joint seal condition.
– The condition of the transverse, lane, and shoulder
joints will be rated separately based on the average
condition of the joints in each segment, as follows:
58
Joint Condition
 Severity Level
– Low - Joint is in good condition and seal is in good
condition.
– Mod - Joint is slightly spalled with seal in good
condition or joint is in good condition with seal in
poor condition.
– High - Joint is badly spalled or joint is slightly
spalled with seal in poor condition.
59
Low Severity Joint Condition:
transverse joint- joint is not spalled and seal is in good
condition
60
Moderate Severity Joint Condition:
seal is missing
61
Moderate Severity Joint Condition:
seal is missing
62
High Severity Joint Condition:
joint is badly spalled
63
CONTINUIOUSLY REINFORCED
CONCRETE PAVEMENT (CRCP)
 Rutting (See AC Pavement Section)

 Longitudinal Cracking
 Transverse Cracking
 Punchouts
 Patches
 Joint Condition
64
Longitudinal Cracking
 Longitudinal cracks are cracks that are

centerline.
 The crack severity is based on width, spalling,
and faulting, and is adjusted for location
laterally within the lane.
 Identification
– Cracks that are predominately parallel to the
pavement centerline.
65
– For CRCP, the severity level is "bumped" up to the

next level if the crack is located in the wheel path, in
accordance with the definition below.
 Wheel Path Longitudinal Cracks - Majority of crack is
located laterally in the wheel path. For this purpose, the
wheel path is from 1’ inside the lane or shoulder joint to 1'
from the middle of the lane. Shape is typically linear and
parallel to lane, although may be diagonal or crescent
shaped. All wheel path related cracks are rated as either
moderate or high severity
 Non-Wheel Path Longitudinal Cracks - Majority of crack is
located out of wheel path as defined above. The crack may
66 meander into wheel path but generally stays out of the
 Severity levels
– Low
– Medium
– High
 How to measure
– Record the linear distance of each severity level
(1500 feet maximum)
67
Wheel Path Longitudinal Cracking:
Moderate-Low sealed crack bumped to moderate
68
Moderate-Low crack bumped to moderate
69
High-Moderate crack bumped to high
70
High – based on width
71
high – based on width and spalling
72
Non-Wheel Path Longitudinal Cracking
low-low based on sealant
73
low- crack is low based on width
74
Moderate –crack is moderate based on width
75
High-High based on width and spalling
76
Transverse Crack
 Transverse cracking of continuously reinforced

concrete pavement is normal and is not
considered a form of distress.
 However, if the cracks open up, major
deterioration may result.
 Transverse crack severity is rated based on
the average crack condition
77
Transverse Crack
 Identification
– Cracks that are perpendicular to the pavement
centerline
 Severity level
– Low
– Moderate
– High
78
Transverse Crack
 How to measure
– Measure by counting the number of cracks
– Severity if based on average crack condition
– All transverse cracks that intersect an imaginary
longitudinal line at midlane, and propagate from the
pavement edges, shall be counted as individual
cracks.
– Cracks that do not cross midlane are not counted
79
Transverse Crack
low – spalling drives severity. This crack has little to no spalling
80
Transverse Crack
low – little spalling
81
Transverse Crack
three low cracks in a row
82
Transverse Crack
Moderate
83
Transverse Crack
Moderate next to a low
84
Transverse Crack
close up of moderate next to a low
85
Punchout
 A punchout is the separation of a block of

concrete from the rest of the CRCP formed by
two closely spaced transverse cracks, a short
longitudinal crack, and the edge of the
pavement or longitudinal joint.
 As the cracks deteriorate, the steel ruptures
and the block of concrete punches downward
into the base and subbase.
86
Punchout
 Punchouts will be rated as low, moderate, or

high based on spalling or faulting.
 The quantity of punchouts will be measured by
counting the number that occurs in each
segment.
 If a punchout has been patched with asphalt, it
should be rated as a high-severity punchout
and not a patch, as the patch is only a
temporary repair.
87
Punchout
 Description
– A localized separation of a block of concrete from
the rest of the PCC slab.
– Also includes "Y" cracks that exhibit spalling,
breakup, and faulting.
– Longitudinal crack defining the block may be any
length.
– Adjacent transverse cracks may be more than 2'
apart.
– Branch portion of "Y" crack must be less than 1/2
88 lane.
Punchout
 Severity Levels
– Low – Longitudinal or transverse crack are spalling < 3” or
faulting < 0.25”. At least two cracks defining the block must be
spalled. Does not include "Y" cracks.
– Moderate – Spalling ≥ 3” and < 6” or faulting ≥ 0.25 inches.
Includes "Y" cracks that exhibit spalling, breakup and faulting
in the branch portion of the "Y" along >10% (1' minimum) and
<50% of crack length.
– High – Spalling ≥ 6” or concrete within the punchout is
punched down by ≥ 0.5” or is loose and moves under traffic.
Includes "Y" cracks that exhibit high severity spalling, breakup
and faulting in the branches of the "Y" along >50% of the crack
89 length.
Punchout
 How to Measure
– Record the number of punchouts at each severity
level (Total 5 maximum).
– A group of punchouts on a single longitudinal crack
is counted as only one punchout (rate highest
severity of group).
– The cracks which outline the punchout are also
recorded under longitudinal and transverse cracking
when appropriate
90
Punchout:
Low- spalling on T-crack and L-crack
91
Punchout:
Low- spalling on T-crack and L-crack if faulted over 0.25”, then
rate as moderate
92
Punchout:
Two low puchouts near centerline. Rate as one low since
localized on one area
93
Punchout:
not a punchout. Spalling on L-crack onley
94
Punchout:
Moderate- spalling between 3” and 6”
95
Punchout:
High – More than 0.5” faulting
96
Punchout:
High – all AC patches are rated as high punchouts
97
Punchout:
High
98
Punchout:
One high puchout. This is localized within a small area
99
Punchout:
Y-crack. Do NOT record as a puchout since branches are not
exhibiting spalling. Only trunk is spalling
10
0
Punchout:
Not a Y-crack based on ½ lane rule. Crack severity of Y is
moderate. Count as one moderated T-crak
10
1
Punchout:
Moderate Severity punchout-Y-crack with>10% spalling in the
branches
10
2
Patch Condition
 A patch is an area where the original pavement

has been removed and replaced with non-
asphalt type of material.
 An asphalt patch should be rated as a high-
severity punchout instead of a patch.
 The patch severity is based on distress in the
patch, faulting or pumping.
 The amount of patching will be measured by
10 estimating the square feet of the rated lane that
3 is patched
Patch Condition
 Description
– A portion or the entire original concrete slab that has
been removed and replaced with a permanent
(concrete) type of material, or additional material
applied to the pavement after original construction.
– An asphalt patch should be rated as a high-severity
punchout instead of a patch.
 How to Measure
– Record the square feet at each severity level (6,000
10 square feet maximum).
4
Patch Condition
 Severity Levels
– Low – Patch has at most low severity distress of
any type; and no measurable faulting or settlement;
– Moderate – Patch has moderate severity distress of
any type; or faulting or settlement up to 0.25 inches;
– High – Patch has a high severity distress of any
type; or faulting or settlement ≥ 0.25 inches at the
10 perimeter of the patch; pumping may be evident
5
Patch Condition
low-severity patch. Note tight T-cracks
10
6
Patch Condition
low- Punchout has been replaced with a concrete patch. Record
as patch, not as punchout
10
7
Patch Condition
Moderate- Cracks are generally tight and are not exhibiting
spalling, however, they are in the wheel path so they bump to
moderate
10
8
Patch Condition
Moderate- Longitudinal cracks are moderate severity non-wheel
path. Record entire patch as moderate
10
9
Patch Condition
High – Longitudinal Cracks are wheel path
11
0
Joint Condition
 Rating
– Rating is based on a combination of the joint and
joint seal condition. The condition of the lane joint
and shoulder joint will be rated separately based on
the average condition of the joints in each segment,
as follows:
11
1
Joint Condition
 Severity Levels
– Low - Joint is in good condition and seal is in good
condition.
– Moderate - Joint is slightly spalled with seal in good
condition or joint is in good condition with seal in
poor condition.
– High - Joint is badly spalled or joint is slightly
spalled with seal in poor condition.
11
2
Joint Condition:
Low transverse joint. Joint is not spalled and seal is in good
condition
11
3
Joint Condition:
Moderate. Seal is missing
11
4
Joint Condition:
Moderate. Seal is missing
11
5
Joint Condition:
High. Joint is badly spalled
11
6
Model Questions
14. List out various types of distress in rigid pavement.

State, how these distress be identified in field.
11
7
References
1. Oregon Department of Transportation, 2010,

Pavement Distress Survey Manual
2. Strategic Highway Research Program, 1993,
Washing ,DC, National Academy of Sciences,
Distress Identification Manual for the Long-Term
Pavement Performance Project
3. Department of Roads, 1995, Kathmandu, HMIS
News
11
8
11
9

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Pavement Management System

By: Bishnu Prasad

1. Introduction to Pavement Management (2hrs)

10. Financing of Roads for Maintenance(2hrs)

By: Bishnu Prasad

 JPCP & JRCP  CRCP

 The evaluation of jointed concrete pavements

 Cracking  Surface defects

 Cracking  Miscellaneous Distress

 Corner cracks are cracks of any length that

 Severity level: Low, Moderate, High

 A corner break is the separation of a corner

 Longitudinal cracks are cracks that are

 Transverse cracks are cracks that are

 High – Crack widths ≥ 0.25 inches; or with spalling

 A shattered slab is a concrete slab that is

 The quantity of shattered slabs will be

 A patch is an area where the original pavement

– High – Patch has a high severity distress of any

 Rutting (See AC Pavement Section)

 Longitudinal cracks are cracks that are

– For CRCP, the severity level is "bumped" up to the

 Transverse cracking of continuously reinforced

 A punchout is the separation of a block of

 Punchouts will be rated as low, moderate, or

 A patch is an area where the original pavement

14. List out various types of distress in rigid pavement.

1. Oregon Department of Transportation, 2010,

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