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INTRODUCTION TO 1

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:
HYDROCARBONS (PART 1) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic Molecules for BS Biology

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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• is a compound made from
carbon atoms.
• has one or more C atoms.
• has many H atoms.
• may also contain O, S, N,
and halogens.

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REPRESENTATION OF CARBON REPRESENTATION OF CARBON
COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS
• Hydrocarbons
• Organic compounds consisting of C and H only
• Carbon atoms cam only form up to 4 bonds only

Saturated hydrocarbon: all the bonds in the molecule are single bonds
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Identify each of the following as a formula Identify each of the following
of an organic or inorganic compound. For properties as more typical of an
an organic compound, indicate if organic or inorganic compound:
represented as molecular formula,
expanded, or condensed structural a. is soluble in water
formula:
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2
b. has a low boiling point

c. contains carbon and hydrogen

d. contains ionic bonds

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Match each of the following
physical and chemical properties
with ethane, C2H6, or sodium
bromide, NaBr:
a. boils at -89 0C
EXAMPLE 3
ALKANES
b. burns vigorously in air

c. is a solid at 250 °C

d. d. dissolves in water

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ALKANES
• A type of hydrocarbon where carbon atoms are connected
only by single bonds (saturated hydrocarbons)
• Named based on the number of carbons in a continuous
chain.
• Follows the rules set by the International Union for Pure
and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

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SAMPLE
• Draw the expanded, condensed structural, and line-angle
formulas for pentane.

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• Write the IUPAC name for each of
CYCLOALKANES the following alkanes and
• Cycloalkanes – cyclic cycloalkanes:
and ring structures of
single-bonded
hydrocarbons EXAMPLE 4
• Naming: just add the
prefix cyclo

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Draw the condensed structural
formula for alkanes or the line angle
formula for cycloalkanes for each of
the following:
a. propane
EXAMPLE 5
ALKANES WITH SUBSTITUENTS
b. Hexane

c. heptane

d. cyclohexane

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ISOMERS SUBSTITUENT IN ALKANES
•have the same molecular • A carbon branch is called an alkyl group.
formula. • An alkane missing a hydrogen
•have different atom • Replace –ane with –yl
arrangements. • Cannot exist on its own – must be attached to a carbon
chain
•Example
• Halogen substituents – halo group
•of butane (C4H10) are a
• Fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo
straight chain and a
branched chain.

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NAMING ALKANES

4-bromo-2,4-dimethylhexane

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NAMING CYCLOALKANES WITH
NAMING ALKANES SUBSTITUENTS

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NAMING HALOALKANES DRAWING ALKANES FROM FORMULAS
Draw the condensed structural formula
for 3-bromo-1-chlorobutane.

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DRAWING ALKANES FROM FORMULAS DRAWING ALKANES FROM FORMULAS
Draw the condensed structural formula Draw the condensed structural formula
for 3,5-dichloro-3-methylheptane for methylcyclobutane

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Indicate whether each of the
DRAWING ALKANES FROM FORMULAS following pairs represent structural
Draw the condensed structural formula isomers or the same molecule:
for chlorocyclopentane
EXAMPLE 6

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Write the IUPAC name for each of Draw the condensed structural
the following: formula for each of the following
alkanes:
a. 3,3-dimethylpentane
EXAMPLE 7 EXAMPLE 8
b. 2,3,5-trimethylhexane

c. 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyloctane

d. 1-bromo-2-chloroethane

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Draw the line-angle formula for
each of the following:
a. 3-methylheptane

EXAMPLE 9 b. 1-chloro-3-ethylcyclopentane
PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
c. Bromocyclobutane

d. 2,3-dichlorohexane

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SOME USES OF ALKANES MELTING AND BOILING POINTS
• Methane, ethane, propane, • ↑Molecular weight : ↑ melting point and ↑ boiling point
butane
• Gases at room temperature
• Used as heating fuels
• Pentane, hexane, heptane,
octane
• Gasoline components
• Organic solvent
• C-9 to C-17
• Kerosene, diesel, jet fuels
• C-18 up
• Waxy solid at room
temperature
• aka paraffin

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MELTING AND BOILING POINTS
• ↑degree of branching: ↓ melting point and ↓ boiling point

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COMBUSTION OF ALKANES SOLUBILITY AND DENSITY
• C-C bonds are hard to • Alkanes are nonpolar
break, making alkanes the molecules  insoluble in
least reactive class of water
organic compound • Most alkanes have densities
• However, alkanes burn lower than water.
readily in oxygen to
produce carbon dioxide,
water, and energy.

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In each of the following pairs of
hydrocarbons, which one would you
expect to have the higher boiling
point?
a. pentane or heptane
EXAMPLE 10
b. propane or cyclopropane
c. hexane or 2-methylpentane
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Heptane, used as a solvent for rubber
cement, has a density of 0.68 g/mL
and boils at 98 °C.
a. Draw the condensed structural and
line-angle formulas for heptane.
EXAMPLE 11 b. Is heptane a solid, liquid, or gas at
room temperature?
c. Is heptane soluble in water?
d. Will heptane float on water or sink?
e. Write the balanced chemical
equation for the complete
combustion of heptane.

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Write the balanced chemical
equation for the complete
combustion of each of the following
compounds:
a. Ethane
EXAMPLE 12
b. Cyclopropane

c. 2,3-dimethylhexane

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