Name :Delvin Rebello

Roll no :39
Std :SYBMS(B)

Child Labour

Abstract
In recent years, there has been an astonishing proliferation of
empirical work on child labor. An Ecolite search of keywords
"child lab*r" reveals a total of 6 peer reviewed journal articles
between 1980 and 1990, 65 between 1990 and 2000, and 143 in
the first five years of the present decade. The purpose of this
essay is to provide a detailed overview of the state of the recent
empirical literature on why and how children work as well as the
consequences of that work. Section 1 defines terms commonly
used in the study of child time allocation and provides a
descriptive overview of how children spend their time in low-
income countries today. Section 2 reviews the case for attention
to the most common work in which children participate,
focusing on that work's impact on schooling, health, as well as
externalities associated with that work.
Section 3 considers the literature on the determinants of child
time allocation such as the influence of local labor markets,
family interactions, the net return to schooling, and poverty.
Section 5 discusses the limited evidence on different policy
options aimed at influencing child labor. Section 6 concludes by
emphasizing important research questions requiring additional
research such as child and parental agency, the effectiveness of
child labor policies, and the determinants of participation in the
"worst forms" of child labor.

Introduction :
God has given human beings the boon of wisdom and discretion
to think upon the signs of the universe and to draw conclusions.
That is the reason why they disclose the hidden facts of it and its
structure and have made remarkable progress in many walks of
life. Children are the flowers of heaven. They are the most
beautiful and purest creation of God. They are innocent both
inwardly and outwardly. No doubt, they are the beauty of this
world. Early in the morning when the children put on different
kinds of clothes and begin to go to schools for the sake of
knowledge, we feel a specific kind of joy through their
innocence
But here are also other children, those who cannot go to schools
due to financial problems, they only watch others go to schools
and can merely wish to seek knowledge. It is due to many
hindrances and difficulties; desperate conditions that they face in
life. Having been forced to kill their aspirations, dreams and
other wishes, they're pressed to earn a living for themselves and
for their families. Itis also a fact that there are many children
who play a key role in sustaining the economically life of their
family without which, their families would not be able to make
ends meet. These are also part of our society who has forgotten
the pleasures of their childhood
Child Labour refers to the employment of children in any work
that deprives them of their childhood, interferes with their ability
to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially
or morally dangerous and harmful. In villages, it is a common
sight to see children of poor families working in fields or
elsewhere to contribute to the family income. Such children are
deprived of opportunities of education and are also prone to
health risks. In a sense, child Labour is open exploitation as it
deprives children of education and pushes them into exploitative
situations. The side-effects of working at a young age are: risks
of contracting occupational diseases like skin diseases, diseases
of the lungs, weak eyesight, TB etc.; vulnerability to sexual
exploitation at the workplace; deprived of education. They grow
up unable to avail development opportunities and end up as
unskilled workers for the rest of their lives. It has been observed
that in villages especially, representatives of various industries
lure children with promises of jobs and wealth and bring them to
the city where they are employed as bonded labour in factories.
Many children are also employed as household help where they
are paid minimum wages and are made to do maximum physical
work.
Objectives of the study
The main purpose of the study was to find out the factors which
are responsible for child Labour.
Giving suggestions to reduce child Labour and promoting
education in relevant area.

Significance of the study :

• To examine the socio-economic condition of working children
in Kathmandu valley
•To study the incidence of child Labour in the study area
•To list the factors responsible for child Labour
•To suggest measures to motivate children and their parents
against child Labour;

Source of data
Available data
Sources of data on child labor are increasing almost daily, and
with them, our understanding of child labor should continue to
increase accordingly. Unfortunately, it does not appear that
much work is being done to validate the types of surveys and
data collection methods that are being used extensively. Hence,
there is considerable scope for work on how to measure the
activities that children participate in. Many early studies of child
labor relied on cross-country data. Cross-country estimates of
economic active populations come from the ILO's LABORSTA
database although the most recent release (fifth edition) omits
the 10-14 age group.
These LABORSTA estimates of economically activity
populations are generally believed to understate the extent of
work, because data on work inside the household (even market
work) are often not collected. Moreover, although the
LABORSTA data are available over time, very few low-income
countries have multiple data sources on child labor over time.
Much of the intertemporal variation in child labor in the
LABORSTA data must thus be driven by the imputations and
adjustments done for LABORSTA rather than independent
observations on child labor. As a result, the LABORSTA data is
not reliably useful for analyzing changes in child labor over
time. When the ILO's Statistical Information and Monitoring
Program on Child Labor (SIMPOC) computes global estimates
of the incidence of child labor, it does not rely on the
LABORSTA data. Instead, it works wherever possible off
available household surveys that facilitate a more complete
picture of how children work and are free from LABORSTA's
imputations.
Understanding Children's Work (UCW) is a joint effort of the
World Bank, UNICEF, and the ILO to coordinate studies
relevant to child labor, and they maintain a thorough listing of
labor force, child labor, and multi-purpose household surveys
with information useful for studying how and why children
work. Many dedicated child labor surveys assisted by SIMPOC
are freely available for download from their website, and there
are a variety of multi-purpose household surveys that can be
downloaded for research purposes.2 This chapter draws
extensively from UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
(MICS) from 2000 and 2001.3 They include a child labor
module which asks children 5-14 whether they work outside of
their household in the last week and the last year as well as how
many hours they worked outside the household in the last week.
The surveys also collect hours in the last week for work in
domestic chores and in the household business (separately). No
information is available on industry of employment, type of
employer, nor compensation. An appealing feature of the MICS
data is that survey instruments are nearly identical in each
country. That said, questions are likely to be interpreted in
different ways based on local context. Limitations of household
surveys and missing children Several issues arise in using
household survey data to examine child labor supply. First, there
is the general question about who to ask about the child's labor
supply. A great deal of attention has been directed by agencies
such as SIMPOC and UCW towards what types of activities
should be monitored, but it is difficult to find detailed analysis
of how this information should be collected.
It seems likely that measurement error in hours worked is a first
order problem with this data while participation is perhaps less
difficult to gauge. Second, measurement of compensation is
particularly complicated. Most children do not work for wages,
so strong modeling assumptions are required even in detailed
data to gauge their compensation. Moreover, it is not obvious
that even in wage work any one respondent will be fully aware
of the child's compensation.
Conclusion
The recent boom in empirical work on child labor has
substantially improved our understanding of why children work
and what the consequences of that work might be. This survey
aims to assess what we currently know about child labor and to
highlight what important questions still require attention. Child
labor research needs to carefully define exactly what measures
of time allocation are being considered. Studies that consider too
narrow a scope of activities are apt to generate misleading
conclusions.
Children are active in a wide variety of tasks and appear to
substitute between them easily. Thus, if a child is observed
working less in one task (like wage work), one cannot assume
that she is working less. Moreover, though wage work appears
less likely to be associated with simultaneous schooling,
differences in schooling associated with variation in hours
worked are much greater than those associated with location of
work. Work is typically classified as market work or domestic
work. Domestic work (often labeled "chores") is too often
ignored in child time allocation studies. For a given number of
hours worked, domestic work appears as likely as work in the
farm or family business to trade off with school. Hence, studies
of child labor need to consider as wide a range of activities as
the data permit. There is considerable scope for learning about
total labor supply or schooling changes by looking at changes in
participation in various disaggregate activities.
Reference
B. Suresh Lal, (2019): Child Labour in India: an investigation in
socioeconomic and health conditions of tribes, Proceedings of
The IRES International Conference, Cape Town, South Africa,
24th-25th March 2019
B. Suresh Lal, (2019a): Child Labour in India: an investigation
in socioeconomic and health conditions of tribes, Proceedings of
The IRES International Conference, Cape Town, South Africa,
24th-25th March 2019, www.iraj.in
Census of India, (2011); Census Report 201, Government of
India.
International Labour Office (2017), Ending Child
Labour by 2025: A Review of Policies and
Programmes, Geneva.